AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES

Author: PARRA GOMEZ SALVADOR.
Year: 2003.
University: ALMERÍA [More theses of this university] [www.ual.es].
Place of defense: ESCUELA POLITECNICA SUPERIOR.
Place of preparation: ESCUELA POLITECNICA SUPERIOR.

Summary: That argument is framed within a global context at the international level of concern for the environment, which affects all economic activities, including agriculture is no exception. From relatively recently, the rates of change are growing stronger, especially in those more intensive agriculture, particularly with regard to production cycles and land use. This results in a number of positive aspects, especially related to the yields and productivity lóscultivos, but it also brings negative aspects, as is the generation of different types of waste. Within this context, the origin of this theory lies in the generation and accumulation of remnants of crops (organic waste) produced in the greenhouses of the District's Field of Dalías (Almeria). The total quantity of such waste generated annually (measured in fresh weight, after 4 days from the cutting of the plant) is approximately 380,000 tons. If one takes into account that during mumerosos years, the usual way of elminar this waste has been abandoned in wadi and solar, we can identify a number of problems. Partners. This kind of practice, among which the most important would be outbreaks of disease and pests, uncontrolled burning, bloqúe of the wadi, poisoning of cattle and negative visual impacts. The ultimate aim of the thesis was to analyze the feasibility of two alternative waste recovery, composting and the generation of energy (combustion and subsequent use in a desalination plant), using cost-benefit analysis (CBA), including environmental benefits estimated contingent valuation. Regarding the contingent valuation method, estimated the willingness to pay (DPA) of the gardeners in the area before three options for governance of waste proposal: controlled landfill, composting and energy generation. It established relations between the DAP and socioeconomic variables from bivariate and multivariate analysis (models PROBIT). For the estimated costs of transporting waste, used a geographic information system (GIS), which was originally located an area optimal for deploying a composting plant, and then calculated the minimum cost routes between the plant and the areas of waste generation. In the case of the desalination plant, transportation costs were obtained from the least cost routes between the location of this (technical default in the draft) and the areas of generation. The results show that the DPA, in the three situations proposals, it is higher than the market price that farmers were paying for waste removal, between 50% and 160% higher. Moreover, the desalination alternative is preferred to the other, because its DAP is greater. In general, those farmers younger, more training and less time leading engaging in agricultural activity, have a higher DPA. Also, farmers who have an SAT traded DPA higher than those traded in alhóndigas. With the use of a GIS, the savings obtained in the annual cost of transportation of resiudos, regarding what paid at market is about 60%. Regarding the CBA itself, the results show that if the project evaluation (considering parameters media) does not include the environmental benefit, the Net Present Value (NPV) of projects is always negative. With the inclusion of environmental benefit, only composting project has a positive NPV of 63 million, with an Internal Rate of Return (IRR) of 54% and a ratio Profit / Investment (Q) 10.6. In the sensitivity analysis for the composting plant, where it is not included environmental benefit, the VPN is only good for a price 8 of comp 6f7 ost of 24 euros per ton, Social Discount Rate (TDS) equal to 1 and costs Operating equal to or less than 5.41 euros per ton (IRR of 10.83% YQ 1.80). For TDS equal to 2 and 3, NPV is positive only for the price of composted 24 euros per ton and operating costs under 4.81 euros per ton. With the inclusion of environmental benefit, the proposed composting always gives positive results for any combination of parameters. In the sensitivity analysis of the desalination plant, where it is not considered the environmental benefit, to get a VPN zero should be offered (in the best case for TDS equal to 1) water to 0.6 euros / metro cubic. If the environmental benefit, to get a VPN like Q, which would have bid (for a TDS equal to 2) water at 0.41 euros per cubic meter, which would coincide with the official price of water transvasada this area plan National Hydrological (PHN). Using the price of water of critical studies at NHP (0.72 euros / cubic meter), the investment would be profitable in all the cases considered, including whether or not the environmental benefit.

Author: ARRIBAS VERA NURIA MARIA.
Year: 2004.
University: POLITÉCNICA DE MADRID [More theses of this university] [www.upm.es].
Place of defense: ESCUELA TECNICA SUPERIOR DE INGENIEROS AGRONOMOS.
Place of preparation: ESCUELA TECNICA SUPERIOR DE INGENIEROS AGRONOMO.

Author: ATENCIO FELIX ALEJANDRO.
Year: 2004.
University: POLITÉCNICA DE MADRID [More theses of this university] [www.upm.es].
Place of defense: ETS DE INGENIEROS AGRONOMOS.
Place of preparation: CENTRO DE INVESTIGACIONES BIOLOGICAS (CSIC). ETS DE INGENIEROS AGRONOMOS (UPM).

Author: FRANCO REINERIO.
Year: 2004.
University: POLITÉCNICA DE MADRID [More theses of this university] [www.upm.es].
Place of defense: ESCUELA TECNICA SUPERIOR DE INGENIEROS AGRONOMOS.
Place of preparation: ESCUELA TECNICA SUPERIOR DE INGENIEROS AGRONOMOS.

Summary: The theory is proposed as analyzing the overall objectives Paraguayan Soybean Fields and their status in the World Soybean Complex and to evaluate the possibilities for increased trade between the Paraguayan Soybean Fields and Soybean Fields Spanish. To obtain information semistructured interviews were conducted with senior employees of companies and public and private institutions of the major participating countries in the world market for soybeans. It includes basically four parts: a first phase in which it is performed, considering its overall feature, a description of the global market for Soybeans and evolution of this in recent years, a second is reviewing the current status of transgenic crops and discusses the possible trends in regulatory policies and regulation of Genetically Modified Organisms and food from these, both in the countries applicants as bidders. A third in which it enters into details about the situation in the sector soybeans in the MERCOSUR countries, mainly Brazil and Argentina, which are very important for the development of the soybean industry Paraguay. Subsequently an analysis, a deeper sector soybeans in Paraguay. And a quarter that analyzes Soybean Complex in Spain. The last chapter discusses the results obtained in the analysis of Soybean Fields and determined, as a condition of trade Soybean and its derivatives between Paraguay and Spain

Author: Iglesias Norma Beatriz.
Year: 2004.
University: LLEIDA [More theses of this university] [www.udl.es].
Place of defense: E.T.S.d'Enginyaria Agraria.
Place of preparation: E,T,S, d'Enginyería Agraria.

Summary: This thesis aims to document the main environmental conditions during the winter, analyzing heat loss night, the transmission of daylight and evaluate methods of reducing waste heat from the greenhouses of northern Patagonia. It consists of 7 chapters in which pose specific objectives, review of the literature concerning the subject, materials and methodology used to conduct the experiments to meet the objectives, discussion of partial results and conclusions of the items. At the end of the thesis presents the conclusions biased in concluding that interrelate and the same unit can be given to the various items. Chapter 1 contains information about the geographical features and production under cover in northern Patagonia. It also outlines the main structures of greenhouses developed in the region. In chapter 2 is documented, analyzed and described climate variables during the growing season of a greenhouse characteristic of northern Patagonia, performed considerations improvement for increasing productivity and quality of output. In Chapter 3 discusses the properties lumínicas and thermal properties of materials and types of cover in terms of light transmission recital simple and double deck and heat loss at night. In chapter 4 presents the evaluation of the transmission of radiation PAR greenhouse roof level two water and shelter semiparabólico discussed the distribution of light within the various structures. In Chapter 5 presents an analysis of the heat loss at night nights without heating, also evaluated the effectiveness of the soil with plastic mulch as an alternative input soil heat compared to bare soil. In chapter 6 are simulated alternatives lowering heat loss at night using a program of Fluídos Computational Mechanics (CFD). The thesis closes with chapter 7 which contains the main conclusions of this work.

Author: GATIUS CORTIELLA FERNANDO.
Year: 2004.
University: LLEIDA [More theses of this university] [www.udl.es].
Place of defense: E.T.S. d'Enginyeria Agrària.
Place of preparation: E.T.S. D'ENGINYERIA AGRÀRIA.

Summary: The study deals with the implementation of the technique of NIR spectroscopy in the quality control of green fodder and dehydrated. The work raised focuses on the calibration process NIR properties of moisture, crude protein, crude fiber, acid detergent fiber and neutral detergent fiber, used in the quality control of products for different materials in green (alfalfa, raigrás and corn Fodder), and different products produced from this material once dried (granulated, bullets and buckets). Once developed models for a robust calibration spectrophotometer is studying various alternatives for the use of these models in other equipment used for the same purpose. Moreover, it offered to cut the number of samples needed to obtain calibration models using robust design experiments for the selection of the same. Finally, the heterogeneity and variability of plant material along the growth cycle sometimes leads to detect groups within the same product. This raises the possibility or desirability of developing calibration models for each particular group or generals. With samples of wheat forage for different stages of development have outperformed model calibration individuals, calculated for the different stages, with a single global model for all of them.

Author: Martínez Castañeda Francisco Ernesto.
Year: 2004.
University: MURCIA [More theses of this university] [www.um.es].
Place of defense: Facultad de Veterinaria.
Place of preparation: Universidad de Murcia.

Summary: An analysis of the porcinocultura Mexico from 1980 to 2004 to determine the performance of the industry and the main variables involved. The main changes in this period were the reubicción, accumulation and upgrading of production. Despite these improvements, the plant productive fnalizó with 11% less census and the volume of beef produced was 15% lower than the baseline. The tech production system was consolidated, semitecnificado were the most affected and the backyard has been maintained. At the international level, trade liberalization was dsfavorable and accelerated with the signing of NAFTA with a final balance in 2003 of -422 million. The cyclical fluctuations in the porcinocultura Mexico were of the order of 40 months on average, with 21 months for the expansion phase and 22 pair of contraction. The tender pork was explained in a 86% variables to the producer price of pigmeat, the producer price delayed one year expected price of grain and variable classification, while demand was explained in a 87% by varying the consumer price of pigmeat, prices of beef and poultry, GDP per capita, demand for pigmeat delayed a year and the variable classification.

Author: BELDA MELLADO ELISEO.
Year: 2004.
University: MURCIA [More theses of this university] [www.um.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD VETERINARIA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE VETERINARIA.

Summary: In the first part of the study assessed the sedative effects and adverse reactions of the romifidina, as well as the effects exerted by this sedative on the cardiorespiratory system and body temperature in the cat species. We used five cats, three males and two females with an average weight of 4.52 0.74 Kg (4-5 kg), and an average age of 5.2 3.89 years (1-9 years). Four experimental groups were conducted which analyzed the effects of romifidina (200, 400 and 600 Â µ g / kg IM) against the medetomidine (80 Â µ g / kg IM), as a control group. The animals were placed in a cage in darkness, being observed on a continuous basis until it acquired the position of sternal recumbency. Subsequently, at constant intervals attempted to place them in lateral decubitus. Once tolerated this new position was its instrumentation, considering as starting time of the sedation when the cat allowed for the first step of the parameters monitored. It valued the quality of sedation as deep, clinical and poor, according to a numerical index obtained from the sum of 5 parameters independent (position spontaneous resistance to lateral position, tone mandibular response to sound and response to clampado), while it simultaneously recorded cardiovascular parameters (capillary refill time, pulse rate, ECG, heart rate and blood pressure), respiratory (pulse oximetry and respiratory) and body temperature (rectal temperature) for 120 minutes. Based on the results observed, that the administration of romifidina at the doses studied did not result in a very deep sedation or analgesia as intense as that recorded after the use of medetomidine. In addition, sedation was erratic in all groups romifidina featuring animals capable of responding to external stimuli in a timely manner. All groups romifidina exhibited a similar overall quality of sedation, and although the group romifidina 600 Â µ g / kg was stated that a better quality analgesic, the increase in the dose of this to-2 adrenergic agonist, it also led to an increase effects adverse. The effects cardiorrespiratorios and body temperature observed after administration of both medetomidine as romifidina were similar, with stages of hypertension in the early stages of experience in the group romifidina 600 Â µ g / kg. The dose of 200 Â µ g / kg romifidina was clinically superior, balancing a reasonable sedation, with adverse effects cardiorrespiratorios and minor. In the second part of the study assessed the quality anesthetic and adverse effects of the combination romifidina / ketamine at different doses, as well as the changes brought by this partnership anesthetic on the cardiovascular system, respiratory and body temperature in the cat species. We used seven cats, four males and three females with an average weight of 3.42 0.67 Kg (2,5-4 kg) and an average age of 4.57 3.25 years (2-9 years). A further two experimental groups to analyze the effects of intramuscular administration of romifidina in combination with ketamine to the following doses: Romifidina 100 and 200 Â µ g / kg with ketamine 7.5 and 10 mg / kg and romifidina 200 Â µ g / kg with ketamine 5 mg / Kg. The animals were kept on the inside of a cage in darkness, regularly reviewing their degree of restraint and relaxation mandible. When these were suitable was intubaron orotraquealmente, evaluating the quality of intubation. This item proceeded to instrumentation and began to record the parameters monitored. When the animal stopped responding to stimuli nociceptivos was considered initiated surgical anesthesia. The completion of this level anest 8 ésico saw 9bc not marked by the resurgence of response to painful stimuli. The time interval between these two points was considered time surgical anesthesia. We monitored the degree of muscle relaxation and coping with clampado, and the cardiovascular system (pulse rate, heart rate, ECG, systolic blood pressure and capillary refill time), respiratory (respiratory rate, pulse oximetry, capnometría and capnografía) and the termometría addition to the adverse effects during 60 minutes. The results show that the duration of clinical anesthesia was not extended by the increase in doses romifidina, it resulted in an increase in the frequency of side effects. Both romifidina as ketamine produced a dose-dependent increase in blood pressure and fraction espirada end of CO2, likewise increasing the dose of ketamine was associated with increases in heart rate. The quality and duration of anesthetic level of surgical anesthesia, provided by the combination of romifidina 100 Â µ g / kg and ketamine 10 mg / kg was clinically superior to the rest, appearing the worst performance since the administration of romifidina 100 Â µ g / kg and ketamine 7 , 5 mg / kg. In conclusion, the results obtained in this experiment suggest that the sedative effect of romifidina may be useful both in premedication anesthetic, as in the development of non-painful procedures. The romifidina enhances the activity of the anesthetic ketamine, and the combination of both drugs offset the adverse effects observed after administration of each of them on an individual basis. This combination anesthetic, along with the addition of an opioid could allow for the completion of minor surgery.

Author: MARTOS MORENO NIEVES.
Year: 2004.
University: MURCIA [More theses of this university] [www.um.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE VETERINARIA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE VETERINARIA UNIVERSIDAD DE MURCIA Y AUTONOMA DE MADRID.

Summary: We have studied the effects of various pathological processes in the shafts hipotálamo-hipófisis-adrenal (HHA) and hipotálamo-pituitaria-gonadal (HPG) of the equine species, using measurements of hormones related to the key points of these axes. For this study we used horses were referred to Clinical Veterinary Hospital at the University of Murcia. These horses were classified into five groups: laminitis syndrome of acute abdomen, which in turn are divided depending on the origin of the syndrome. Another group was formed by horses undergoing castration under general anesthesia with halothane. The last two groups were established on the basis of the period of time that the horses were suffering from the disease and distinguish between various processes and processes acute chronic also diverse. The control group consisted of 14 females and 12 males that after clinical examination and blood tests were normal clinic. To see the effects of different diseases on the shaft HHA, we first of all possible variations in the secretion of pituitary ACTH. Thus, we see a greater increase in serum ACTH in groups of laminitis syndrome of acute abdomen, and acute processes, being more moderate increases of this hormone in the process groups of chronic and horses who undergo castration. Likewise, were analyzed levels of cortisol, the major glucocorticoid in the horse, to appreciate the largest increases in the group of acute processes, we see moderate increases in groups of laminitis and EMS, and the increases in serum milder found in the process groups chronic and horses were subjected to castration. It seems likely that the pathological processes, depending on the degree of intensity and duration, have effects on the regulation of the shaft hipotálamo-hipófisis-adrenal by stimulation of the synthesis and release of hypothalamic CRH, resulting in an increase in the synthesis and release the pituitary ACTH, and the resulting increase in the production of cortisol. In analyzing the serum concentrations of norepinephrine and epinephrine, norepinephrine we see that appear in the highest concentrations in serum groups laminitis and EMS, as the moderate increase in the groups of acute processes, horses subjected to castration and chronic processes. However, in the case of epinephrine are increases in serum most significant in the process groups acute and SAA. Anyway, it is noted that there is an activation of the adrenal medulla. To see the effect of pathological processes in the HPG axis saw changes in hormones DHEA, androstenodiona, testosterone and 17Ã-estradiol. The first two hormones, some patterns remain virtually identical in all groups studied, we watched shown significant increases in groups of castration, laminitis, SAA and acute processes. The group processes chronic presents a more moderate increase. With respect to the hormone 17Ã-estradiol, can be seen decreases in serum over the control group in the groups suffering laminitis, SAA, and acute processes. Declines were also observed to a lesser extent in groups of castration and chronic processes. Lastly, be seen increases in serum testosterone groups laminitis, processes chronic, acute processes, castration and SAA. Thus, we see that hormones gonadales affected by the various pathologies. Finally, we analyze the serum concentrations of serotonin, where we note that decreases more significativ 8 as the e 63d ncontramos in the EMS group and the group of acute processes; serum concentrations diminished unless there are also groups of laminitis and castration; and finally the process group is the fastest growing chronic nears serum levels in the control group. The occurrence of these changes in hormone levels studied due to a pathological cause, raises the possibility of hormonal studies to assess the full recovery of animals in treatment, which should be the axis hipotálamo-hipófisis-adrenal and hipotálamo-pituitaria-adrenal, as well as levels of serotonin, balanced, which shows a state of health and well-being desirable. The results found permit classify the different pathologies with a different approach, which introduces new approaches to face the diagnosis of the severity, treatment and prognosis in these pathological processes.

Author: DÍAZ VARELA RAMÓN ALBERTO.
Year: 2004.
University: SANTIAGO DE COMPOSTELA [More theses of this university] [www.usc.es].
Place of defense: ESCOLA POLITÉCNICA SUPERIOR.
Place of preparation: ESCOLA POLTÉCNICA SUPERIOR.

Author: AMARI KHALID.
Year: 2004.
University: POLITÉCNICA DE CARTAGENA [More theses of this university] [www.upct.es].
Place of defense: E.T.S. INGENIERIA AGRONOMICA.
Place of preparation: CENTRO DE EDAFOLOGIA Y BIOLOGIA APLICADA DEL SEGURA.

Summary: The virus necrotic ring of Prunus (PNRSV) is a virus associated with the pollen and seeds that can infect most of the Prunus spp. We have delivered a large number of isolates of PNRSV differing in their symptomatology (patotipo) ranging from a complete absence of symptoms until bordeamientos and cloróticos rings, rings and necrotic mosaic on the leaves, shortening and distortion of flowers, late maturation and deformation the fruit, as well as a decrease in the growth and productivity of trees up to 40%. In the case of apricot, the virus can affect the quality of the fruit causing discolored spots or rings and occasionally necrosis. The transmission of PNRSV agrees with the nature periods of flowering and pollination. It has been described that this transmission occurs through pollen and seed with rates ranging between 2 and 90%, however has not been studied in detail the mechanism of this type of transmission. There are differences over the location of PNRSV in pollen depending on the species of the genus Prunus studied. There is also evidence of the involvement of the trips, along with pollen, in the transmission of PNRSV to healthy plants. The transmission of PNRSV through the gametes and the seed may have a negative effect on the cultivation of apricot and the virus can be transmitted from albaricoqueros infected other healthy during pollination creating new hotbeds of infection. In addition, farmers often use seeds from the apricot preserves, plant to be used as patterns which may introduce more pockets of infection because these seeds are not certified. On the other hand, many programs to improve classic apricot hybrids obtained by cross polinizaciones implying the possible use of infected pollen and as a result the virus passes seeds obtained at the end infected plants. The overall objective of this work is to study the mechanisms and routes of transmission of PNRSV by gametes and apricot seed in that took place through a number of partial objectives: 1. Detection and localization of PNRSV in infected flowers in different stages of development. 2. The study of the distribution of PNRSV in gametes of apricot and the effect of the virus on the germination capacity of pollen infected. 3. Study of the location of PNRSV in seeds, the effect of the virus on the germination of the latter and determination of their percentage of transmission seed. Finally, because at the time of starting this thesis there was no information on any isolated from the PNRSV that comes from apricot grown in Spain, we decided to perform a partial characterization of this isolated used in the experiments transmission of PNRSV. To accomplish these objectives have been used trees healthy and infected area of the apricot variety Búlida. Studies have been carried out by molecular hybridization techniques of non-radioactive type Dot-Blot and in situ hybridization (HIS) and the optical microscope (OM) and the electronic transmission (TEM). The probe has been transcribed RNA from clone pPN-890 corresponding to complete cDNA RNA 4 of PNRSV. The HIS MO has been made to cut 7 Â on µ m material fixed, paraffin-embedded in Karnovsky. The RNA 3 full PNRSV has been amplified by RT-PCR. The PNRSV has been detected in floral buds in early stage of development, where the virus has infected cells mothers pollen. In addition, the PNRSV infects eggs in the early states of development. In the flowers mature, we located the PN 8 RSV t 1114 odes parts of the flower infected including: petals, anthers, pollen, ovaries and egg cells, including embryonic sacks. The presence of the virus on the surface and inside the infected pollen grains has been shown by hybridization molecular Dot-Blot and HIS MO and the MET. The HIS both MO and the guy has shown the presence of PNRSV in the cytoplasm of the cell and vegetative generative around the nucleus generative. In addition RNA virus has been detected, and through HIS HIS Whole-Mount, at the opening of the pollen grains. Experiments in vitro pollen germination infected and healthy, have revealed a reduction in the capacity of pollen germination infected with a germination percentage of 27%, compared with 64% of the healthy controls. The staining of aniline blue pistils healthy pollinated with pollen infected, showed a delay of about 24 hours in the process of germination compared with the healthy control, data that indicate an advantage for pollen infected at the moment of fertilization and in the climatic conditions in the region can be seen, at the time of anthesis, a delay in the maturity of embryonic sac. Experiments Detection PNRSV seed, have shown that the PNRSV not only infects the seed, but also is transmitted through them with a percentage of 10%. Some plants obtained from the germination of seeds infected have shown dwarfism. We have demonstrated that the PNRSV transmitting the embryo during fertilization through pollen and is capable of escaping from the tube polínico during the progress of the latter, in order to infect the plant polinizada at least infecting the fruit. The molecular characterization of the isolated Spanish of PNRSV referred to in this work AprSp.búl1, by identifying the primary structure of its RNA3 has shown that this virus belongs to a group PV32 described previously by other authors. The AprSp.búl1 not the delección of 12 nucleotides found in a few isolated from the PNRSV previously characterized, which makes the Spanish kept isolated in their secondary structure stems from the two core promoter subgenómico. In addition, the Spanish isolated in his own movements protein amino acids described as responsible for the symptoms of the rough mosaic, however this alone is asymptomatic in apricot, which shows that this theory can not be applied to all guests. Meeting these data, we saw that the PNRSV is capable of being transmitted during pollination both the embryo as the plant polinizada (infection of the fruit), since we have located in the fruit and embryo for the healthy pollinate plants infected with pollen . These results suggest to use the pollen in the polinizaciones cross widely used within the plant improvement programs, always being recommended the use of healthy material for which it is necessary to remove the infected trees and especially pollinators . In plantations producing base material is recommended a minimum distance of isolation and the removal of the flowers to prevent their infection in the case of plants used for propagation of plant material. The invasion of ova by the PNRSV makes plants infected mothers are not used in breeding programs but pollen is healthy. The fact that the PNRSV can be transmitted by seed invited to take precautions when using these seeds.

Author: MARTINEZ NAVARRO SONIA B..
Year: 2004.
University: ALMERÍA [More theses of this university] [www.ual.es].
Place of defense: BIBLIOTECA.
Place of preparation: UNIVESIDAD DE ALMERIA.

Summary: The objective of this dissertation is to determine the suitability of the treated wastewater for irrigation of vegetable crops under greenhouse. This study is the quality of drinking water, wastewater and sewage of the city, the effect of secondary treatment, the process of storage and filtration, as well as the tertiary treatment on the quality of wastewater and opotimización conditions working from the tertiary treatment plant (ozone). We also carried out an assessment agronomic to study the effect of this type of irrigation water in cultured meón and tomato, which impacted on the effect on soil, yield and production of the fruit as well as the possible presence of heavy metals and microorganisms patogenso in the system suelo-planta.

Author: RAMIREZ ARIAS JOSE ARMANDO.
Year: 2004.
University: ALMERÍA [More theses of this university] [www.ual.es].
Place of defense: INGENIERIA RURAL.
Place of preparation: INGENIERIA RURAL.

Summary: In the greenhouse production techniques has been used for good considering as a key objective of the farmer optimization benefits. But the problems associated with this type of production transcends the optimization of a single goal, being possible deal from a standpoint of optimizing multiobjetivo. This has been the approach used in this thesis that has maximized the economic benefits, the quality of fruit and efficiency in water use, depending on the temperature of the greenhouse and the electrical conductivity in the substrate. The problem has been raised, and developed and implemented solutions have been obtained using a technique of optimum control multiobjetivo with sliding horizon, which provides in each period optimization of a set-offs that make up the front of Pareto, including who making decisions can select which finally implement the system. To optimize the objectives mentioned above are required explanatory models of crop growth, water consumption and the climate of the greenhouse. The patterns of growth and development tomgro and tomsim were modified, implemented, validated and calibrated to local conditions of production, and has integrated these models the effect of salinity, water deficit and deficit pressure of water vapor for estimating yield fresh fruit in tomato. It has also been amended, implemented, calibrated and validated a water balance model to simulate the dynamics of water in the continuous substrato-raíz-dosel and has been evaluated in a crop of tomato developed in a culture system without soil, substrate rock wool in open system. We have used a simple climate model to estimate the amount of energy which is necessary to provide the system when required to activate the heating system. The optimization multiobjetivo has been integrated within a hierarchical structure of three levels: upper layer control growth cultures (and scale of months), intermediate layer adaptation of slogans (scale of days) and lower layer and climate control nutrition (scale of minutes). The models for cultivation, water and climate have been coupled in the optimization objectives, which have estimated the economic benefits from the costs of fuel, electricity, water and fertilizer consumed and earnings through performance fresh fruit. The quality was determined considering organoleptic characteristics, firmness and fruit size. To estimate the efficiency in water use was considered perspiration, the fraction of drainage and crop growth, which determine the consumption of water and on the other hand recital performance on cool, the relationship of these variables is an indicator of the efficiency. It has also worked in the control of low-level (lower layer of the architecture) using generalized predictive control techniques to control temperatures at night through the greenhouse heating hot air, which allows energy savings.

Author: DIANEZ MARTINEZ FERNANDO JOSE.
Year: 2004.
University: ALMERÍA [More theses of this university] [www.ual.es].
Place of defense: ESCUELA POLITECNICA SUPERIOR.
Place of preparation: ESCUELA POLITECNICA SUPERIOR.

Summary: The overall objective of the work has been the study of the supresividad compost pomace vine from disease soil. Contemplating the same in both assessing the supresividad natural, and the induction of it by changing its micróbiota. To respond to this overall objective addressed the following specific objectives. 1) Characterize the microbiota and isolate bacterial and fungal present in the compost. 2) assess their ability in vitro antagonist versus 8 fungal pathogens and micopatógeno. 3) To assess the ability of the antagonist aerated compost teas, as well as identify possible mechanisms supresividad them. 4) Evaluate the supresividad natural compost, using it lospatosistemas Pythium aphanidermatum-pepino, Rhizoctonia solani-rabano, Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. Radicis-cucumerinum melon and phytophthora parasitica-tomate. 5) Assess the supresividad induced by enrichment with microorganisms antagonists previously selected using the same patosistemas. The final conclusions were obtained as follows. 1) The bacterial and fungal microbiology present in the compost mature grape pomace, it is subject to a continuous process of evolution, in the two extractions performed. It has detected a decrease in the overall number of microorganisms close to 52%, while an increase of 25% in the number of microbial morphologies. 2) The evaluation of in vitro antagonism of 1116 microorganisms isolated, have yielded a wide range of antagonism in a greater or lesser extent, all or much of pathogens tested. The antagonism has been detected by competition, antibiosis, or a combination of both. There has been detected microparasitos. 3) In the in vitro evaluation of aerated compost teas, it became apparent suppressive ability of the growth nicelial of compost teas and the teas microfiltrados. Identification production sideróforos with one of the mechanisms responsible for supresividad. 4) Only detect supresividad natural withthe patosistema Pythium aphanidermathum-pepino, but due to the severity delas inoculations we can not conclude the absence is supresividad compared to the rest of the patosistemas. 5) The enrichment of the substrate with selected microorganisms antagonists not resulted in most cases at a lower expression dela disease.

Author: PÍAS COUSO M. BEATRIZ.
Year: 2004.
University: SANTIAGO DE COMPOSTELA [More theses of this university] [www.usc.es].
Place of defense: FACULTADS DE BIOLOGÍA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE BIOLOGÍA.

Summary: In woody plants is often a high variation in the annual production of flowers and fruit. In some species alternate years in which individuals of the populations are synchronized in a high throughput, with periods in which production is very low. This feature is known as "masting" or "mast seeding" and has reperscusiones important in the dynamics and the ecolaogía of pobalcines of p lanta and species with interracciona. Factors next (temporary), as weather conditions and recusros available in the middle, limiting the annual production of flowers and fruits contributing to the high variability. Moreover, it seemed that a high variation and timing in the annual production of flowers and fruits may result in an adaptive advantage. The plant interactions have been identified as key factors in the evolution for the "masting", while resources were considered a factor that promotes it as a constraint to the same. In this report we analyze the interactions plant, and resources and their management by plants, in the pattern of frucitificación of Sorbus aucuparia L. (Rosaceae). In more concrete explores the factors relates to the reproductive losses during predispersiva of cialo reproductive and its spatial and temporal variation. The magnitude of the losses during the reproductive stage predispersiva was high, however, this magnitude appears to be limited to a significant level of evolution. Although the species in the service of pollinators is essential to lapolinización, fruiting is not limited by the arrival of pollen, rely to a greater extent on the resources available. Losses of individual reproductive potential vary between years and between populations and are not consistentres in time. Moreover, the amount of fruits potentially dispersible is largely determined for the amount and flowers produced by individuals, so the individual representation in the overall seed dispersible is basically determined by that factor. In addition we found that the variation between individuals, peoples and years in the production of flowers was very relacionad with hetreogeneidad environment and the size of the plants, suggesting an important role of resources and their management at the plant, the variation observed. The study reveals the existence of restrictions as a result of a high variability at all levels, the potential role of the interactions in the selection of patterns of production of fruits and seeds, and ultimately, the need to address the study plant policárpicas long life on a scale expands more.

Author: PÉREZ MENDOZA DANIEL.
Year: 2004.
University: GRANADA [More theses of this university] [www.ugr.es].
Place of defense: ESTACIÓN EXPERIMENTAL DEL ZAIDÍN CSIC..
Place of preparation: ESTACIÓN EXPERIMENTAL DEL ZAIDÍN CSIC..

Summary: The rizobios are Gram negative bacteria capable of establishing symbiosis with nitrogen-fixing plants of the Leguminosae family. One of the characteristics of rizobios is that the genes involuctrados in the processes of nodulation and setting typically found in large localized extrachromosomal elements known as plasmids symbiotic, or on islands symbiotic locating cormosómica. The horizontal gene transfer these elemntos dentrto this group bacterial tine great relvancia, since mediant this process a symbiotic bacterium can not acquire the ability to Nodular a host plant. The importance of this process for the development and diversification of rizobios, he joined the possible negative consequences on the eficacioa of inoculum commonly used in agriculture as well as the increase in the risk of release of genetically modified organisms usually ultilizados in agriculture and com the increase in the risk of release of genetically modified micro-GMM. In this dissertation is a study of the mechanisms for regulating the transfer conjugativa different plasmids of Rhizobium etli and Sinorhizobium meliloti, as well as a functional study of these systems conjugativos both plasmids symbiotic and non-symbiotic strains CE3 and GR4 of this bacteria. Through these studies have poddio determnar functionality oriT, the exact spot or cutting site nic and the relaxasa of plasmid com symbiotic R. Etti. The study of the system of regulation of this plasmid has allowed determnar both elements represoeres (rcta) and activators (rctB) of the main functions of transfer and therefore, the transfer conjugativa of magaplásmido under laboratory conditions. The gene rctA has been found in other replicones bacteria order Rhizobilaes, which adds to the interest with the study of regulatory mechanisms in which they are involved. Studies with copies rctA other replicones revealed certain peculiarities of transfer systems where they are, introducing analigías but also differences between different regulatory systems are involved.

Author: Pinto Carvalho Ana Maria.
Year: 2004.
University: AUTÓNOMA DE MADRID [More theses of this university] [www.uam.es].
Place of defense: Facultad de Ciencias - Biológicas.
Place of preparation: Facultad Ciencias.

Summary: The park's natural Montesinho is a protected natural area in the northeast of Portugal, colidante with the Spanish provinces of Orense and Zamora, where for nearly four years have been carried out semi-structured interviews with nearly a hundred informants, mostly women, who living in thirty of the people of this territory, with the aim to collect, analyze and describe ethnobotanical knowledge. The data were organized in a catalog ethnobotanical introducing 364 species of vascular plants, of which 55% are wild, 20 fungi and lichens, which are 1542 applications than 848 uses organized into 10 major categories and in addition to 626 names vulgar. There has been a high level of consensus among informants (0, 93), despite the fact that many of the uses no longer remain in force. Several samples of dried plants and witnesses sheets are deposited in the herbarium of the College Agrária de Bragança, Portugal. The medicinal plants (166 taxa), food (120) and the use of industrial and artisanal (80 taxa) have been the most cited and those they have been given greater number of purposes. But both the number of species used in folklore (ceremonial religious traditions and beliefs) and the ornamental category has a significant weight in relation to the total. Juglans regia, Secale cereale Castanea sativa, and the species are more relative importance; Xolantha tuberaria, Melissa officinalis and Pterospartum tridentatum which have gained more frequent citation. The ethnobotanical knowledge falls mainly to the age group between the sixties and eighties years and is distributed differently according to gender. Therefore, there is a risk that the transmission of knowledge and practices associated with the traditional uses of plants could disappear.

Author: MENDOZA CONDORI VICTOR HUGO.
Year: 2005.
University: POLITÉCNICA DE MADRID [More theses of this university] [www.upm.es].
Place of defense: ETSI. AGRONOMOS.
Place of preparation: ETSI AGRONOMOS.

Summary: The bitter potato (Solanum juzepczukii Buk.), And the goose (Oxalis tuberous Mol.) Are Andean tubers that are grown mainly in the Altiplano of Bolivia and Peru. The biodiversity of these crops are in danger of being reduced by very different factors, primarily the abandonment of their crop. The cryopreservation of apices caulinares in liquid nitrogen (-196OC) has been used in the conservation of other species planted with vegetative propagation and can be an alternative for the conservation of biodiversity in these two Andean tubers. The overall objective of this study was to develop techniques of cryopreservation for the conservation of these two apices caulinares Andean tubers, the potato bitter and goose. In both species were used two different genotypes of potential cryopreservation techniques are selected encapsulación-desecación and vitrification used by both the rapid cooling in liquid nitrogen, not being required expensive equipment (programmable freezer) or, sometimes, a little repeatable. To the bitter potato was developed through a memorandum of cryopreservation in capsulación -desecación. This was studying and optimizing different steps of a general protocol using this technique. At first arose nodal segments used as material to crioconservar, due to its ease of removal compared with the apices caulínares. With this material was not obtained survival after freezing in liquid nitrogen, but it was determined that the precultivo of them in the middle with 0.35M sucrose increased the survival of explantos after cultivation in liquid medium with 0.75M sucrose and desiccation . By using apices caulinares in cryopreservation and with a crop of accounts of alginate in 0.75M sucrose during 19h (compared to 38 or 57h), showed a survival rate of nearly 80% in the cultivar Luky kheto (using 4h drainage silica gel). In cultivating Ball luky were obtained survival rates between 40 and 60% moisture content less than 40% (3 or more hours of drying). In goose is also explored into the possibility of using the technique in capsulación-clesecación. However, this technique was not suitable for explantos oca, and who were intolerant of treatment with high concentration of sucrose (0.75M). Due to that fact was raised using the technique of vitrification. In order to develop the protocol for this species were studied factors such as precultivo sucrose temperatures precultivo and times of immersion in the solution vitrificante used (PVS2). The cultivation of the apices caulinares oca in 0.15M sucrose for 3 days protecting the front of the drying with the solution vitrification (PVS2), as compared with other treatments studied (0.1 or 0.3My 1 day). Of the three temperatures used for precultivo of nodal segments (from which came from the shoot tips), 10Â ° C (compared to 5Â ° or 25Â ° C) resulted in greater survival after treatment of vitrification. The highest survival rates were obtained at 20 min of treatment with the solution PVS2 (at room temperature), obtaining 60% survival in genotype G1. Calorimetry studies and cell ultrastructure made in shoot tips of this kind helped to better understand the effect of each step of the protocol cryopreservation by vitrification. The present work has been identified for the first time a protocol for the cryopreservation of apices caulinares for both species.

Author: Conde Juncosa Ma. Rosa.
Year: 2005.
University: AUTÓNOMA DE BARCELONA [More theses of this university] [www.uab.es].
Place of defense: Facultad de veterinaria.
Place of preparation: Facultad de veterinaria.

Author: Eduardo Muñoz Iban.
Year: 2005.
University: AUTÓNOMA DE BARCELONA [More theses of this university] [www.uab.es].
Place of defense: Universidad Autonoma de Barcelona.
Place of preparation: IRTA - Centro de Cabrils.

Summary: The melon (Cucumis melo L.) is a kind of great importance in Spain since it is the second largest vegetable in terms of area under cultivation and production. One of the problems with the genetic improvement of the melon is that most interest agronomic characters, especially the quality of the fruit are quantitative inheritance. Moreover, despite the fact that there is a large melon genetic variability, the bulk is in accessions alien representing an underutilized resource given their limited commercial interest. The introduction of alleles of interest from exotic varieties is a very interesting strategy for improvement. This thesis has been studied genetic variability present in a germplasm collection of melon and mode of inheritance of some characters quality fruit in hybrids between varieties of this collection and a pure line type Skin Sapo, with a low level heterosis for soluble solids content, heterosis tag for the weight and diameter of the fruit and heterosis generally high for the length of the fruit and to the shape of fruit and ovarian cancers. There has also been a high correlation between heterosis in the form of fruit and genetic distance. Since fruit in the form of melon is a polygenic nature with a high heritability, it could be a suitable system for the genetic dissection of heterosis. To facilitate the study of the quantitative characteristics of melon has developed a genoteca Line Casi-Isogénicas (NILs) from crossing a line between pure type 'Skin Sapo' accession and exotic 'Songwhan Charmi' (PI 161375). The lines of genoteca were obtained after several rounds of retrocruzamientos followed by a autofecundación and through assisted selection markers. This genoteca consists of 57 lines each of which contains a single set introgression between two molecular markers from the parent exotic in the genetic background of the line 'Skin Sapo, that way among all introgresiones covers more than 85% Parental exotic genome with an average size of the introgresiones of 41 cM and resolution on the mapping of qualitative or quantitative characters is 18.9 cM. Moreover, this genoteca represents a resource for use in precompetitive improvement since over 95% of the genome of the NILs belongs to a cultivated elite. During the genoteca was selected a subset of 27 NILs representing the minimum number of lines with maximum coverage of the genome of parental exotic. The study of some characters quality fruit (shape and weight of the fruit, soluble solids content, color internal and external) through the analysis of these lines in 4 locations has allowed its dissection in a large number of QTLs (between 10 and 15 by nature). The shape of fruit showed a very high heritability, a high genetic component locations and interaction between genotype by low ambient. The weight of the fruit filed a heritability middle and low per genotype environment interaction. The content of soluble solids introduced low heritability and a high per genotype environment interaction. There has been detected 8 loci involved in qualitative characteristics of complex inheritance, 4 for external color and 4 for internal color. The magnitude of the effects of QTLs singles was between 7 and 56% increase or decrease over control Skin Sapo. Some lines submitted in response to the unexpected effects of parental phenotype, demonstrating the potential of this population for detecting allelic variation hidden. These results demonstrate that genoteca of NILs melon is a very effective tool for dissecting complex characters.