AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES, 3

Author: CARBALLO FERNÁNDEZ Ma. TERESA.
Year: 2005.
University: LEÓN.
Place of defense: ESCUELA SUPERIOR DE INGENIERÍA AGRARIA.
Place of preparation: ESCUELA SUPERIOR DE INGENIERÍA AGRARIA.

Summary: The term applies compost tea extract liquid derived from the mixture of compost with water for a period of time, so that nutrients and contain a wide variety of organisms. The compost tea is applied to the soil or directly on plants with a dual purpose; on the one hand provide nutrients and organic matter, while on the other there is sufficient evidence to indicate that the application of compost tea can prevent certain diseases of the plants. In the production of compost tea involves many factors that will determine to a greater or lesser degree the characteristics of tea, and consequently their quality. The quality of tea will be determined by its chemical composition, in order to provide nutrients and organic matter to the soil and plants, and by its composition microbiological related activity supresiva tea. We also have to do with the absence of phytotoxicity and parameters as content pathogens or heavy metals, whose presence above a certain level could lead to adverse effects associated plants. In this paper we study as affecting the quality of tea various parameters related to the production process, such as the temperature at which it occurs extraction, ventilation, the duration of the extraction process, the nature of compost and its stability , and the type of contact between compost and water. To that end, it has designed a reactor that produces tea under different conditions on a pilot scale, so they conducted a series of tests combining three temperatures, two systems aeration and three types of compost. The teas produced are analyzed with regard to being able to assess the conditions of production affect the various parameters that determine the quality of tea. It has been found that the nature of the compost is the most decisive factor in the face to define the characteristics of compost tea, but the rest of production factors are also considered to affect the efficiency of extraction. Thus, it seems clear that the high temperatures will accelerate the extraction process, therefore the use of reactors termostatizados where compost float freely in the water it would be very helpful. The stability and / or maturity of the compost will also be critical to the quality of tea, affecting its composition but mainly phytotoxicity and content pathogens. Additionally wanted to see if the quality of compost tea can be affected by storage of the same after their production, finding that from the point of view of their use as fertilizer hardly varies in composition, however, the populations of microorganisms related with the ability supresiva it to be amended, decreasing in general assembly, which would involve producing tea immediately before being implemented. Finally, as this work has been framed in the field of waste management, have wanted to study two possible options for the management of solid waste resulting from the production of tea, on the one hand the potential applied to the soil as fertilizer, and if that alternative is not feasible, energy recovery by the same combustion.

Author: YAHIAQUI SAMIA.
Year: 2005.
University: LLEIDA.
Place of defense: ESCUELA TÉCNICA SUPERIOR DE INGENIEROS AGRÓNOMOS (ETSEA).
Place of preparation: ESTACIÓN EXPERIMENTAL DE AULA DEI, CONSEJO SUPERIOR DE INVESTIGACIONES CIENTÍFICAS.

Summary: The collection nuclear fattened Spanish is a plant genetic resource placed at point thanks to a collaborative effort between the IRTA of Catalonia, the ITA de Castilla and EEAD - CSIC Zaragoza. It is a systematic representation of the genetic diversity that exists in the reference collection stored at the Center for Genetic Resources of INIA, which maintains more than 2,000 entries Hordeum, most of them native fattened. This paper presents an assessment of the agronomic and genetic diversity of this collection. The genetic diversity of this collection was evaluated using molecular markers, including sixty-four microsatellites, distributed by the seven chromosomes. In total, were examined 225 genotypes of barley. Of these, 159 inbred lines (148 for six runs and 11 two races) from local varieties and 16 varieties of ancient tradition in Spain, make up the core collection. Besides other 50 entries were evaluated witnesses from other sources, mostly in Europe. The set of microsatellites employee detected a high degree of polymorphism. Also, many alleles were identified specific groups of germplasm, particularly at the entrances Spanish 6 races. The multivariate analysis (cluster and principal coordinates) just brought on an array of genetic distances, as well as the analysis of population structure, made through the program STRUCTURE, separated clearly genotypes of 6 races Spanish Europeans. Entries 2 races Spanish separated less than varieties of 2 races spring set of reference. All these analysis indicated the existence of two major groups within the Spanish entries in six races. These two groups showed differences in geographic distribution and appear to have different origins. The association between alleles of 73 markers analyzed and the parameters eco-geográficos the point of collection of entries from the core collection, showed that the geographical distribution of some alleles is influenced by these parameters, suggesting that the observed patterns of diversity may have been cared for in part by forces adaptive. The agronomic evaluation of the entries are native to the core collection, along with 26 commercial varieties was carried out in ten trials over three years and a total of five locations. This evaluation showed the greatest variability in many entries pair native characters, consistent with the remarkable diversity detected at the molecular level. This evaluation will also highlight the overall superiority of the commercial varieties compared with the entries in the core collection, but also showed the stability of these in a disadvantageous position. An analysis by mapping the genome-wide association was conducted in all the entrances of the core collection and also one of the genetic groups. This analysis identified a large number of associations, which fell dramatically to take into account the structure of populations in the analysis. Most associations revealed most likely coincided with QTLs identified in populations biparentales or positions of genes known.

Author: LOPEZ VELASCO GERARDO.
Year: 2005.
University: LLEIDA.
Place of defense: UNIVERSIDAD DE LLEIDA.
Place of preparation: UDL-IRTA.

Summary: In extremely dry years, the availability of water in many communities in the Mediterranean area irrigators could become inadequate to meet the water requirements of crops. This situation usually occur in mid-summer. Therefore, in the case of peach, possible water shortage coincide with the state fenológico more sensitive to water stress: the expansive growth phase of the fruit (Phase III development). In order to determine whether such techniques as summer pruning and fruit thinning could be used as tools for mitigation of severe drought during the Phase III development of the fruit, developed a research project for three years. Three experiments were designed in which they covered a wide range of driving conditions and crop planting ages. All experiments were conducted in the variety O'Henry of peach under water stress conditions. The levels of water stress imposed on the various experiments were sufficient to reduce the growth potential of the fruit and not threaten the survival of the tree. From the results it is concluded that the most appropriate method pair mitigate the effects of a severe drought during Phase III is the thinning of fruit. The summer pruning could arise under water stress levels higher than those assessed, or plantations with excessive force and little light penetration. Future techniques designed with the objective of mitigating the effects of a severe drought should lead to an improvement in the state's water tree, and at least maintain its total capacity in the generation of carbohydrates.

Author: LLOVERA ARCAS MONTSERRAT.
Year: 2005.
University: LLEIDA.
Place of defense: ESCUELA TÉCNICA SUPERIOR DE INGENIERÍA AGRARIA.
Place of preparation: ESCUELA TÉCNICA SUPERIOR DE INGENIERÍA AGRARIA DE LLEIDA.

Summary: In this paper we present various strategies to improve the analysis of mycotoxin patulin in apple juice, using techniques coupled with mass spectrometry, such as CG-EM and HPLC-EM. An important aspect of the work is based on the synthesis of compounds structurally related patulin, to be used as internal standards in quantitative analysis. There were three sets of compounds synthesized structurally related patulin. Two rounds of 4 - (2-hidroxialquil) furanonas of 6 compounds each series and a third series of 21 esters different obtained by solid phase synthesis. Four of the esters synthesized have been successfully tested as internal standards in quantitative analysis through CG-EM-SIM of patulin in apple juice without the need to proceed with the preparation of a derivative volétil it.

Author: BELLO DE FRANCESCO.
Year: 2005.
University: LLEIDA.
Place of defense: CENTRE TECNOLOGIC FORESTAL DE CATALUÑA.
Place of preparation: CENTRE TECNOLOGICO FORESTAL DE CATALUÑA.

Summary: 1-In the context of climate change and land use, prediction of the impact on the species composition and functional in plant communities is a step in widespread patterns and ecological management. In this thesis we study the effects caused by changes in the grazing regime and the effects of grazing may change in different weather conditions. 2-In particular, if studied:-a set of functional attributes allows consistently predict the response of the species grazing along different climatic conditions and vegetation types (Chapter 1). B-indices of species diversity and functional change in proportion with grazing (Chapter 2). C-effects escala-dependientes grazing on species richness in different climatic conditions change (Chapter 3). D-changing environmental conditions affect the dominance of functional attributes relating to the exchange of carbon and water at the community level (Chapter 4). 3-We concluded that grazing exerts a profound impact on the structure of the vegetation, which in turn, modulates the effects of grazing. The feedback from grazing, climatic conditions and the structure of vegetation determine changes in ecosystem processes. Attributes reflecting flows between agua-carbono and rates of growth (p.ex.d13C and SLA) indicators are good models for predicting the response of ecosystems to global change. The results indicate that grazing results in a more rapid loss of water through the soil, especially in dry conditions. The use of attributes to predict the response of the species versus grazing is important locally. Extrapolations to other regions are limited to the attributes reflect an adjustment to multiple selective forces acting on bank species from the regional level to the local level. Grazing promotes diversity of species diversity by creating and fostering the species most ruderales. The heterogeneity increases with grazing at scales greater in dry conditions regarding wetter conditions. Different components of biodiversity can vary independently. The rare species in the region, for example, tend to increase over the succession. Functional diversity does not increase the diversity of species. Finally, the definition of a proper grazing management is discussed in the context of trends in the change of land use, in terms of conservation of the environment and sustainable production afraid.

Author: ARBAT PUJOLRÀS GERARD.
Year: 2005.
University: LLEIDA.
Place of defense: ETSEA.
Place of preparation: ESCOLA POLITÈCNICA SUPERIOR - UNIVERSITAT DE GIRONA.

Summary: Irrigation systems are located for achieving greater efficiency in water use. Anyway, irrigation technology by itself does not guarantee that objective, also required a design and proper management of soil characteristics and plant. In this thesis is the application of simulation models of water movement in soil as a tool to assist in the design and management of irrigation systems located. One of the tasks that have been made along the thesis is to implement new features in the model SIMDAS (Ramirez de Cartagena and Sainz, 1997). This model could not consider evaporation in a land without vegetation, the formation of puddle on the soil surface, or the distribution of water in the soil under a line of continuous emission. All these aspects, which limited the practical application of the model have been incorporated. The distribution of water content in the soil obtained with the model SIMDAS have been compared with those of other numerical simulation model, HYDRUS-2D (Simunek et al., 1999) and with the analytical solution, valid transitional regime developed by Warrick (1974). The results of SIMDAS have shown a high correlation with those of HYDRUS-2D, especially when times simulation has been relatively short, in which case the coefficient of determination (R2) was close to 0.9. This is not the situation with reference to the settlement Warrick (1974) as the R2 were approximately 0.5. The results of these three models are also compared with those of the field tests carried out in different types of soil and no crop. The results of the comparison showed that the models SIMDAS and HYDRUS-2D predict the distribution of water in the soil in a similar manner. The root of the mean square error (RMSE), which was used statistical comparison was between 0.02 and 0.05 cm3/cm3 in both cases. It should be noted that when times were long simulation, mistakes made with the model SIMDAS were higher than those committed with HYDRUS-2D, has been attributed to an overestimation of evaporation in the model SIMDAS. It stresses that measures the water content in soil, carried out in the field with a probe TDR, were not free from error. In the calibrations performed in relation to the gravimetric method, the values of RMSE been between 0.03 and 0.05 cm3/cm3. The simulation of the dynamics of puddle formed under issuers are SIMDAS was done compared with experimental observations and various analytical solutions in permanent regime. The evolution over time simulated by the model fits very well with the observations made. In regard to the value of radiomáximo the pond calculated with analytical solutions, presents important differences in the values calculated with SIMDAS and respect to the experimental observations. Among the analytical solutions of the Wooding (1968) is the one that best predicts the maximum radius of the pond. Yet this solution, which is commonly used in the design of agronomic systems drip irrigation, gave values of the maximum radius lower than those observed and simulated with SIMDAS, which could entail an oversizing of the irrigation facility. Finally also used the model HYDRUS-2D to calibrate the parameters of the hydraulic functions of soil from continuously measures and the potential of water content in soil taken from a planting apple trees along a campaign irrigation. This method allowed reverse adjust the parameters of the hydraulic functions of soil 8 satisfa 3be ctoriamente when available simultaneous action of water content and potential, but not when they were only available measures of water content. Once calibrated the model, this enabled the state to predict the evolution of soil water along the campaign irrigation.

Author: MARTÍNEZ DE ARAGÓN REMIREZ DE ESPARZA JUAN.
Year: 2005.
University: LLEIDA.
Place of defense: CENTRE TECNOLÒGIC FORESTAL DE CATALUNYA.
Place of preparation: UNIVERSIDAD DE LLEIDA - ETSEA.

Summary: Fungi ectomicorrícicos (ECM) and / or edible or medicinal are one of the main products of the forest. They are essential to the development of most forest species. It is therefore interesting to quantify the production of mushrooms in a forest and study the climatic parameters and selvícolas that can influence it. Therefore, in the year 1997 were set randomly in the region of Solsonès (Catalonia, Spain) 23 plots of 400 m2 in forest Pinus nigra, P.sulvestris and P.halepensis. During the years 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000 and 2001, were sampled plot to estimate production weekly esporocarpos (fruiting bodies) mycorrhized fungi and / or edible or medicinal during the fruiting (September, October, November and December). It has gained an average of 29.4 kg / ha, of which 5.8 kg / ha edible fungi are not marketed and 6.1 kg / ha are spaces that are routinely marketed. The masses of P.sylvestris have proved to be the most productive, with an average of 60.3 kg / ha. Unlike variables selvícolas, climatic variables have been the most influential in terms of estimating mushroom production. Specifically, the amount of available water in the soil during the months of September and October and the average minimum temperature for the month of August. The age arboladono has proved to be a good predictor for when estimating the total production of mushrooms, except when it has been deemed the production of all edible mushrooms and / or commonly traded, since there has been a negative relationship production / age wooded. In Catalonia there is a great passion for collecting mushrooms in the woods during the fall and even though the property rights of mushrooms are assigned to forest owners, they do not derive income from this popular hobby. However, while the recreational activity of seeking mushrooms do not have a market price, the collector indirectly in other expenses incurred by access to forests (cost of travel, weather, food, etc..) To develop the activity of collecting mushrooms . During the years 2001, 2002 and 2003 were interviewed 300 searchers mushrooms weekend, in order not know the consumer surplus of this activity by the cost method of travel. It has been estimated the number of collectors who go through the forests of northern solsonès (40,000 ha), estimated at 18,069 637 people on average per year, generating a value for mushrooms of 836,643 - 900,761 euros per year. Research carried out in relation to the management of the ECM fungi has been raised not only in the field of production and / or economic valuation, but has also tried to understand the effects that a natural disaster, like a fire, it could cause on the population of fungi mycorrhized. To do so, pines were planted without mycorrhizal (pine bait) in 7 locations. These locations are differentiated on the basis of the intensity of fire, the presence or absence of plant ectomicorrícicas with ability to grow again (EVER) after a fire and the period of time since the wildfire (9 months or three years). In general, there has been a loss of potential micorrícico over time, pronounced sites with no EVER and those in which there was greater intensity burned. Simultaneously, it has sought to know the behavior of the black truffle (Tuber melanosporum) in an area burned. It introduced oaks and inoculated with the fungus without inoculate at 10 locations within the area burned. It is also contemplated for this study EVER presence and intensity of the fire. Growth parameters were measured and the level of survival of the plants. After 4 years of the oaks in the area, has been observed as plants inoculated with Tuber melanosporum have developed 8 do better 543 and have higher survival. Given the results found in the burnt areas, it may seem that the presence of fungi EVER mycorrhized serves as a reservoir until the plant ectomicorrícicas not rebrotadoras begin to colonize the area concerned in a natural way. Moreover, the results suggest that the truffle cultivation in forest land burned is feasible, preferably in those sites where there is no presence of EVER, and those who have registered higher intensities fire to avoid both ways greater competition with other fungi Tuber melanosporum ECM.

Author: CARMONA RAMIREZ JORGE URIEL.
Year: 2005.
University: AUTÓNOMA DE BARCELONA.
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE VETERINARIA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE VETERINARIA. UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA DE BARCELONA.

Summary: Platelets (PLTs) are involved in repairing wounds, as they contain growth factors (GFs), which yield quimiotasis, cell proliferation and differentiation, neovascularization and deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM). It has been proposed the use of platelet concentrates (PCs) to accelerate autologous repair the wounds and the ability to stimulate regeneration of injured tissues. In Chapters III and IV of this thesis are two clinical studies on the effect of platelet concentrate (PC) in autologous músculo - esquelética horses with severe pathology. This PC was developed through a new technique of double - centrifuge tube. A caracterizaicón cellular and molecular this PC is presented in Chapter V of this thesis. The effect of the injection of intra PC 7 horses with severe disease of the joints and classified according to the degree of lameness (DL) and synovial effusion (HS). The PC produced a statistically significant improvement of DL and JE (p less 0.05). The most notable improvement was observed in the two months ended treatment and stayed until 8 months later (see chapter III). In chapter IV assessed the effect of the PC in 7 horses injured tendons (tendinite superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT) and ligamentosa (desmitis of suspensory ligament (DSL)). All horses DL and significantly improved its response to the proof of flexion (p less 0.05). Records ultrasonographic improved horses with tendinopatías, but were unchanged in those who were desmopatías. tendinitis Two horses returned successfully to their level of competition pre-lesión. were obtained an average of 250 +-71.8 x 106 platelets, 8.68 +-3.78 leukocytes x 106 and 12515 +-2443 pg TGF-beta1/ml PC. were not observed adverse clinical signs associated with the treatment. Chapter V analysis was performed cellular and molecular PC used clinically (PC-C), whole blood and 4 fractions of additional PCs (PC-A, PC-By PC-D), which are obtained during the development of PC-C. The aim was to assess the breeding of this PC, which are needed two periods centrifuge. All samples were analyzed by flow cytometry and determination of the levels of TGF-beta1. concentrations of platelets for PC-A, PC-B, PC-Cy PC-D were 45%, 44%, 71% and 21% respectively higher in comparison with each PC and the whole blood. concentrations of TGF for PC-A, PC-B, PC-Cy PC-D were 38%, 44%, 44% and 37% respectively higher in comparison with each PC and the whole blood. was concluded that the method of platelet concentrate is used to produce PCs with potentially therapeutic levels of TGF - beta1. The results obtained in this thesis are opening a new promising research to understand the clinical and molecular genetic PCs horses with chronic disease músculo - esquelética. resalado which can be obtained from horses will be of great value to knowing the potential use autologous of PCs in humans with similar pathologies.

Author: BARRETO LOURENÇO GAUSS CERES.
Year: 2005.
University: AUTÓNOMA DE BARCELONA.
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE VETERINARIA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE VETERINARIA.

Summary: The objective of this thesis was to investigate the HIV status of the domestic cat and main quarry species in Spain in relation to infection with Toxoplasma gondii. Sera from 220 domestic cats (felis catus) primarily in the metropolitan area of Barcelona and 456 rabbits wild (Oryctoalgus cuniculus), 507 wild boar (Sus scrofa), 441 deer (Cervus elaphus) and 162 wild ruminants other species (79 fallow deer (Dama dama ), 33 deer (Capreolus capreolus), 3 ibex (Capra pyrenaica), 10 chamois (Rupicarpra pyrenaica), 10 arruis (Ammotragus lervia) and 27 muflones (Ovis ammon)) from different game reserves both north and south Spain were analyzed using the technique of direct agglutination amended (MAT) for the detecicón of anticueros face T.gondii.

Author: VILAPLANA VENTURA MARIA ROSA.
Year: 2005.
University: LLEIDA.
Place of defense: ETSEA.
Place of preparation: UdL-IRTA.

Author: FONSECA SALCEDO FRANCISCO JAVIER.
Year: 2005.
University: LLEIDA.
Place of defense: UNIVERSIDAD DE LLEIDA.
Place of preparation: UNIVERSIDAD DE LLEIDA.

Summary: The Denomination of Origin Qualified Priorat (DOCP) is in a mountainous region, south of Catalonia, based on a sediment basin paleozoics of carboniferous comprised slates, called llicorella. Soils developed from these materials, have little development pedogenético are rocky, and have low capacity to retain moisture. Features along with the dry weather and erratic rains, have a decisive influence on the yield and quality of grapes. Agriculture in such marginal conditions only justified by the good prices reaching grapes and the wine produced in the area. Since the introduction of vines in the Priorat, back in the twelfth century, it has been associated with the transformations and changes in agricultural land use, the base of economic development in the region. And now for some 15 years, the traditional vineyards on slopes, alternate with new plantings terracing, which seek to facilitate mechanization of farming, as well as to capture higher yields. Adecuaciones involving large earth movements, and changing the original conditions of the terrain and landscape, as well as require a high capital investment. These changes have been accelerated in the past five years. To evaluate and identify potential disruptions reflecting this change in land use, are considered two commercial farms that are within the DOCP, a traditional vineyard in descent and the other in vineyard terracing. We measured the main physical properties of soils and hydrological using methodologies and equipment simple, but accurate, laboratory or field. Teams of easy transport and assembly that allow the respectability of measurements, both in space and in time. It also used the characteristics of the rain in the study area. These parameters, together with the deep root effective vegetative development and consumption of water of the crop, were integrated using the simulation model hydrological SOMORE to evaluate and predict regimes soil moisture under different driving conditions and rain. Of the reviews concluded that the coarse fraction (fragments of slate) of these soils, have a great influence on the physical and hydrological properties, is responsible for the high values of infiltration and saturated hydraulic conductivity, which prevents you from this loss of water by surface runoff and erosion. In the vineyard without traditional tillage, the coverage of natural coarse fraction as much, contributes to the economy of water, to reduce evaporation losses, in addition to avoiding the sealing surface of the soil by rain. The coarse fraction is not adversely affect the growth of the roots of vines, and even some of them manage to penetrate the cracks between dela rock meteorizada below ground. Some of the differences in physical and hydrological properties of the vineyard over the traditional terracing, have no major importance, since all values remain high. The moisture regime of these soils is highly influenced by the weather, especially by the distribution of rainfall throughout the year and the effective depth and density of the roots of plants. In these stony soil, many of the methodologies generally recommended for measurements of the hydrological characteristics and properties, such as moisture (sampling with spiral, TDR), bulk density (cylinders), hydraulic conductivity (cylinders in the laboratory), moisture retention (teams pressure Laboratory), infiltration (cylinders, discs, simulators rain) and drainage (lysimeters), are not appropriate. Many of these methods require changes or adjustments to the results obtained are consistent with the hydrologic behavior of soils under natural conditions. Although the terraces can achieve greater depth effective root, the highest densities plantation 8 sometimes 469 varieties with more demands for water, may increase the risk of drought in years with less rain or irregular distribution throughout the year . The new system of planting in terraces, without adequate drainage and without protection of slopes may cause in years with high intensity rainfall in short periods of time, with a return period 5 to 10 years, are presented with high-risk conditions mass movement.

Author: Olvera van der Stoep Alexandre.
Year: 2006.
University: AUTÓNOMA DE BARCELONA.
Place of defense: D.biología molecular y bioquímica.
Place of preparation: Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal.

Summary: Haemophilus parasuis is the etiological agent of Glässer's disease, but this bacterium causes other clinical outcomes and can also be isolated from the upper respiratory tract of healthy pigs. Isolates of H. parasuis differ in phenotypic features (e.g. protein profiles, colony morphology or capsule production) and pathogenic capacity. Differences among strains have also been demonstrated at the genetic level. Several typing methods have been used to classify H. parasuis field strains, but they showed resolution or implementation problems. To overcome these limitations, different DNA sequence based techniques were evaluated. Consequently, the final goal of this study was to improve H. parasuis typing and examine the association of groups of strains with disease outcome. In the first chapter of this work, a partial sequence from the heat shock protein 60 KDa (hsp60) gene was assessed as epidemiological marker in a single locus sequence typing (SLST). We compared enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (ERIC)-PCR patterns, partial sequences of hsp60 and 16S rRNA genes from 103 strains of H. parasuis and other related species. In the second chapter of this work, we developed a multilocus sequence typing (MLST) system using partial sequences of the house-keeping genes mdh, 6pgd, atpD, g3pd, frdB, infB and rpoB. Eleven reference strains and 120 field strains were included in this latter study. Our results showed that hsp60 is a reliable marker for epidemiological studies in H. parasuis, and the analysis of its sequence is a better approach than fingerprinting methods. Surprisingly, the 16S rRNA gene showed enough variability to be used, not only for species identification, but also for typing. Furthermore, the analysis of the hsp60 and 16S rRNA sequences revealed the presence of a separated lineage of disease-associated strains. Both SLST and MLST studies indicated the occurrence of lateral gene transfer among H. parasuis and Actinobacillus strains invalidating the use of single gene approaches in the phylogenetic analysis of these species. MLST analysis revealed the existence of 6 clusters. When the clinical background of the isolates was examined, one cluster was statistically associated with nasal isolation, while another cluster was associated with isolation from lesions. The latter cluster was the same disease-associated cluster identified by hsp60 and 16S rRNA gene analysis. Finally, although a freely recombining population structure was reported, two divergent branches were found when a neighbour-joining tree was constructed with the concatenated sequences. The latter, supports the results obtained by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and indicate that H. parasuis is more likely to have a cryptic speciation than a true panmictic population structure.

Author: CARDOSO DIAS RUI JOSÉ.
Year: 2006.
University: POLITÉCNICA DE MADRID.
Place of defense: ESCUELA TÉCNICA SUPERIOR DE INGENIEROS AGRÓNOMOS.
Place of preparation: ESCUELA TÉCNICA SUPERIOR DE INGENIEROS AGRONOMOS.

Summary: The dairy sector is distinguished by its strong dynamism, innovation and constant search for new products. Concerns such as health, animal welfare, environmental preservation and why not also fashions, now account values basis of the so-called new consumers. According stresses Michael Griffin, a specialist in generic products, and international trade in FAO, the main factors are related and thus affecting the development of the dairy sector:-Population growth and income inthe developed countries - Increased weight the distribution chains in the process-Concentration in the agri-food industry - Different levels of value-added products as enhancements segmentation in the consumer-Changes in consumption habits regard to the last three points mentioned above, we verify that organic farming is one of the ways to ensure new products into new markets. It has been decided that the PLE will be a strong response to the changing needs of consumption, which go beyond a simple food and economic vision. PLE are all dairy products produced in accordance with the legal parameters of organic production evident in the regulation (EEC) n ° 2092/91 and n eighth 1804/99 which sets minimum standards for animal ecology. In the year 2002, Portugal had 1,234 agents in the area of AE and in 2005, 2,163, a 75.5% increase. Even toward the same period of time, the total area devoted to the AE stood at 91,006 hectares. In three years, reached an extension of AE of 233,458 hectares. The increase was a 165.5%. The main crops are fodder, herbs and vegetables. In the case of organic production animal, the biggest growth sectors that were birds, cattle, bees, goats and sheep. The three Portuguese regions where most producers are located in the regime of AE are: Alentejo, Beira Interior and Tras-os-Montes. There is an increased interest of consumers towards organic products. Gradually the EA and products produced under this technique, increasingly are better adapted to market demands and gain commercial space in the large chains, which in a purely empirical analysis equivalent to a greater demand. On the other hand, if a product or, in this case, a production that creates new products gaining commercial space, it means that there is demand, that is, there are those consumers who seek and are willing to pay for them. The same is the case at present with PLE. This research has been developed in response to two goals, studying the demand for PLE in the city of Oporto and seek an approach to knowledge of the industry's future in the PLE in Portugal. For each specific targets have been defined. While studying the demand has been used for prónostico the future of the dairy sector ecological we used only one method. Specifically, the study of demand, was defined two key points in the chain subject of analysis: the distribution and behavior versus ecological dairy products, and consumption, in the case of distribution has been used technique direct observation at the point of sale, whereas in the case of consumption, the technique has been used multivariate level factorial analysis and culsters. The second objetibo, which seeks to identify trends in the market for PLE in Portugal, at the level of research and development, production, distribution, industry and consumer uses the Delphi method as a basis for defining trends of the next decade. There were two rounds of intervention by a panel of experts. It was felt that 'Cetiris Paribus' the quantitative models is limited for long-term predictions. At the end of the investig 8 ation is 317 developed business strategies and develops plan scenarios that enables a better and more complete understanding of the chain of PLE in Portugal

Author: GALLEGO VÁZQUEZ EUTIQUIO.
Year: 2006.
University: POLITÉCNICA DE MADRID.
Place of defense: ESCUELA TÉCNICA SUPERIOR DE INGENIEROS AGRÓNOMOS.
Place of preparation: ESCUELA TÉCNICA SUPERIOR DE INGENIEROS AGRÓNOMOS.

Summary: This paper develops a numerical model, using the technique of finite elements through the ANSYS program, for the analysis of the pressures exerted on the walls of silos. Thus, we studied the influence of different aspects critical to the analysis of the phenomena that occur in the interior of a silo: the model behavior of the materials stored, the parameters that define the model of contact between the stored material and the wall and the process of filling the silo. Also, the numerical results obtained are compared with experimental results measured in three silos smooth steel installed in the framework of the research project that develops this thesis. The study of the model used to reproduce contact interaction between the stored material and stop the silo was conducted in partnership with the research group led by Professor CJBrown of Brunel University (London, UK). In this case, the results obtained were compared with the model developed by the author with the program ANSYS with the results provided by the model generated by the research group of Professor CJBrown with the program ABAQUS. It discussed the possible influence of the model behavior of stored material through a collaboration with the team led by Professor GARombach Technical University Hamburgo-Harburg (Hamburg, Germany). In this case, the perpetrator used a model for elastoplástico the stored material, while the team of Professor GARombach developed a finite element model with the program SILO considering a theory of behavior hipoplástica for the material. We analyzed the potential influence of model behavior both for the filling and emptying assumptions silo. Finally, in this thesis deals with the study of progressive filling silos and the possible effect of the eccentricity of filling pressures on the silo wall.

Author: RAMIREZ GOMEZ ALVARO.
Year: 2006.
University: POLITÉCNICA DE MADRID.
Place of defense: E.T.S. DE INGENIEROS AGRONOMOS.
Place of preparation: E.T.S. DE INGENIEROS AGRONOMOS.

Summary: Three metal silos pilot scale and hoppers of different eccentricity (0%, 50% and 100%) have been implemented in order to obtain the distribution of pressures arising from the stored material. Relative to the instrumentation used have been assessed pressure sensors and friction, in connection with the local geometric imperfections and the interaction of stored material, together with the deflection of the active part of the sensors. It also has designed a method of user-friendly and cost-based air pressure, after an evaluation of two previous calibration methods to gauge each sensor prior to trial silos. Relative to the tests in the silos have been obtained normal pressures exerted by wheat and corn along one of the generatrices silo chute with concentric during the process of loading, storage and unloading as well as pressures around the wall of three silos pilot chute different eccentricity. The experimental results have been compared with those obtained from the distribution of pressure applying Eurocódigo. The interpretation of the results contributes to the understanding of the phenomena that frequently occur in the interior of such structures: fluctuations of the load on the silo wall, changes in the flow of material and concentrated loads at different levels detected Silo and moments of time during the download process.

Author: Ramos Morales Eva.
Year: 2006.
University: GRANADA.
Place of defense: C. S. I. C..
Place of preparation: Facultad de Farmacia.

Summary: Currently there is a high demand for vegetable protein for animal feed as a result of the appearance of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy, which led to the ban on the use of animal meal to feed ruminants, and the need to reduce external dependence of livestock sector. Therefore, it was considered of interest to the valuation of the use of grain legumes as a source of protein in the diet for lactating goats. Mediterranean areas in Europe arid and semi-arid ecosystems, particularly Andalusia, are suitable for the cultivation of grain legumes. The goat would be the species of choice, given their ability to adapt to such ecosystems and the value of their productions. The interest in goat milk is focused primarily on their use for the production of cheese, vislumbrándose the possibility of its use as a basis for other dairy products, because of their quality, not only nutritious but also healthy. According to what was stated, it was determined the chemical composition of the object of study legumes (beans, yeros, lupine and hairy vetch) and diets designed based on them, as well as the characteristics of degradation in the rumen and digestibility bowel using two different methodologies. In addition, for each legume, it was determined the amino acid composition of the protein fraction and not degraded in the rumen. Simultaneously, it conducted trials of nutritional assessment in lactating goats, explored the use of gastrointestinal and metabolic nutrients and the production, composition and technological quality of the milk produced, depending on the diet consumed. The grain legumes showed a high protein content. Its fat content was low, except for the lupine, the majority being oleic and linoleic acids. The tannin content was elevated, except for the lupine, but did not appear to affect the availability of the protein. The characteristics of rumen degradation of dry matter and protein, both of legumes as experimental diets that included, were high. The degree of loss of particles, which was considerable, and ranged between pulses diets exert therefore effects of varying degrees on the characteristics of their degradation rumen. The amino acid composition of the protein grain legumes studied was similar, while the fraction of non-degraded in the rumen varied. Therefore, the fraction of non-degraded protein legumes differs in terms of its potential quantitatively and qualitatively, as a source of amino acids absorbed in the intestine, in respect of the original protein sources. The use of two different methodologies for estimating in situ-in vitro and in vitro intestinal digestibility of the protein is not degraded, gave high values for both pulses to the experimental diets. With respect to the valuation of nutritious diets containing different pulses were obtained high values and the like while digestibility of different nutrients and energy. We studied the metabolic utilization and milk production, both nitrogen and energy, obtained similar results for different diets. With respect to the use of nitrogen, it should be noted that nitrogen metabolizable similar for the different diets showed different partition into milk or retention body. Nitrogen metabolic derivative of milk was higher in the diets that included yeros, while the withheld was higher for the diet containing beans. As for milk production, the consumption of different experimental diets determined appropriate productions and the like. The composition of the milk was also similar, presenting a cantid 8 Ad-g 3ab handle and protein own kind of goat, which stands out for its high number of medium chain triglycerides, a special interest in human nutrition. Cheeses made with the milk from animals fed with different diets also presented similar yields.

Author: ALÓS ROS JOSEFA ENRIQUETA.
Year: 2006.
University: POLITÉCNICA DE VALENCIA.
Place of defense: Universidad Politécnica de Valencia.
Place of preparation: Universidad Politécnica de Valencia.

Summary: The present paper describes the changes in gene expression associated with the overall maturation of flavedo of citrus. Through analysis of cDNA microarrays hibridaciones of citrus with mRNA extracted from flavedo in different stadiums, it has been observed that the main physiological processes induced along the maturation are the biosynthesis of carotenoids, the degradation of chlorophylls, synthesis ELIP, hydrolysis of sucrose, the synthesis of starch and softening of the cell walls. The procesoso to be punished are: photosynthesis, the synthesis of chlorophylls and cabs, antioxidant enzyme mechanisms and defense mechanisms. The study of the effect of the flame retardant agents color change (gibberellins and nitrates) has revealed that these treatments suppress the expression of fitoeno synthase and feoforbida to oxigenasa and that the flavedo subjected to these treatments retains the composition and content of carotenoids in chlorophylls typical of the green fruit. The physiological characterization of mutant Washington Navel called Black Navel, which presents a ripe fruit whose flavedo is brown, lets you define this as a mutant variety 'stay green' type C since the flavedo the fruits ripening in the mutant there is no degradation of chlorophylls observed in the wild fruits of genotype. The comparisons of the levels of protein transcribed and between wild and mutant genotype suggest that MGS and HSP21, which are punishable along the maturation of the flavedo Navel Black, regulators are limiting the degradation of chlorophylls.

Author: Álvaro Fuentes Jorge.
Year: 2006.
University: LLEIDA.
Place of defense: ETSEA.
Place of preparation: Estación Experimental de Aula Dei (CSIC).

Summary: The main objective of this study was to assess the effects of tillage and cropping system in stabilizing and sequestration in soil organic C, and to identify the factors that control these processes, as well as the role of soil aggregation Fixing C, in rainfed agro-ecosystems arid valley of the Ebro. To accomplish this goal were selected three trials of long-term tillage in Selvanera and Agramunt (province of Lleida) and Peñaflor (Zaragoza province). In the trial of Selvanera (land: Xerocrept fluventic; average annual rainfall: 475 mm) were compared four tillage systems (conventional tillage, with tilling soil tillage, reduced tillage and no-laboreo). In Agramunt (land: Xerofluvent typic; average annual rainfall: 430 mm) were compared four tillage systems (conventional tillage, with tilling soil tillage, reduced tillage and no-laboreo) under a rotation cebada-trigo. Finally, Peñaflor (land: Xerolilic Calciorthid; average annual rainfall: 390 mm) were compared three systems tillage (tilling conventional tillage reducidoy no-laboreo) and two cropping system (a rotation cebada-barbecho and a monoculture of barley ). In order to calculate the balance of soil organic C, C losses in the soil were determined for three campaigns crop (2002-2003, 2003-2004 and 2004-2005) in testing Peñaflor and druante two campaigns ( 2003-2004 and 2004-2005) in Agramunt and Selvanera. CO2 emissions from soil to the atmosphere were measured every 15 days, throughout the campaign cultlivo, and time intervals minors (hours) at times ad hoc work. Gains of organic C were estimated from the root biomass and production of straw in the harvest of the three campñas. Also, in testing Peñaflor and along two campaigns, tracked the aggregate of the surface delsuelo, according treatment tillage ys istema cultivation. To that end, characterized the distribuicón size aggregate and stability of the aggregates water. Also, three samplings were conducted in post-harvest, in order to study the influence of different fractions of organic matter (including organic matter and organic matter associated mineral) in the state of aggregation of soil (campaigns 2002-2003 and 2003-2004 ) and its distribution in the soil profile (campaign 2004-2005). In the first 5 cm of soil, system no-laboreo accumulated between 50% and 100% more organic C that the system conveniconal with vertedera and between a 20% and a 50% increase in C in the form of organic matter particulate and C mineral-asociado. However, this behavior was reversed in more depth horizons where the system no-laboreo happened to have the lowest values and conventional tilling the highest. The intesificaicón of cropping systems led to a higher content of soil organic C in all tillage systems. The study of fractions matter orgáncia soil depending on the state of aggregation has shown that no-laboreo, compared to tillage systems, favors the stability of macroaggregates soil, and therefore, in the long run, abduction of organic C in these macroaggregates. Under no-laboreo, organic C stabilized in macroaggregates is in the form of organic matter intra-particulada occluded within the microaggregates formed in the interior of you macroageregados. The state of aggregation of soil presents a dynamic time-dependent state of development of the crop, having seen a decrease in the stability of the aggregates after the death of the crop. During the campaign growing, emissions d eCO2 soil to the atmosphere are 30% and 5% higher in tillage and conventional tillage reduced, respectively, in no-laboreo. Major differences in em 8 isiones 4fa CO2 observed between no-laboreo and the rest of tillage treatments for the implementation of the work. In most cases, the stock of C shows losses of organic C in all systems and tillage farming. However, under no-laboreo these losses are between 20 and 50% lower than under conventional tillage. Asismismo, rotation cebada-barbecho showed further loss of C órganico that the monoculture of barley due to lower contributions from C órganico the ground from crop residues.

Author: Cerrato Sánchez Montserrat.
Year: 2006.
University: AUTÓNOMA DE BARCELONA.
Place of defense: Facultad de Veterinaria.
Place of preparation: Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona.

Summary: Cattle production requires high rations with a high content in concentrates. Too much concentrated in rations leads to reduced rumen pH, generating digestive problems, productive and pathological. In this context, pH represents a limiting factor in the development of high energy density ration. Numerous studies have evaluated the effects of pH on rumen fermentation. However, the majority have found a pH constant, despite the fact that the pH of the rumen varied throughout the day. Various authors acknowledge the need to study the effects of fluctuations in pH on rumen microbial fermentation. The objective of this thesis was to study the effect of pH and its fluctuations in rumen fermentation and acquire empirical data that would allow, together with data from previous work, develop a mathematical model for predicting such effects. Four experimental work was conducted to determine the effect of different factors related to the pH of the rumen fermentation including: 1) the effect of time at pH suboptimal, 2) and 3) the effect on the number of cycles a day and their duration at pH suboptimal / optimal and 4) the effect of lowering the pH scale of suboptimal within each cycle. We used fermenters double continuous flow, and to control the pH, the number and magnitude of fluctuations and the time during which the rumen contents remains to this pH parameters that would be difficult to control in vivo. Overall, the reduction of pH below pH 6.0, negatively affected rumen fermentation: decreased digestion of MO, neutral and acid detergent fiber, the concentration of total VFA and the ratio of acetic acid and Tangled VFA. The metabolism of N, the outcome depended on the variable included in the model, except that ESPM not materially affected by the reduction in pH. However, it was observed that the impact of pH on rumen fermentation depends on the pH medium, the total time that the pH is maintained below the optimum and the magnitude of decrease in pH. Furthermore, the negative effects on rumen fermentation due to the maintenance of the fermenter to a pH below the optimal depend on the total time that the pH is suboptimal and will not be reduced to two or three cycles of shorter duration. The model described contributes to the improvement of knowledge about the effects of fluctuations in the rumen pH and identify areas where further research is needed and is an essential step towards developing a model applicable in formulating practical ration. Additionally, this work also makes an exhaustive compilation of relevant publications and track record in relation to the study of the effects of pH on rumen microbial fermentation, as well as the main mathematical models for predicting both pH of the rumen as the prediction rumen metabolism. It also addresses the problem of ruminal acidosis and its economic importance.

Author: BUSTAMANTE MUÑOZ MARIA DE LOS ANGELES.
Year: 2006.
University: MIGUEL HERNÁNDEZ DE ELCHE.
Place of defense: ESCUELA POLITECNICA SUPERIOR DE ORIHUELA.
Place of preparation: UNIVERSIDAD MIGUEL HERNANDEZ.

Summary: The Spanish wine sector, a major wine producers worldwide, produces a large volume of products and solid and liquid waste, whose management presents certain problems related to the seasonal nature of the activity and wine with certain characteristics that hinder their management . Despite the various methodologies have been proposed for the reuse, recovery and / or disposal of these wastes and by-products, it only uses the pomace alcoholizado and lees generated in the holds for the extraction of alcohol and tartrates in alcoholera as result of European rules established, while the rest of waste management is not optimized, the environmental implications it presents. Composting is an alternative treatment for this waste of a material which is obtained with a stabilized organic matter and humificada, with a potential capacity fertilizer allowing its subsequent use in agriculture. This memory thesis is divided into four chapters and studies the characteristics of the waste and its wine suitable for composting for further agricultural use. The first chapter conducted a quantification and characterization of waste and solid and liquid products from warehouses and alcoholeras. In the second, composted organic materials were produced with the system of composting pile static Rutgers, with forced ventilation and temperature control, starting four mixtures, two identical batteries containing solid waste from cellar (grape pomace and raspón) and alcoholera (pomace desalcoholizado) of mud and sewage plant, which differed in the addendum or not Vinaza. And two other blends developed with pomace desalcoholizado and cattle manure or manure. We studied the evolution of the composting process by monitoring the main physical and chemical parameters, chemical and biological processes of this process and appreciated the quality of composts obtained on the basis of criteria of maturity, sanitation, heavy metal content and physical properties . In the third chapter, we studied the dynamics of mineralization and the release of nutrients from the composts obtained, as well as the materials from various stages of composting, soil without cultivation. In the fourth chapter conducted an assessment of agronomic two of the composts obtained through a test application in soil with a crop of tomatoes in the greenhouse. Our results indicate that, in general, wine liquid waste (sewage and hold vinasse) show a characteristic acid, high organic load remarkable content of sodium and polyphenols and presence of heavy metals and micronutrients, while waste and by-products solid (raspón, marc, lía and pomace desalcoholizado) show, in general, an acid pH, low values of electrical conductivity, remarkable content of nitrogen and polyphenols and high in organic matter and low concentrations of potassium and other macro, micronutrients and heavy metals. The use of only wine in waste composting is not recommended because of the nature of these materials (characteristic acid and water-soluble polyphenol content) to inhibit the process, especially when involving raspón. The use of materials in the environment urbano-ganadero (WWTP mud, manure and cattle manure) as ingredients in co-compostaje to waste wine matches the initial pH of the mixture, improved significantly content in most macro and micronutrients and avoids obtaining composts unbalanced. Although the use of vinaza causes a per 8 sistenci 782 to longest phytotoxicity, also represents a very significant contribution and some higher values of the cation exchange capacity for the compost to be used on. In general, all composts obtained had no phytotoxicity, a stabilized organic matter and humificada, adequate sanitary conditions, low heavy metal content and physical properties suitable for use as a soil amendment or as a substrate or component substrates . The amendment composts wine improved organic and biological status of the soil, being mature material which resulted in a more durable preservation of organic matter incorporated and greater sustainability of the soil microbial activity. The only application of the composts wine failed to generate results equivalent to the use of inorganic fertilizer in the morphological aspects of production and cultivation of tomato plant, being composted manure pomace desalcoholizado and it presented a greater capacity fertilizer, however, is improved soil fertility and, above all, a sustainable effect with respect to inorganic fertilizer.