AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES (2)

Author: SIPIORA MICHAEL JAMES.
Year: 2005.
University: POLITÉCNICA DE MADRID [www.upm.es].
Place of defense: ESCUELA TECNICA SUPERIOR DE INGENIEROS AGRONOMOS.
Place of preparation: ESCUELA SUPERIOR DE INGENIEROS AGRONOMOS.

Summary: The agronomic performance and behavior physiological (state water and the exchange of gases) strains of Tempranillo (Vitis vinifera L.) conducted in trellis, as a response to the load (8 or 14 pámpanos per meter cord) in irrigation and dry was given two consecutive years: 1997 and 1998. The development of leaf area and the accumulation and distribution of dry matter were determined and two models that describe the development of the "canopy" depending on the heat (degree = 10Â ° C), which described the development of leaf area and accumulation of dry matter, were constructed. The reduction in the burden fell performance Tempranillo in irrigated and rainfed. The decline in earnings was due to a smaller number of bunches per vine. The average weight of the clusters was smaller in strains with high load in the first year, but not the second. The weight of the wood pruning was not significantly different between charges or between rainfed and irrigated. The index Ravaz (kg fruit / kg wood pruning) was significantly greater in the high load. The composition of the fruit (Â ° Brix, pH) was not so affected by the burden neither irrigation nor dry. The ácidez titulable (AT) was significantly greater at the high burden in the first year, but not the second, while significantly increased by irrigation only in the second year. The burden had no consistent or significant influence on the daily variation in the state water vine (Yhoja or Ytallo) or on the parameters of the exchange of gases (stomatal conductance, transpiration or absorption of CO 2) before or after veraison. However, irrigation had a significant influence on the state water vine, stomatal conductance (gs), and transpiration rate (E), while the rate of photosynthesis (A) was not significantly different between strains in dry or irrigation. The efficiency of carboxilación (A / Ci), as well as the efficient use of water (A / EoA / g), the leaves of all treatments showed a decreasing throughout the day, although increased in many gs cases. Therefore, factors not estomáticos were regarded as more influential on the photosynthesis that the stomatal conductance. The leaf surface of pámpanos main was similar between the two charges. Irrigation had no influence on the leaf surface of pámpanos major. The main leaf area per vine was higher in the high load. The development of the leaf surface of the advance was favored in the load; irrigation maintained the ability to develop strains of the leaf surface of the anticipated longer. The amount of leaf area per vine advance was similar charges during the year. The leaf area per vine was higher in the high load. The burden was greatest influence on the accumulation of dry leaves and pámpanos than on the accumulation of dry matter in the clusters. The total dry matter accumulation of "canopy" was higher in strains with high load, the water regime had no significant influence on the accumulation of dry matter in this trial. The development of leaf area and dry matter accumulation in pámpanos principal (including leaves) and the anticipated (including leaves) also followed a sigmoidal behavior. The accumulation of dry matter bunch from desborre was described by a quadratic equation, while the accumulation of dry matter "canopy" was described by a linear equation for the two charges. The development of leaf area and dry matter accumulation depending on the heat were adjusted to a linear equation for four distinct phases: desborre beginning of the growth in advance of the beginning of growth advanced to cuajado, cua 8 jado am 2 dd ediados July, and mid-July until harvest.

Author: TARRES FONT JOAQUIN.
Year: 2005.
University: AUTÓNOMA DE BARCELONA [www.uab.es].
Place of defense: UNIVERSIDAD AUTONOMA DE BARCELONA.
Place of preparation: UNIVERSITAT AUTONOMA DE BARCELONA.

Summary: The modern breeding programs should consider all characters with economic importance to optimize the genetic gain total. In the Bruna dels Pirineus these characters are calving interval, prolificacy, longevity of the cows, survival of the calf's birth to the slaughterhouse, weaning weight, growth during the fattening and conformation of the channel. Among these, the longevity of the cows is a desirable quality, as their improvement would reduce replacement costs and increase the percentage of cows most productive ages. The survival of calves until weaning increase farm incomes and veal meat and significantly reduces production costs. The objective of this work is to study the factors that affect the longevity of beef cows of race Bruna dels Pyrenees and the survival of their calves to weaning using survival analysis techniques. The first chapter is a review of the literature which gives an overview of the situation and development of techniques for survival analysis as applied to animal production. The second chapter is the analysis of the factors that influence the length of productive life and replacement rates in cows race Bruna dels Pyrenees. Using a proportional hazards model stratified by herd, we have estimated the effect of birth weight, gain weight until weaning difficult calving interval between births and age at first birth on the replacement rate of cows . The average length of the productive life of cows is about 9 years, which corresponds to a replacement rate of 11% annually. This rate increases with age at first calving very late, increasing difficulties in childbirth, birth weights of calves very large weight gains until weaning very small and very long intervals between births. In addition, this increase also depends on the sequence of values for the same variable in the previous deliveries. Greater replacement rate increases daily rates reset annually, but the loss of productivity by reducing the percentage of cows most productive age is not very important. The third chapter is devoted to analysis of the genetic and environmental factors that affect mortality until weaning calves in the same race. Using a proportional hazards model, we estimate the influence of the effect año-rebaño, month of birth, the length of the productive life of cows calving, the difficulty of delivery and birth weight on the daily mortality rate. There was also an estimate of the additive genetic variance under a model father and the heritability of the trait. The survival of calves at weaning is 96.9%. The daily mortality rate is not constant throughout the lactation but within intervals: the first is greater than two weeks, decreasing the following two and from the month of life is almost negligible. This rate increases for calves born in the second part of the delivery period (from early March to August), children of young mothers with difficulties in childbirth and high birth weight small. At the genetic level, despite being the father of variance relatively high (0.3), the heritability of character weaning is only 0,037, because the survival is very high. Finally, the fourth chapter is a validation of a method for simulation of approximately two steps for estimating genetic correlations between characters and linear survivors and their application to the genetic evaluation. The first step is estimated variances ADDITIVE and is the genetic evaluation for each 8 character 577 separately with a univariate model (the proportional hazards model for longevity and a linear model for linear characters) to obtain some records precorregidos of every character and their weights. In the second step, these records are used in the evaluation of the three joint genetic traits through the use of linear models and methods kind BLUP and REML in valuation genetics and the estimation of variance components. The average genetic correlations and the details obtained from the simulated data confirms the validity of the procedure for estimating genetic correlations in a wide range of situations (different genetic correlations, heritabilities and levels of censorship).

Author: PEÑUELAS RIVAS CLAUDIA GIOVANNA.
Year: 2005.
University: MURCIA [www.um.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE VETERINARIA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE VETERINARIA.

Summary: The effect of FTY720 in mice with a limited repertoire of lymphocytes (timectomizados) and depletion of T cells CD4 T CD 8 to see if the drug affects the lymphocyte activation model transplanten allogeneic skin through barriers histocompatibility rank 1, class and total. also analyzed the effect of FTY720 in the hemostatic cell response in mice Nude BALBc or mice C57 BL6 who were irradiated at doses mieloablativas. also evaluated the effect of drugs during pregnancy and lactation epara development in mice tímico infants born to 15 days. different models of transplantation was observed in the mice who were administered the FTY720 delayed rejections skin. addition, it was observed that the animals autímicos delayed significantly more rejecting that animals timectomizados. proof CTL mice with FTY720 were able to develop a cytotoxic response in normal comparison of the groups of animals that received no treatment. proof MLR cell proliferative response in the animals treated with FTY720, she was not diminished. was observed only in mice timectomizados the response was less than that in eutímicos. was not observed humoral immune response in models of transplantation class I and class / l. For the model histoincompatible total thirst observed humoral antidonante specifies response to IgG2a and IgG2b which was significantly decreased in the group of mice eutímicos treated with FTY720 compared to the other groups. Regarding the produccón of gIFN, prolonged treatment with FTY720 not alter in any of the models. The cell homeostatic proliferation is not altered by the saw presen ence of FTY720 in any of the models experimetales. EI treatment FTY720 in ratonas pregnant or lactating, does not affect the development of tímico newborn mice.

Author: López Tecpoyotl Zenón Gerardo.
Year: 2005.
University: AUTÓNOMA DE BARCELONA [www.uab.es].
Place of defense: Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria.
Place of preparation: Escuela de Postgrado.

Summary: The ojetivo of this thesis has been to describe the dynamics of the process of colonization of pasture for young individuals with Erica scoparia according to demographic variables, orientation, bare soil, grass coverage, distance to the plant matures and morphology, as well as the chemical composition and physical characteristics of Erica arborea E scoparia, and the preference sheep and goats are these two species. It conducted three studies. In the first study, in late spring 2001, a total of 2170 young subjects of E. Scoparia were evaluated at two sites representing four distances from the edge of the heath and two directions. The measures included annual individual's height, canopy width, number of branches and entire damaged, basal diameter of the main stem and canopy cover, and distance to the nearest person. Censuses and measures are repiteron in late spring 2002 and 2003 to obtain the rate of recruitment and mortality rate in the period 2001-2002 were higher than in 2002-2003. The average density of individuals / m2 was higher in 2003 than in 2001 and 2002. The orientation of the plots and coverage of grass had influence on the density of individuals. The distance to the nearest person - has been linked to mortality negatively and positively with the average age of individuals on the site 1 was higher than in the 2. The site 1, the height of the individuals was similar in all four distances and on the site 2 decreased with increasing distance. The relative rate of growth of basal diameter of the stem was influenced by the death and has been linked to the year of sampling and the distance to the nearest person. The index Morisita with values greater than 1.0 detect an add space. One can say that colonization by E. Scoparia requires clear on the heath, and seed regeneration occurs mainly within the first four meters from the edge of the heath. Because there is a ban on fires in protected natural areas, it is proposed to make the cut to half its current cycle of the adult plants at the edge of the heath and seasonal grazing to hinder establecimeinto seed E. Scoparia in the pasture. In the second study, it was determined the chemical composition and physical characteristics of E. Arborea and E. Scoparia. The chemical composition of both species was similar except the content of crude protein in the spring was higher in E. Arborea. The content in structural components showed an increase in both species from spring to autumn. In physical characteristics, the stems of E. Scoparia showed a greater resistance to cutting. By the end apical distance, the stems of E. Scoparia showed greater resistance to 2 cm. No differences were found in the court at 6 cm. For time of year, stems from both species were more resilient in the spring. At the same diameter, the stalks E. Scoparia showed great resilience. The tensile stress, sectioning the stalks into two parts, was higher in E. Scoparia. Apparently, the structural components of the plant have an influence on the physical properties, mainly in the portion ramoneable E. Scoparia. In the third study, we used to race Ripollesa sheep and goats Murciano-Grandina to determine the preference each had E. Arborea and E. Scoparia. During 12 days of the test, each animal was offered approximately 200 grams of plant material each shrub species. The sheep showed preference for E. Arborea and goats found no difference in preference. The total dry matter intake / day was superior in goats. Consumption by shrub species was superior to E. Arborea. Sheep 8 and c 525 open, consumed similar amounts of E. Arborea and goats consumed more E. Scoparia. Estimates were obtained by regression, the dry matter intake of both shrub species for sheep and goats from the number of biting. In sheep, the negative correlation found between dry matter intake and the tensile stress in stems of E. Scoparia, makes us assume that the resistance had influence on the choice of this especie.Los values of the index preferably, the ratio indicated that each species shrub is preferred by sheep and goats.

Author: MARTINEZ POVEDA AFRICA.
Year: 2005.
University: MIGUEL HERNÁNDEZ DE ELCHE [www.umh.es].
Place of defense: UNIVERSIDAD MIGUEL HERNANDEZ DE ELCHE.
Place of preparation: ESCUELA POLITECNICA SUPERIOR DE ORIHUELA.

Summary: The biotechnology applied to agricultural activity has allowed the emergence of genetically modified crops. Subsequently the use of these crops in the food sector has resulted in genetically modified foods also called "transgenic foods." These new production techniques have produced satisfaction among producers, but also a degree of uncertainty among consumers very concerned mainly by the effects on their health. This research raises a study that addresses the behavior of consumers Alicante towards genetically modified foods in order to analyze factors that influence the risk that consumers perceive it to the possible introduction in the market for these foods. Through a survey of consumers has analyzed the information they receive on this subject and the knowledge they have, as well as the factors that influence their acceptance. He then has segmented the sample to determine the attitudes and perceptions of consumers Alicante before these foods and the factors that influence their acceptance. The results show that the transgenic term is recognized by most consumers but few know what it really means or the implications it may have, however showing great interest in expanding this knowledge. There is a set of consumers that it would be willing to consume these foods. These consumers are characterized by being very concerned about their health and therefore any information to be provided should highlight the safety aspects of these foods to your health. Applying the technique of Joint Analysis have been analyzed consumer preferences to buying a hypothetical genetically modified food, a GM corn canning. The most valued attribute in this food was the benefit which may be beneficial to the health level of this attribute more useful. Another of the techniques used has been Analysis Structural Equations, which helps determine the factors that influence the likelihood that consumers perceive to these foods. The variable that has proved most influential has been the reference to the information available to consumers about these foods and followed by information received by the consumers, both positively correlated with the risk they perceive. These results suggest that the greater information and consumer concerns over his health, perceive an increased risk. Based on this risk model are introduced new variables for determining whether the knowledge and willingness to consume these foods affect the perceived risk.

Author: RUBIO ANGULO MANUEL.
Year: 2005.
University: MIGUEL HERNÁNDEZ DE ELCHE [www.umh.es].
Place of defense: ESCUELA POLITECNICA SUPERIOR DE ORIHUELA.
Place of preparation: ESCUELA POLITECNICA SUPERIOR DE ORIHUELA.

Summary: The cultivation of fruit trees of the genus Prunus is of great importance in economic terms in our country. The emergence of the virus from sharka (Plum pox virus, PPV) in the mid-eighties has meant that at the moment in many areas the production will be seriously affected. That is why the development of new varieties resistant is very important in breeding programs for these species. As for the evaluation of behavior PPV, the tests show that the different detection techniques studied, the technique serological ELISA-DASI is a reliable method for the detection of PPV with a lower cost per sample and lower investment in equipment. In addition, studies of localization of the virus in tissues have shown that the virus is not able to pass through the resistant plants may be this opposition (resistance) to the movement of the virus over long distances an alternative methodology in the assessment the resistance PPV. Moreover, the evaluation of the resistance in controlled conditions in the greenhouse is a valid method, having improved some aspects to be comparable to the evaluation under field conditions. The performance evaluation of the various materials of the genus Prunus against the isolated Type D PPV studied revealed the wide range of existing behavior. Among the peach and nectarines there is a widespread susceptibility, whereas in albaricoqueros and plums can find sources of resistance within the large number of susceptible varieties. Instead almonds has behaved as resilient. Finally, the patterns of Prunus have continued the trend of the genre, with a variety of behaviors, although in some cases the susceptibility has been very high, surpassing even the indicator plants. The resistance to the virus of the sharka may be transmitted from parents to children, through intra - or interspecific crosses. Regarding the genetic control of the disease, we were unable to establish a hypothesis that validates a concrete model of inheritance. Finally, the use of Prunus mandshurica been ruled for the improvement of the species apricot, because after evaluation, it has proved to be susceptible to the disease, airing this caráter to the offspring. However, the species almond has behaved as a good source of resistance to PPV for peach.

Author: Castillo Gómez Maria Soledad.
Year: 2005.
University: AUTÓNOMA DE BARCELONA [www.uab.es].
Place of defense: Facultat de Veterinària.
Place of preparation: Facultat de Veterinària.

Summary: The objective of this thesis was the study of gastrointestinal microbiota swine to improve the existing knowledge of this complex ecosystem, and thus help in some way in the development of new food strategies to replace antibiotic growth promoters recently banned in the European Union . To achieve this goal, various tests were designed experimental (Chapter 4-9). In Trial I developed the technique of quantitative PCR to quantify total bacteria, lactobacilli and enterobacteria in samples of digestive contents. In order to validate its utility, the results obtained were compared with those obtained using traditional methods (cultivation in selective medium for lactobacilli and enterobacteria, and direct microscopy for total bacteria). The PCR showed higher values, in terms of copies of the gene 16S rRNA that direct microscopy and crops. However, despite the difference, the ratio lactobacilli: enterobacteria was similar between methods. Various reasons may be behind the difference between methods, while overestimating the PCR as an understatement with traditional methods. However, contajes for total bacteria and lactobacilli showed a significant correlation. Therefore, this method was considered as valid for bacterial quantify changes in the gastrointestinal tract of pigs. In order to study the establishment of the microbiota in pigs after weaning, was designed Trial II. In it, 12 piglets (20 Â ± 2 days), 6 litters different were divided into a control group, which remained with the mother, and an experimental group which was weaned and fed a diet pre-starter commercial. After a week, animals were slaughtered and samples were collected content blind. To study the change in the microbiota, was quantified the total bacteria, lactobacilli and enterobacteria by real-time PCR. Furthermore, in order to obtain a comprehensive picture of change produced by weaning technique was used in the t-RFLP ( "terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism). The total bacterial population, as well as biodiversity, measured as number of bands obtained by t-RFLP, was similar between groups, but there was a significant decrease in the ratio of lactobacilli: enterobacteria. Furthermore, the similarity analysis of the profiles obtained by t-RFLP showed a group separate from the experimental groups. Inferiendo with fragments theoretical differences were observed between groups. Pigs infants showed a greater diversity of fragments consistent with lactic acid bacteria and noted the presence of some peaks compatible with Clostridium coccoides, C. Butyricum and Lactobacillus delbruekii not found in animals weaned. These results confirm weaning as a critical point in the establishment of the gastrointestinal microbiota. In Trial III, growing pigs were used to study the microbiota gastrointestinal and turn the potential of fiber to change this ecosystem. To this end, 32 pigs (15 Â ± 0.38 kg body weight) were distributed in 4 treatments: a control diet, a diet rich in resistant starch by the inclusion of corn with a larger particle, a diet rich in non-starch polysaccharides soluble by the inclusion of beet pulp, and a fourth diet rich in starch polysaccharides not insoluble by the inclusion of wheat bran. After six weeks of feeding ad líbitum, animals were sacrificed and content digestive was sampled. The technique FISH (Fluorescent in situ hybridization ") was used to describe the major bacterial groups along the gastrointestinal tract. Various probes were used to measure bacteria belonging to Bacteroides / Prevotella group, Ruminococcus flavefaciens, Ruminococcus bromii, clostridia cluster IV, IX cluster clostridia, Streptococcus / Lactococcus and Lactobacillus / Enterococcus sp. In stomach, jejunum distal, colo 8 No proxim 13cc to and rectum. The results revealed marked differences in the composition of these groups along the tract, which were not markedly affected by diet. In stomach, streptococci and lactobacilli were groups predominanates, while in the large intestine, the group of Bacteroides / Prevotella, clostridial cluster XIVa, IV and ruminococci were most abundant. The results obtained by RFLP (restriction fragment length polymorphism) showed changes in the bacterial profile depending on the diet administered. Animals that received wheat bran showed a lower biodiversity with some more similar profiles among animals. In addition, changes were found in the fermentation by identifying volatile fatty acids; Diets high in starch polysaccharides not show a lower concentration of branched fatty acids and valerico. In tests IV and V, were studied various commercial additives as possible alternatives to antibiotics as growth promoters, with special emphasis on its effects on the gastro-intestinal microbiota. Specifically, in Trial IV, testaron 3 additives: avilamycin (as a positive control), sodium butyrate and a plant extract (carvacrol, cinamaldehido and capsicum). A total of 40 (18-22 days) pigs were distributed into four treatments: a control diet, the latter with 0.04% of avilamycin, with 0.3% sodium butyrate, or 0.03% of plant extract. After two weeks, the animals were sacrificed and content digestive was sampled. As in the previous tests, real-time PCR was used to study changes in the microbiota. No differences were found in total bacteria along the gastrointestinal tract with any of the diets, although the ratio lactobacilli: enterobacteria in blind was superior to the animals that received the plant extract. The technique of RFLP showed differences in the profile bacterial grouping animals depending on the diet administered. The bacterial activity measured as total bases púricas also showed differences between diets. These results could indicate that the effect of various additives tested should not be a reduction in total bacteria else to changes in the composition and activity of the microbiota. Finally, in Trial V, a commercial source of mananoligosacáridos and zinc organic administered separately or together were tested to improve production indices, microbiota gastrointestinal and immune response. In this case, 128 pigs (18-22 days of age) were divided into four treatments: a control diet, this diet containing 0.2% mananoligosacáridos, 0.08% zinc organic additives or both. Diets were administered for five weeks. After two weeks, 32 animals were slaughtered and content digestive was sampled. There was an improvement in the rate of conversion for the entire experimental period when the two additives were added together. The mananoligosacáridos reduced in the jejunum enterobacteria. The addition of organic zinc, tended to increase the unladen weight of ileum, which was regarded as the segment of small intestine splint Peyer continued. These results suggest different mechanisms of action of the additives, while the mananoligosacáridos could be acting to modulate the bacterial ecosystem, through inhibition of certain groups, the increase in the weight of the empty ileum could suggest an immunological effect. Moreover, the positive effect on the ratio hairs: crypt additives when both were included together complementary actions might indicate. The results obtained in this thesis demonstrates the validity of different molecular methods for the studio of the gastro-intestinal microbiota of pork. Ecosystem very unstable during the early ages, with a dramatic change at weaning but get a stabilization of the majority groups in the adult animal. Moreover, the effects of different promoters tested alternatives appear to be associated with subtle changes in the gastro-intestinal microbiota rather than drastic antimicrobial effects. However, in some cases (sodium butyrate, zinc) other than the microbial effects may be involved.

Author: PERDIGONES BORDERÍAS ALICIA.
Year: 2005.
University: POLITÉCNICA DE MADRID [www.upm.es].
Place of defense: E.T.S. DE INGENIEROS AGRÓNOMOS.
Place of preparation: E.T.S. DE INGENIEROS AGRÓNOMOS.

Summary: The work of this thesis has attempted to evaluate both experimentally and by simulation, a series of strategies to control the humidity in greenhouses located in Madrid (with continental climate) and Cabrils, Barcelona (with coastal climate). In experiments conducted in Madrid, small openings in the window zenith significantly reduced the values of relative humidity with limited increases in heating energy consumption (up to 20% without heat shield and up to 12% with heat shield, with the window open zenith Permanently); were achieved declines in the relative humidity from 3 to 8%, with no screen, and from 6 to 9% on screen. Here are adjusted and validated a simplified climate model with four energy flows (heating, solar radiation, loss through the structure and through the deck) and three streams of water vapor (evapotranspiration losses through the structure and through deck); this model allowed predict relative humidity inside with a half error inferioral 9%. simulation with the model was tested a large number of strategies to reduce humidity levels with and without calefacción.Con heating best combined strategy, in controlling the window down a slogan moisture with the phased opening of the window depending on the outside temperature. Without heating, the best strategy combined in a similar manner, with a slogan moisture phased opening of the window depending on the outside temperature. Without heating, the best strategy combined in a similar manner, with a slogan moisture phased opening of the window function, in this case, the inside temperature.

Author: Múzquiz Vicente-Arche José Ignacio.
Year: 2005.
University: POLITÉCNICA DE MADRID [www.upm.es].
Place of defense: Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros de Montes.
Place of preparation: ESCUELA TECNICA SUPERIOR DE INGENIEROS DE MONTES.

Summary: After the Spanish Civil War appear as a result of certain agricultural works or improvements, a figure similar to the consortia which were transformed into those groups called Unions Settlement and that from 1981 were transformed into the current Societies Agrarian Transformation . It is clear that among those consortia primitive and current Agrarian Transformation Societies must profound and important differences. As indicated above, the evolution of the rules governing company has been very important in recent years. The Commercial Code raised briefly legislation on limited companies, collective and community in the late nineteenth century, the Company had its specific legislation in 1951 and the Limited Liability Company dates back to 1953. These laws have been amended in 1989 and 1995 respectively. With regard to the law on cooperatives, which began shortly after the civil war has been changing over the years until the current state law in force in 1999. These previous legal forms, tools such as satellite of the economy and entities that help the development of the same, they have a growing relevance at present. The SAT, and along this thesis will be shown, have undergone a process of growth is really important, but not comparable to Cooperatives and Corporate, it is true that as a result of their specific corporate purpose. Even so, growth in both the number of TSS as its economic volume is obvious. Moreover, in connection with the foregoing it is evident that this formula has been legal and is interested in a sector of activity, the agricultural sector in the broad sense and a major economic significance. However, his doctrinal treatment has not been sufficiently deep and renewal and adaptation to the current socio-economic conditions in which farming operates currently require adaptation and updating of such societies. These companies, which are fully alive from the point of view economic and social, are adormecidas from the point of view of doctrine and the legislature. If we look for publications on the subject, there is no very recent and the last published relate primarily to tax their appearance without going into its corporate aspect. As regards to the latest available state legislation in this regard is the Ministerial Decree of 14 February 1982. It is true that transfers to the regions that have produced some legislation, in particular as regards Register.

Author: RELOVA DELGADO IVAN.
Year: 2005.
University: POLITÉCNICA DE MADRID [www.upm.es].
Place of defense: Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros de Montes.
Place of preparation: ESCUELA TECNICA SUPERIOR DE INGENIEROS DE MONTES.

Summary: The use of waste from logging in western Cuba is almost zero, because there are no technologies installed on board industries, dust or fiber, cellulose, or for power generation. However, the high cost of transportation to eliminate these, and environmental pollution and health problems to the people living in rural communities near these dumps, has been the main problem that will analyze this work. To do that we need to evaluate, quantify the waste that is generated in the sawing industry, as well as characterize the different variables that influence a process of densification sawdust of the species Pinus Caribaea Moralet, in order to get a quality product ( Palletizing) to be used for energy purposes. It was first studied the classification of wooden logs of the species mentioned above in the various technologies sawing (circular alternative band simple and multiple), giving way to an evaluation of each of the volumes that are obtained from each troza depending on their products, to clear the volume of sawdust. If an analysis to determine the predictive equations using a linear regression model, where the dependent variable is the amount of sawdust, and the predictor diameter. These sources consulted as statisticians are considered a good adjustment for predicting the volume of sawdust. It marked the different variables that influence a process of densification (moisture, particle size and pressure applied). These conditions were set according to work done previously (peer-reviewed literature), where the relative humidity is acondicionó four ranges (30.5%, 50%, 68.8% and 85%), the particle size ranged from 0,63-2mm and forces applied (800 kgf; 1200 kgf; 1600 kgf and 2000 kgf), was not taken into account temperatures applied on an industrial scale. The results were processed in statistical systems SSPS version 12.0 and Stagraphics v.5.0. Once treaties data in different ANOVA test and comparison, where there were significant differences in the forces between 1600-2000 kg, or in the wetlands upgraded to 50-68,8% and a particle size of 2mm.

Author: Gargallo Ridao Silvia.
Year: 2005.
University: AUTÓNOMA DE BARCELONA [www.uab.es].
Place of defense: F.Veterinaria.
Place of preparation: F.Veterinaria.

Summary: The current formulation systems for dairy are based on the concept of digestible protein and especially in the provision of amino acids absorbed in the small intestine. A significant proportion of amino acids reaching the small intestine comes from ruminant protein ration. However, unlike what happens in the monogastric, before reaching the small intestine this protein is subjected to the action of microorganisms in the rumen. Several authors (Crooker et al., 1987; Susmel et al., 1989; Erasmus and cabbage., 1994) have observed changes in the profile of amino acids of the protein after its passage through the rumen, but the effects of fermentation in the rumen on the profile of amino acids in the protein ration is not very clear. The protein is not degraded flows into the intestine where it should be digested. In a way similar to what happens to degradation in the rumen, there is little information about how it affects the intestinal digestion of different amino acids that make up a protein. Incorporating values rumen degradation and intestinal digestibility of amino acids individual protein supplements allow for a marked improvement in the accuracy of the systems of formulating rations for dairy. Obtaining accurate values in vivo is difficult, given the complexity of rumen fermentation and the difficulty of controlling factors of variation inherent in the animal that can confuse the interpretation of the results, so in this work we opted for the use in Vitro Systems. The main objective of this thesis was the estimate of the rumen degradability and intestinal digestibility of amino acids in some protein supplements commonly used in dairy. The thesis is divided into three experiments. In the first two studies the rumen degradability of four amino acid protein supplements (soybean meal, corn gluten meal, blood meal and fish meal) through a system of continuous cultivation flow doubled. This system simulates the in vitro fermentation process that occurs in the rumen, yet keeps controlled the various factors that may affect the rumen fermentation. In this way you can differentiate the flow of amino acids from protein ration has not been degraded in the rumen, and look at possible changes in the amino acid profile of this protein caused by fermentation in the rumen. The results of these two papers show that there are differences in the rumen degradability of the individual amino acids of the same protein supplement, as well as differences in degradability of amino acids between different supplements. However, despite the strict control measures applied, variability in the results obtained not able to establish accurate values of degradation. The lack of a rapid and reliable technique for determining the intestinal digestion not only protein but also of amino acids, is the motivation for the third experiment. In the first part of this experiment was developed a technique capable of estimating quick and reliable intestinal digestibility of proteins and amino acids from protein supplements. This modified technique developed by Calsamiglia and Stern (1995) adapted to an incubator in Vitro, in order to streamline and adapt the technique to the study of amino acids. Once perfected the technique, estimated the intestinal digestibility of amino acids from 11 protein supplements frequently used in dairy. The results of this experiment show differences in the intestinal digestibility of amino acids within the same intestinal supplement. Overall, the essential amino acids are more digestible in the intestine that non-essential. In addition, the results reflect differences in amino acid digestion intestinal between protein supplements, which does not allow general digestibility values for each amino acid, as it is 8 you can 390 No differ depending on the protein supplement studied. The technique Daisy II developed in this work can be a good method for obtaining values for each amino acid digestibility of different protein supplements.

Author: Premuzic Zdenka.
Year: 2005.
University: AUTÓNOMA DE MADRID [www.uam.es].
Place of defense: Facultad de Ciencias.
Place of preparation: Facultad de Ciencias.

Summary: It conducted a study of the impact of factors on the management of crop production and quality in lettuce. The driving factor analyzed in greater depth was N fertilization on the quality was studied mostly content of nitrates and vitamin C. The study included four growing cycles, all inverno-primaverales, with the same varieties. The cycles were two field and two in the greenhouse, with varieties Mantecosa and Galician. The cycles were field with organic and mineral fertilizer (different Source N), the first cycle was also studied the incidence of inoculation with mycorrhizae. In the second cycle were analyzed only field in the various organic and mineral fertilization. The first cycle was in the greenhouse with application of organic and mineral fertilizer and additional light and the second was in hydroponics, solution recirculante and disinfection with chlorine (different doses). In the first cycle to field production of both varieties increased to N fertilization, were presented differences over control without fertilizing plants. The application of mineral fertilizers did not differ fresh weight and performance over fertilization with vermicompost, although the variety Mantecosa both parameters were lower with bioestabilizado. The incidence of mycorrhizae was significant only in the treatment bioestabilizado. The incidence of N fertilization was manifested in the nitrate content was higher in both varieties with respect to mineral fertilization fertilization functional, but not surpassed in any of the treatments legal limits allowed. The contents of vitamin C were statistically equal in all treatments. In the second field, the variety Mantecosa won a major production with processing ore while the Galician variety of production did not differ between fertilization minerals and organic nitrate levels of both varieties was greater with treatment ore, not appearing differences in the contents of vitamin C for either of the two varieties. In the first cycle of growing greenhouse variety Mantecosa significant differences were observed for the production treatments supplementation luminance not presenting differences between treatments without supplemental artificial light. Treatments with compost had the highest yields, while fertilization treatments with the major mineral content of nitrates. The artificial light influenced the precocity shortening the cycle in each treatment without regard to the processing counterpart light. No differences were observed for vitamin C content in hydroponic cultivation chlorination with the behavior of both varieties was different. Mantecosa showed no significant differences between the various treatments of chlorination for the production, presented the best Galician production with the lower dose of chlorine. The content of nitrates in both varieties were high: for Mantecosa all contents of nitrates exceeded the limits permission. The variety Galician only introduced values below the limits permission in treatment with lower doses of chlorine. The high values of nitrates found in two varieties, could be caused by a high dose of nitrates in the dissolution recirculante. Vitamin C was negatively correlated with the fresh weight and dry weight positively with both varieties. As a consequence of these results it is concluded that a proper handling of the source of N fertilization is an important alternative to achieve safe production. (MAXIMUM PERFORMANCE / NITRATES CONTENT OF CHILD TO LIMITS OF PERMISIÓN). Supplementation with artificial light in a greenhouse shortens the 8 s cycles 43e and reduces the amount of nitrates. Fertilization with compost or partial replacement of nitrate nitrogen, are positive alternatives for a production desirable from the standpoint of performance and quality (low content of nitrates and good content of vitamin C). Disinfection by chlorination systems without soil enclosed an option to improve the production and quality (health) but must be regulated dosage nitrogen.

Author: MARTÍ DE OLIVES ANA MARÍA.
Year: 2005.
University: POLITÉCNICA DE VALENCIA [www.upv.es].
Place of defense: UNIVERSIDAD POLITÉCNICA DE VALENCIA.
Place of preparation: UNIVERSIDAD POLITÉCNICA DE VALENCIA.

Summary: The mamitis of infectious origin, type often subclinical, is a pathological disorder that causes great economic losses in sheep milk. These losses are due mainly to the decline in milk production, I could vary between 5 and 50% depending on various factors, such as severity of the infection, the group of microorganisms that cause or unilateral or bilateral the same. These losses must be added, including those occasioned by the alteration of the composition of milk and its capacity technology. It should not be forgotten that the latter are also important because the sheep's milk is intended primarily to the cheese making. In this sense, infections breast behave increased enzymes proteolíticos in milk, which can degrade the quality of the protein and involve a lesser capacity of the milk coagulation, leading to a consequent reduction in yield and quality of cheese, however, in sheep there are very few jobs that have studied the phenomenon of proteolysis in milk and given the impact that can have this phenomenon in the development process and the final quality of the cheese, it is important to understand the effects the mamitis on this aspect. Therefore, to study the impact of mamitis subclinical sheep and somatic cells on the production and quality of milk, raised three experiments. In the first, in order to provide greater information on the consequences of mamitis subclinical sheep on the production and the main components of milk, comparing these two aspects, through a weekly monitoring for two lactations, milk half udder udder and complete 40 sheep infected unilaterally and 80 sheep healthy reference.

Author: ALBERTO PENGUE WALTER.
Year: 2005.
University: CÓRDOBA [www.uco.es].
Place of defense: ETSIAM.
Place of preparation: ETSIAM.

Summary: The research examines one aspect not deepened so far of agriculture in the Argentine Pampas, since the arrival of soybean (conventional and transgenic then) along with the practice of direct sowing. It presents the appearance of a conflict arising from the ecological distributive problem of the exploitation of soil and the removal of nutrients with its aftermath of externalities growing, not including No transaction costs. It is analyzed through two indicators: nutrient extraction and export of "virtual water" in the cultivation of soybeans, the unsustainability of a model supported only in the production of raw materials and its relations with the pressures on these resources parala foreign exchange earnings derived then, towards the payment of external debt. The concept of "breadbasket of the world," enquistado historically and socially, is studied by means of social actors who addresses to refer to an early allocation productive. That perception of wealth is discussed in the light of the export of nutrients and their future trends. Nutrients and water are described as a virtual two elements not included in national accounts and global trade, but as important indicators of a system of overexploitation of resources that endanger environmental stability and indirectly affect food security in a country that is characterized by diversity agroproductiva. The thesis concludes by demonstrating the unsustainability of the model proposed by industrial agriculture that grows in Argentina at the expense of a worrisome environmental cost, the deterioration of their best land, the loss of nutrients and soil stability, the loss of biodiversity pampeana and ecoregions in the Chaco and the advancement of all cultures and local productions. The method of assessing the export of virtual water and nutrients in soybeans exported is presented as a proposal for measurement about degrees of genetic deterioration of the environmental stability along its strong relationships with the global agricultural transactions.

Author: TATO SÁNCHEZ DEL VALLE PATRICIA EVA.
Year: 2005.
University: SANTIAGO DE COMPOSTELA [www.usc.es].
Place of defense: ESCOLA POLITÉCNICA SUPERIOR DE LUGO.
Place of preparation: ESCUELA POLITÉCNICA SUPERIOR DE LUGO.

Summary: This thesis of the need to solve a problem that arises constantly in the various branches of engineering: do not take into account the conservation of the environment at the time to undertake a particular project. To give conservation norms, the first thing to do is to characterize the landscape and see what kind of actions are more accepted. The thesis has been achieved: * Create a system for characterization of the landscape, taking into account three fundamental parameters: the texture, color and shape. * Establishing criteria allowing assess objectively the impact of a work of engineering, for which the values of the evaluation was "weighted" by the views of users of the landscape (ie, a sample of people who represent reliably the collective opinion of close to the area of operation or society in general as a potential user of the landscape, taking into account the free movement of people, looking for a playful use, or in contemplation of the natural landscape). * Get the previous two using the software tools available today, thus allowing the realization of this work in a more convenient, fast and reliable. This opens a new line of research, itself Area Graphic Expression in engineering, because it relies on the definition of the geometry of the landscape perceived based on the representation of the same systems and platforms CAD, 2D and 3D specific development in the area of Graphic Expression in Knowledge Engineering.

Author: GARCIA MAYORAL JAIME.
Year: 2005.
University: ALMERÍA [www.ual.es].
Place of defense: UNIVERSIDAD DE ALMERIA.
Place of preparation: UNIVERSIDAD DE ALMERIA.

Summary: PART OF WORK IS THESIS DOCTORAL HAS BEEN ORIENTADO TO DEVELOP THE MAKING AND CONDITIONS FOR APPROPRIATE FOR BREEDING IN VITRO B. TABACI. HAVE BEEN USED DIFFERENT TYPES OF SUPPLIES AND MEMBRANES, AS WELL AS DIFFERENT TYPES OF ALLOWANCE FOR ASSESSING ACCEPTABILITY OF THE FLIES BY WHITE, THE OVOPOSICIÓN AND EVALUATE THE SURVIVAL OF THIS HOMÓPTERO. BY ANOTHER SIDE HAS MADE A NEW POINT METHODOLOGY, BASED ON SUSTRATOS FLUOROGÉNICOS RESULTING FROM THE RODAMINA-110, TO DETECT ACTIVITIES PROTEOLÍTICAS EXTREMELY LOW. METHODOLOGY AND USING THIS WITH THE HELP OF THE BUSINESS HAS BEEN INHIBITORS MAY DETECT AND CARACTERIZAR ACTIVITY PROTEOLÍTICA OF B. TABACI. WITH THESE TESTS, HAS BEEN MADE OF THIS MANIFESTO OWN KIND OF A WIDE OF BATTERY ENZYMES PROTEOLÍTICAS INCLUDING CISTEÍN, SERÍN AND METAL PROTEASAS ADDITION TO PROTEASAS TYPE ASPÁRTICO. THROUGH ZIMOGRAFÍA HAS BEEN THAT COULD CONFIRM ACTIVITY PREDOMINANTE IN RAW EXCERPTS FROM THIS IS KIND OF TYPE CISTEÍN PROTEASE. ALSO BY ZIMOGRAFÍA HAS BEEN HER CONSTATAR THE PRESENCE OF ACTIVITY PROTEOLÍTICA SINCE THE EARLY STADIUMS NINFALES, OBSERVANDOSE THAT THE EQUIPMENT PROTEASAS IS MORE COMPLEX TO MEASURE THAT NINFA SE APROXIMA TO ADULT STATUS. FINALLY, TO CONFIRM THE PRESENCE OF ACTIVITY TRIPSINA AND ITS ORIGIN DIGESTIVE BE USED TECHNICAL MOLECULAR, WHICH HAS ALLOWED CONFIRM THERE SIMILARITY WITH TRIPSINAS OTHER ARTRÓPODOS. THREE THINGS DONE THIS EVIDENCE IMPORTANT: 1) TO B. TABACI OWN BUSINESS PROTEOLÍTICA; 2) THAT TRIPSINA IS SINTETIZADA BY OWN ORGANIZATION AND NOT BY ENDOBACTERIAS SIMBIONTES: And 3) THE SEQUENCE ANALIZADA IS APPLICABLE TO AN TRIPSINA DIGESTIVE.

Author: DIAZ LUQUE IVAN.
Year: 2005.
University: AUTÓNOMA DE BARCELONA [www.uab.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE VETERINARIA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE VETERINARIA.

Summary: The Porcine Respiratory and Reproductive Syndrome (PRRS) is a disease of great impact on the global pig. The disease is characterized by cause in young animals respiratory basically a table, accompanied by anorexia, and fever, while in the breeding can cause a table reproductive characterized by the presence of late abortions, mummified fetus, premature births and stillbirths piglets. The etiologic agent of this disease, known as PRRS virus (PRRSV) or arterivirus pig, is characterized by having a high genetic variability. We have described two genotypes, the American (reference strain ATCC-VR-2332) and European (reference strain virus Lelystad), whose similarity in some of the ORFs (Open Reading frames or pieces of open reading) that compose not exceed 60%. In addition, there is a high genetic diversity of strains within each genotype. Because of the serious consequences of this infection have been traded attenuated and inactivated vaccines, both of European origin and of American origin. The results obtained with the use of these vaccines shed at least some doubt on the effectiveness of the same. One of the biggest reasons that have not been able to develop more efficient vaccines is the lack of a thorough understanding of the immunological events that occur after infection. Other studies, carried out mainly by American strains of genotype, have suggested that the immune response in front of this virus is anomalous, with a high production of non - neutralizing antibodies and a cellular response measured by producing cells interferon-gamma (CP-IFN-g ) low and slow. Thus, the purpose of this dissertation is to comprehensively characterize the immune response of pig face strains of PRRSV of genotype; European first piglets during infection with a strain of Spanish field, and secondly after the immunization with attenuated vaccines, evaluating also in the latter case the protection offered by those vaccines against a homologous or heterologous challenge. In the first work of this thesis has wanted to perform a comprehensive description of the immune response that originates after infection of pigs with a strain belonging to the genotype of Europe. Likewise, it has sought to link the findings observed with other previous studies of global strains made with American and other over partial nature made with European strains. The most significant findings of the response of pigs experimentally infected with a strain Spanish are: a lack of production of IL-2 and IL-4, the early onset of non - neutralizing antibodies as opposed to a response neutralizing fickle and late, and development slow and irregular cells producing IFN-g (CP-IFN-g) specific viruses. These results suggest that in the first instance, the role that develop neutralizing antibodies during infection must be considered limited, since they are not required for the elimination of the virus in the blood. Moreover, to the Spanish strain studied in this thesis, one of the assumptions that we made as an explanation for the slow evolution of the cellular response is the production of IL-10 in the early stages of infection, a phenomenon which is coincident with the viremia. All the analysis carried out in this first paper demonstrates that, despite the genetic differences between the two genotypes, which develops immune response after infection is virtually the same, it characterized by a marked polarization Th2 powerful and not resolutive and a slow and erratic evolution of the response Th1. In the second study was intended to evaluate the immune response developed after vaccination for piglets with two attenuated vaccines genotype and 8 uropeo, da9 and the protection they gave against a homologous or heterologous challenge. An initial finding that on a practical level it is interesting to grasp is that pigs were vaccinated viremia periods longer than those infected pigs in the first study. Although it can not be ruled out that this phenomenon is biased because of the age of the pigs, the animals of this second job were younger, long viremias described with either vaccine strains denote a situation where the virus is replicándose long and where is it possible excretion and therefore infection and hypothetical reversal of virulence. With regard to the immune response, it was developed in a manner very similar to that observed after infection. However, in this case the humoral response neutralizing not appeared before the 2 months post-and only in some animals long after the challenge. The phenomena observed in this study suggest that it is the CP-IFN-g the immune parameters that should be considered as a marker for protection, since only the animals reached a magnitude of at least CP-IFN-g at the time of the challenge were protected, regardless of the vaccine that was administered. Curiously, the vaccine produced a higher degree of protection was the heterologous vaccine (V3) to the challenge strain (VP21). The vaccine counterpart (V1) had a high ability to induce the production of IL-10 even in the cells of animals not vaccinated or infected, so it is done as one of the more plausible explanations for the delay of the cellular response noticed in the group of piglets vaccinated with the strain V1. All this suggests that not only the homology of the vaccine virus in relation to the strain infectante is important for the protection, but also to take into account the time elapsed after vaccination and immunological properties inherent in the vaccine strain. All these findings show that the immune response of pigs against infection and against vaccination with attenuated strain of PRRSV the European genotype is very similar to one another and, while very similar to that described in front of strains and field american attenuated genotype. Thus, the immune response against the PRRSV can be considered anomalous since it is characterized by a deficit of markers of cellular response and inefficient humoral response. With regard to vaccines studied in this thesis, we believe that vaccinated animals can be protected even in the face of heterologous strains if levels CP-IFN-g are sufficient, and that in some cases the prices of these levels may be associated with the production IL-10; factor to be considered under strain.

Author: PORCEL ROLDÁN ROSA CARIDAD.
Year: 2005.
University: GRANADA [www.ugr.es].
Place of defense: ESTACIÓN EXPERIMENTAL DEL ZAIDÍN, CSIC. GRANADA.
Place of preparation: ESTACIÓN EXPERIMENTAL DEL ZAIDÍN, CSIC.

Summary: Numerous studies show that the symbiosis between certain fungi in soil and 97% of the roots of higher plants originate a number of beneficial effects for the plant and the ecosystem: the symbiosis micorrícico arbuscular (MA). Among the advantages of this symbiotic association found the protection afforded by the fungus to plant versus stress type biotic and abiotic, including water stress. There are several processes by which the fungus micorrícico increases tolerance of the plant in drought conditions, so that, in this study we have tried to deepen these mechanisms. It has addressed the phenomenon of nodular premature senescence, a process roginado in leguminous plants as a result of oxidative damage generated by stress, trying to investigate the mechanisms by which the symbiosis MA protects legumes respond to this phenomenon. This has been used soybean plants controls, noduladas and / or micorrizadas grown under optimal conditions irrigation or under stress. Moreover has evaluated the involvement of different genes that we knew implicated in the response of the plant facing the water shortage, as potential mechanisms by which the fungus to protect plant drought. Both have been cloned soybean plants like lettuce, genes encoding proteins read, p5cs and aquaporinas, all somehow involved in drought tolerance. Moreover, through the construction and differential analysis of a genoteca of cDNA of the fungus micorrícico Glomus intraradices grown in culture monoxénico with water stress imposed by the addition of PEG 6000 at 25%, have identified two genes encoding a fungal origin protein 14-3-3 and a protein BiP. We conducted a study of the expression by northern blot all of the genes listed in the case of the latter two genes also by real-time quantitative PCR, trying to correlate whether induction in gene expression is one of the mechanisms by the fungus protects the plant host deficit hybrid. Finally, the results of this study have shown that the contribution of mycorrhizal the protection of plants drought is not based on a single mechanism and determined, but the contribution of these fungi is based on a combination of primary prevention stress management through improved water status of the plant and on the other side of real mechanisms for tolerance at the same as protection against oxidative damage, regulating water flow in the plant per share of aquaporinas and protection of proteins involved in the metabolism of the plant during drought, the 14-3-3 and action by the BiP of these fungi.

Author: CETRANGOLO HUGO ALFREDO.
Year: 2005.
University: POLITÉCNICA DE MADRID [www.upm.es].
Place of defense: ESCUELA TÉCNICA SUPERIOR DE INGENIEROS AGRONOMOS.
Place of preparation: ESCUELA TÉCNICA SUPERIOR DE INGENIEROS AGRÓNOMOS.

Summary: The Argentine wine has nearly four centuries of antigà ¼ age, but the onset of industrial activity dating from the late nineteenth century. While Argentina was transformed into a major wine producer worldwide, historically has been characterized by producing a large volume of low-quality wine, a process that has been partially reversed mind from the beginning of the decade of 90.En 2003 Argentina producer was the fifth, sixth and tenth consumer wine exporter in the world in terms of the value of the product. This participation privileged makes it a major player in the global changes that are occurring in the international market. The reduction in the domestic market, due to the decrease in consumption, coupled with the process of globalization that is global, many companies have directed towards the export of their wines. It has been chosen for this study English market because that until the beginning of this thesis, England is the biggest importer of quality wines Argentines. There are studies indicating that Argentina has the potential and ability to continue increasing their share in the English market, while British consumers have a low awareness of Argentine wine in comparison with other producing countries of the "new world", such as Australia and Chile. Therefore, the export strategy of the Argentine wines should focus on the consumer and communication regarding skilled in the chain, the country's ability to produce high-quality wines at Winemaking and the comparative and competitive advantages that allow it to be an actor with a good value for your money. The study has raised the following working hypothesis: 1 - The quality of Argentine wines can compete favorably in the UK market. 2 - The wineries that specialize in quality wines, can be exported to the UK, regardless of their relative size. 3-Bunker with participation of foreign capital more easily generate competitive advantages for export. 4 - The white marks (owned distribution channels) is a successful way to start exports of wine to the United Kingdom. 5 - The wineries that have made innovations in management easier access to the UK market. 6-Management Key Indicators allow proper analysis of the export performance of the holds. 7 - The greatest strengths of Argentine wineries to enter the UK market are: A-Adequate productive resources (quality of vineyards and production technology). B-qualified human resources. C-Low production costs. 8 - The greatest weakness include:-Lack of cooperation mechanism between the actors in the chain, leaving little room for proper vertical coordination. B-Uncertainty and continuing variability of rules and macroeconomic conditions. C-Lack of vocation and export experience of local entrepreneurs. As a main goal has been set to perform an analysis purchased from the competitive strategies of the Argentine wineries exporting quality wines to the UK. Among the secondary objectives should be noted: * Make a quantitative analysis of exports of Argentine wines to the United Kingdom, compared to other exporting countries (traditional and the new world). * Determine the most effective strategies of wine exporting quality wines to the UK. * Identify incentives to the adoption of innovations to improve the competitiveness of enterprises. * Develop "Key Indicators of Management" for the wine industry. The development plan includes the collection of background for the analysis of the situation Argentine export to the United Kingdom and the overall situation of this industry and competitor countries. Through conducting interviews and surveys wineries exporters, which together exceed 50% of volume 8 of expo 99b rtaciones market in the UK has obtained information on the strategies used to export to the UK. In turn it has been determined that the measure wineries apply methods for assessing the competitive ability and behavior toward innovation in the management entrepreneur, developing "Key Indicators of Management" for this business. Using planning tools for analyzing information primary and secondary relieved has developed a proposal for strategies to successfully export quality wines to the UK, comparing two cases of successful export to the United Kingdom, in the holds of different dimension. The media used in this thesis include the use of primary and secondary sources as usual. For comparative analysis of exports to the United Kingdom from different countries have been used to 11-digit tariff lines of the European Union statistics obtained through Eurostat. With this information, secondary sources have sought to explain the behavior of exports through an econometric model, linear logarithmic data multinomiales. As primary sources have been conducted interviews and surveys to Argentine wineries exporting the UK. In surveys cellars assessed if implemented methodologies for evaluating the efficiency in processes and products. By undertaking the SWOT matrix, SPE and EFS and analysis of the competitive forces of Porter, discussed the competitiveness of the export sector of quality wines from Argentina, which would have implemented "Key Indicators of Management." Finally, it presents a big event successful winery and one small cellar, and then perform a comparison of the strategies used.

Author: de la Torre Adarve Ma. Gloria.
Year: 2005.
University: GRANADA [www.ugr.es].
Place of defense: C. S. I. c..
Place of preparation: Facultad de Farmacia.

Summary: The gene for the S1-caseína is a highly polymorphic gene, especially goats, which were detected initially in Alpine and Saanen breed, 7 variants allelic level of protein, which were classified according to their contribution to the milk protein , in 4 groups: A, B and C, which provide 3.6 g / l of casein, E contributes 1.6 g / l, F contributes 0.6 g / l; O contributing 0g / l. Moreover, closely linked with input from casein and milk protein, it has been observed that this polimofismo is associated with differences in rheological parameters such as performance curd, the same firmness and cheese yield, which is crucial since goat milk today goes almost entirely to the production of cheese. This polymorphism has been described in various European races, including Spanish.