CROP PRODUCTION

Author: GONZÁLEZ NARANJO JOSÉ.
Year: 2001.
University: EXTREMADURA [www.unex.es].
Place of defense: ESCUELA DE INGENIERÍAS AGRARIAS.
Place of preparation: ESCUELA DE INGENIERÍAS AGRARIAS.

Summary: In this paper we study various aspects of biology floral different cultivars of Japanese plum (Prunus salicina lindl.) Grown Vegas High, in the province of Badajoz.Los aspects chosen for study have been phenology of its bloom, the viability of pollen, levels of these fruiting cultivars able to reach autogamy and alogamia, and the compatibility between different varieties. The estuio on phenology has been carried out for three years, using as a parameter the date of maximum flowering each cultivar.Los results have shown a great parallel conduct of these cultivars on the two farms where the study was conducted, however have obasrvado three types of variations interanuales.La breadth of time between flowering and the first cultivate the last appears to be related to the frequency of periods with temperatures below the 7Â ° C, prior to flowering, whereas the delay or advancement of flowering cultivars of all seems to depend on their need to accumulate heat after brotación.Por Finally, existed an extensive group of flowering cultivars middle or late maintained that his behavior, while those with a tendency to bloom early presented greater variation interranual. With regard to the feasibility estudo pollen, it will be repeated in two years and was used as a method of genetic grains staining with blue algodón.La Most cultivars showed high levels of androfertilidad only "Black Beaut," "Red Beaut 606 "and" Royal Ganet, "were completely male sterile, while" Golden Globe "montro behavior between the two groups. The ability autógrama of cultivars were analyzed for three years, through isolation of branches Check "Angeleno," "Autumn Giant," "Red Beaut 606" and Royal Diamond "not formarón a single fruit in these conditions, while" Black Gold, "" Black Star "," Songod "Black Beaut" and "Royal Grnet" resulted in some years of the study, and "Black Amber," "Black Diamond," "Fortune," "Larry Ann" and "TC Sun "had some level of frutificación in all trials. Regarding the rate of formation of fruit in terms of alogamia were observed between different levels within cultivars and variations due to varying degrees of overlap of floating trees a cultivar and cultivars of compatible located on the plantation. order to analyze the compatibility between different cultivars proceeded to make polinizaciones manuals using pollen from branches controladas.Los results were analyzed comporando levels frutificación of the levels attained in autogamy conditions, and determining why a crossing is compatible when their results were mayores.De these results can be noted that most of the crossings were commpatibles, but that alcanzarón different levels of fruiting depending on the cultivar used as a source of pollen and thus, the same results obtained in different years also showed a certain level of variation, which they may in some cases explained by the different fenologías flowering of cultivars involved.

Author: RAMDANI ABDELHAMID.
Year: 2003.
University: LLEIDA [www.udl.es].
Place of defense: INGENIEROS AGRONOMOS.
Place of preparation: UDL-IRTA.

Author: GARCIA MARTÍN ABELARDO.
Year: 2003.
University: EXTREMADURA [www.unex.es].
Place of defense: ESCUELA DE INGENIERIAS AGRARIAS.
Place of preparation: SERVICIO DE INVESTIGACIONES AGRARIAS.

Author: GOMIERO TIZIANO.
Year: 2004.
University: AUTÓNOMA DE BARCELONA [www.uab.es].
Place of defense: FAC. CIÈNCIES ECONÓMIQUES I EMPRESARIALS.
Place of preparation: ESCUELA DE POSTGRADO.

Author: SANTANA ROCHA INÁCIO ANTÓNIO.
Year: 2004.
University: CÓRDOBA [www.uco.es].
Place of defense: E.T.S.I AGRONOMOS Y MONTES.
Place of preparation: E.T.S.I. AGRONOMOS Y MONTES.

Summary: In the Doctoral Thesis, in the theoretical framework, is a review of the theory on "the vision of peasant agriculture in social thought" through analysis of the contributions made by the various currents historical and recent, on the evolutionary dynamics the peasants and the family farm under capitalist relations of production and of the earliest forms of rural development. In the empirical part provides an analysis of the importance of agriculture peasant family in the context of Angola, through the characterization of the post-colonial periods, from the same obtain empirical and theoretical elements to generate proposals such development rural.Entendimiento by the process of transforming the entire rural society, from the current existence for a population dynamics, favoring economic change with equity and social indicators positive. On this basis is discussed rural development policies implemented in both periods and identifies and discusses the factors that contribute to the strengthening of family farming and peasant who condition their desarrollo.Se emphasizes the organization of family farmers organizations in production; research Extension and formaciónn; trade ruaral; credit and irrigation, as factors relevantes.Y is a proposal for sectoral policies to encourage and boost agriculture peasant family in the context actural, considering such factors as its key feature.

Author: JOAO GASPAR ZITA SEBASTIAO.
Year: 2004.
University: CÓRDOBA [www.uco.es].
Place of defense: ESCUELA TÉCNICA SUPERIOR DE INGENIEROS AGRÓNOMOS Y MONTE.
Place of preparation: DEPARTAMENTO DE BIOQUIMICA Y BIOLOGÍA MOLECULAR.

Summary: The study thesis of this work was done in the cultivation of sunflower, a kind of great interest agronomic. The aim has been to identify differences in drought tolerance between 6 genotypes sunflower, two inbred lines and five hybrids (F5), including the variety commercial Sungro. Obtaining lines tolerant situations water deficit (drought, salinity, freezing) or enhancement techniques classical or biotechnology, is a priority for any culture in general and in particular for the sunflower. This requires the selection of genotypes tolerant and molecular characterization of the response of tolerance for such situations. And all this is because the processes of avoidance or tolerance to water stress, physiological or morphological, are diverse, having characterized at the molecular level a significant number of response mechanisms and signaling and gene implicated in the response (Gray, _1997; _ Zhu et al, 1997; - Zhu, 2001; ChimerLti and Hall, _1993) The study was conducted through field tests, imposing drought by eliminating irrigation in the flowering stage, and greenhouse tests and camera growth plants under controlled conditions. In the latter two cases, the treatment of drought prevailed in the vegetative state through controlled irrigation of 30 and 50% of field capacity. In all three experiments, the differences in tolerance to drought was determined by parameters of growth, development and state water on the leaf. The results indicated the existence of different tolerance to drought with extreme values for genotype 2 (most likely) and 5 (the most tolerant). These two genotypes were used for a final experiment in growth chamber under controlled conditions in which we explored the effect that irrigation controlled (drought status) had on the content of reducing sugars, sucrose and Invertase activity, in an attempt to to establish correlations between metabolism and distribution of fotoasimilados with differences in growth parameters of genotypes and therefore tolerance.

Author: BONGUE DOMINGOS.
Year: 2004.
University: CÓRDOBA [www.uco.es].
Place of defense: IFAPA ALAMEDA DEL OBISPO.
Place of preparation: IFAPA ALAMEDA DEL OBISPO.

Summary: Doctoral Thesis This has been done with the purpose of evaluating the effectiveness of chemical compounds not fungicides Acibenzolar-S-metilo (ASM) and Brotomax to control the Verticilosis of cotton. The experiments were performed using the greenhouse cv. Cream 111 of cotton. The plants were treated with 2, S-3, Sg pc/100 L water ASM or 0.7 S AND 1, S mI pc/100 mI water Brotomax, and were inoculated with isolated moderate non defoliante and severe defoliante of Verticillium dahliae. The treatment plants were carried out following five schemes implementation. Such schemes included treatments in pre-inoculación, postinoculación, and the combination of both. The application of ASM to the dose of 2, Sg bw / IOO L 13 and 3 days prior to inoculation significantly reduced the development of Verticilosis without causing symptoms of phytotoxicity in the plants. None of the treatments Brotomax took effect on the development of the disease, although most of these treatments caused a significant increase in fresh weight of the plants. In the years 2001 and 2002 experiments were conducted in a field infested with naturally by the patotipo defoliante V. Dahliae. We used the same dose of greenhouse for ASM and 1.0 and 1, S mI bw / IOO mI for Brotomax, following two schemes treatments three four applications. The application of ASM is not reduced significantly the development of Verticilosis except the severity of symptoms in the last assessment in the year 2002 and the ISI in symptomatic between flowering plants and training capsules. Treating plants with Brotomax also reduced the development of the disease, except for the ISI in the year 2002 in plants symptomatic after the formation of capsules. The application of three treatments Brotomax at a dose of 1, S mI P. ~ /. LOO mI increased in the year 2002 significantly raw cotton will average production per plant, as well as the average production of raw cotton and the number of capsules production and total capsules per plant in all groups of plants symptomatic.

Author: DIAZ RUIZ RAMON.
Year: 2004.
University: CÓRDOBA [www.uco.es].
Place of defense: E.T.S.I. AGRONOMOS Y MONTES.
Place of preparation: E.T.S.I AGRONOMOS Y MONTES.

Summary: In the Mediterranean plant parasitic Orobanche crenata cause severe damage to the bean. In North Africa the kind O. Foetida was found parasitizing beans and hairy vetch. To find QTLs of resistance in beans to these parasites developed this investigation. In the case of O. Crenata validate the existence and location of QTLs resistance generations F2 and its corresponding F6 and check its stability in different environments. Studies on O. Crenata were carried out in Spain and those of O. Foetida in Tunisia. 165 lines RtLs were sown in the field. We used an index of resistance as the estimated residual value of the simple regression, the dependent variable being the average number of jopos / plant adjacent to the four witnesses each line and the dependent variable number jopos / plant each line F6 . The genetic map in the RILs was formed with RAPDs, SSRs, SCARs, ESTs, Leguminas and Isoenzimas. It evolved with the program MAPMAKER 2.0 Yel analysis QTLs was with the program QTL CARTOGRAPHER 2.0 using the simple interval mapping. Built a linkage map covering 2811.23 cM. Through the test for heterogeneity was a great cO (l "espondenciaentre maps obtained in the F2 and F6 in the same crossing. In the RILs were detected five QTLs resistance O. crenata. QTLs Of the three (OC1, OC2, OC3 ) found in the F2 only two were located in the RILs (OC2, OC3). QTLs OC2 and OC3 were stable found in different environments studied. The three new QTLs (OC4, SCO, OC6) located in the RILs were found to at least two rooms with the exception of OC4 located in an environment. Referring to the resistance QTLs for O. foetida tracked two (Of1, Of2). however these QTLs were unstable. chromosome 1 is located three QTLs O . crenata and one of O. foetida, stressing these regions and have the greatest involvement in the resistance. chromosomes 2 and 6 were located crenata and one on chromosome 3 one of foetida.

Author: RODRIGUEZGUISADO BOLINCHES ISABEL.
Year: 2004.
University: MIGUEL HERNÁNDEZ DE ELCHE [www.umh.es].
Place of defense: ESCUELA POLITECNICA SUPERIOR DE ORIHUELA.
Place of preparation: ESCUELA POLITECNICA SUPERIOR DE ORIHUELA.

Summary: The Quince (Cydonia oblonga Mill.) Is a crop which is now clear setback and parts of Spain in danger of extinction. It is a fruit crop which is important for industrial use, primarily as medicinal and pear pattern, but their use for fresh consumption is declining significantly, perhaps because, among many other factors, lack of identification, characterization and classification of existing plant material. This research work on characterization of plant material indigenous Quince, in a position homogeneous culture, the aim is to go one step further in the knowledge of the species and try to recover plant material in danger of extinction. Of the five clones studied after their morphological characterization, chemical and organoleptic varietal chips have been developed, setting out the most important characteristics of each clone.

Author: MARTINEZ FONT RAFAEL.
Year: 2004.
University: MIGUEL HERNÁNDEZ DE ELCHE [www.umh.es].
Place of defense: ESCUELA POLITECNICA SUPERIOR DE ORIHUELA.
Place of preparation: ESCUELA POLTECNICA SUPERIOR DE ORIHUELA.

Summary: Because of the variety Fino Moniquí apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) presents problems of productivity, has been studied during his two campaigns agronomic performance in a zone limit for cultivation, where normally meets their requirements cold and heat. We studied the evolution of flowering, fruit-set and growth of the fruit, the evolution of shoot growth and the prelatencia addition to the floral differentiation and entry into dormancy their buds. Finally, we identified the possible relationships between different phenomena evaluated.

Author: PINILLOS VILLATORO VIRGINIA.
Year: 2004.
University: ALMERÍA [www.ual.es].
Place of defense: ESCUELA POLITECNICA SUPERIOR (UNIVERSIDAD DE ALMERÍA).
Place of preparation: UNIVERSIDAD DE ALMERÍA.

Summary: The olive tree is a partially self-incompatible, which presents a positive response to cross-pollination. In Spain most of the olive tree plantations are monovarietales. In these plantations is possible emergence deficit cross-pollinated; artificial pollination is an alternative to cover these deficits pollination. The main objective of this dissertation is the development of the technique of artificial pollination mechanized olive.

Author: UCEDA OJEDA MARINO.
Year: 2004.
University: JAÉN [www.ujaen.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS EXPERIMENTALES Y DE LA SALUD.
Place of preparation: UNIVERSIDAD DE JAÉN.

Summary: The first has studied the evolution of the parameters that determine the quality of olive oil, covered in the broadest concepdón in three varieties: 'Picual', 'Picudo' and 'Arbequina' in the process of maturation and in two campaigns. It also has analyzed the importance of each factor, variety, ripening period and year variability found in the quality parameters selected. The fruit has been characterized by the rate of maturity. The index of acidity oils of the three varieties introduced some very low values, being 0.37 the highest value. This index does not present during the process of maturation of the fruit, a trend set in any of the campaigns analyzed. The variety is immaterial in the variation found, being the year the principalfactor variation. The index peróxldos, as in the index presents low acidity in the oils of the three varieties studied, nor has a definite trend in their values over the process of maturation of the fruit. The variety is immaterial in the explicaciónde variability found. The measurement of absorbance at 270 nm, K270, presents a clear tendency to decrease during the ripening process. Losvalores found in the early days of the process of maturation are high. In the case of this index, is the time the principalfactor of explicaciónde variability found little in the influenciade variety in this variation. Elcontenido in total polyphenols, expressed in ppm caféico acid, oils varieties studied, it shows a clear tendency to decrease during ripening of the fruit in the campaigns analyzed. Losvalores found in both campaigns differ significantly higher in the second year. Losaceites of varieties under study, differ significantly in the total polyphenol content, from 313 ppm oils variety Arbequina to 632.6 ppm oils Picual. The variety is seen as the main factor explicaciónde variability exists and is selected to assess the variability Intraespecífica. The oxidative stability, as measured by the method Rancimat to 980 and tends to decrease slightly over the ripening of the fruit, olive variety 'Picudo', in the two campaigns analyzed. In the case of the oils of the variety 'Picual' stability have different behaviors in the two years studied, declining in the first and remain stable during the second campaign. The oils of the variety 'Arbequina no change in its oxidative stability in any of the campaigns surveyed. The variety, with 76.81%, is the principalfactor to explain the variation found selected as a parameter of quality genetic load. The acidic composition of the oils is significantly affected by the process of maturation of the fruit. Elcontenido in palmitic acid, and the French horn of saturated fatty acids, descends along the maturation in oils of the three varieties and in the campaigns analyzed. Elácido oleic, and the French horn set of monounsaturated fatty acids, behave differently depending on the varieties. It remains virtually constant with maturation in oils' Picual ', increases in the case of the oils' Arbequina' and has an uneven performance in the case of the oils' Picudo. Algosimilar happens to the content in linoleic acid, increasing its value to maturity in the case of the oils' Picual 'down in the case of' Arbequina 'and introducing an uneven performance in the case of the oils' Picudo '. influenciade variety, explaining it, that percentage reaches 96% of the variability found. All these parameters are selecdonan accordingly to study the variability Intraespecíficaen olives. minority Of the fatty acids studied, palmitoleico, margárico, margaroleico, linolénicoy aráquico only losáddospalmitoleicoy linolénicohanpresentadoimportanteinfluendavarietal, thus being selected to analyze the intraspecific variability.

Author: PEREZ PEREZ JUAN GABRIEL.
Year: 2005.
University: MIGUEL HERNÁNDEZ DE ELCHE [www.umh.es].
Place of defense: ESCUELA POLITECNICA SUPERIOR DE ORIHUELA.
Place of preparation: INSTITUTO MURCIANO DE INVESTIGACION Y DESARROLLO AGRARIO Y ALIMENTARIO (IMIDA).

Summary: The main objective of this study was to establish the importance of the pattern in response to physiological and agronomic conditions of water stress in citrus. It has carried out a series of experiments in the greenhouse and in field. The central objective of the greenhouse experiments was to evaluate the behavior of two patterns, citrange Carrizo and Cleopatra mandarin, in different situations that cause water stress. The results show that the decline in the availability of water in the root zone caused by drought, flood or salinity, produces a decrease in stomatal conductance in order to avoid loss of water. Moreover, only in terms of salinity there has been a process of osmotic adjustment, mainly due to the accumulation of Na + and Cl-ions. However, it reached toxic levels of Na + and Cl-in sheet, seriously harming the photosynthetic apparatus. Another objective was to be evaluated graft influence on behavior pattern in water stress conditions. In this case, we conducted an experiment in using greenhouse plants citrange Carrizo and Lane late grafted on the same pattern. The state water in drought conditions was similar, whereas after the resumption of irrigation grafted plants showed a slower response to the state water and gas exchange parameters. The field experiment was carried out in an experimental plot situated in the municipality of Torre Pacheco (Murcia). During the years 2001-2004, conducted a controlled trial of deficit irrigation (DRC) with orange trees adult Lane late grafted mandarin Cleopatra and citrange Carrizo. The strategy was implemented in the DRC removal of irrigation during periods of growth result Phase I (initial growth of the fruit) and Phase III (period of slow growth and maturation of the fruit). From a physiological point of view, Cleopatra was the pattern that showed best response to the DRC, being more efficient in extracting water and maintain a better state of the water plant. In addition, the state water best shown by the trees Cleopatra during the implementation of the strategy resulted in DRC to reduce the negative effect on water stress on vegetative growth. However, although the water stress greater affection for the production of trees Carrizo, this being higher than the continued shown by Cleopatra, even in a position to control, which shows Carrizo as an employer to take into account even under conditions of CDR. In arid conditions where there is a marked limitation of water resources, the strategy of DRC in Orange, studied in this work, is presented as an alternative efficient both in terms and in economic terms agronomic real. The savings in the costs of water and energy fundamentally determine the extent of this increased efficiency. The expected upward trend in the market price of water in these areas would still most advantageous option DRC.

Author: CONTRERAS RAMOS JUAN.
Year: 2005.
University: POLITÉCNICA DE MADRID [www.upm.es].
Place of defense: ESCUELA TECNICA SUPERIOR DE INGENIEROS AGRONOMOS.
Place of preparation: ESCUELA TECNICA SUPERIOR DE INGENIEROS AGRONOMOS.

Summary: In the agricultural region of rainfed Serdán, located in the Mexican state of Puebla, with a total of 228600 hectares, two processes zoning Agroecológica and Edafoambiental with the original purpose of identifying areas suitable for agricultural production with maize crop capital investment levels high, medium and low. For half the level of investment was estimated an area of 120724 hectares total agricultural with three different degrees of suitability (S2-S4) these were quantified and cartografiaron with a Geographic Information System. Using the model Agroecology simulation Cropsyst assessed the sustainability of the crop in the agricultural areas of Serdán, Atenco, Tlachichuca, San Salvador El Seco and Guadeloupe Victoria three management practices monoculture corn (MMMMM), four years of corn and fallow (BMMMM), four years with an amendment organic corn and beans (GM + EMMH), concluding that there is no change in the current system of agricultural cultivation depend increasingly on external inputs to sustain their production. KEYWORDS: Zoning Agroecológica, Sustainable modeling, GIS, CropSyst, Corn, soil and water availability.

Author: Martínez Andújar Cristina.
Year: 2005.
University: MURCIA [www.um.es].
Place of defense: Edafología y Biología.
Place of preparation: Facultad de Biología.

Summary: Salinization of soil and water and the overuse of nitrogen fertilizers are two interrelated processes, which are first order problems in agriculture and involve also present a high risk environment. Obtaining plants more tolerant to salinity and greater capacity in the effective use of the nutrients nitrogen is a goal of global concern. Both capabilities can not only match on the same floor but would be desirable, since a more efficient use of nitrogenous fertilizer, applied to form ammonia, may increase tolerance to salt stress by improving their nutritional status, reducing further the environmental problems caused the excessive use of nitrates. In fact, many crops such as tomatoes, sensitive ammonium, improve tolerance to salt stress certain combinations in which an increasing proportion of subscriber ammonia. With the objective of increasing tolerance to salinity and effectiveness of the use of nitrogen fertilizers in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) plants were obtained from the variety hp P-73 transformed with the gene asnA E. Coli under the control of the promoter of establishing pPC pea pea. This gene encodes a asparragina synthetase using NH4 + instead of glutamine to synthesize asparragina from aspartate. This feature is the differential that hypothetically it could give the plant increased tolerance to salt stress and ammonia to the subscriber, using the NH4 + poison that accumulates in the tissues as a result of stress (catabolism of amino acids, fotorrespiración) or coming from fertilization. Plants on condition acigosis, homocigosis and hemicigosis for gene asnA have been assessed under optimal conditions and under conditions of moderate and high salinity, with various combinations of fertilization NO3-/NH4 + in the presence and absence of stress, tests medium (vegetative growth) and long term (production), even using transgenic plants only as rootstock. The results show that the hypothesis is feasible and can simultaneously increase tolerance to salinity and the subscriber ammonia in a 20-40% in terms of production. The expression of the gene can be measured indirectly, as an accumulation of the final product asparragina, and its benefits are more noticeable at in terms of stress and subscriber ammonia, expressing a penalty in the absence of stress with regard to genotype wild, possibly due to the expression constituent. Although the accumulation of Asn is tied to the growth of tolerance in general, this is not always the case, and the use of plants hemicigotas or only from the root (rootstock) confer greater tolerance for the plants homocigotas more capable of accumulating Asn, which reveals the importance of the root system and the primary nitrogen assimilation, as well as the ultimate energy balance, tolerance to salt stress and ammonium. From a physiological point of view, the presence of the gene coincides with a decrease in leaf levels of Na + and an increase in K +, but this is not always manifested in increased tolerance to salt stress. Moreover, these plants also have higher levels of NO3 with respect to wild genotypes and acigoto, but also higher concentrations of NH4 +, contrary to the assumptions established as the specific product of the gene asnA. The analysis of the basic metabolism of nitrogen revealed that the enzymes of assimilation (NR, GS / GOGAT) and reasimilación of NH4 + (GS / GOGAT, GDH) were more active in the plants homocigotas, which could explain the higher levels of amino acids, proteins , NO3-and NH4 +. On the other l 8 ado, 89e largest concentration of Asn, but also Gln amino acids and other indicators of activity fotorrespiratoria as Gly and Being, along with the increased activity of enzymes reasimilación (GS, GDH), support the fact that fotorrespiración is not only more active in these plants, but also more effective because of the reasimilación, NH4 +, but also of CO2 through the PEPcasa, as suggested by the highest levels of organic acids in these plants (malato, succinate, oxalacetato). As a result, the photosynthetic structures are more protected against fotoinhibición, delaying senescence induced by stress, as revealed a low rate of chlorosis, the stability of PSII (Fv / Fm) and the highest rate of sacarolisis. Similarly, the accumulation of GABA Wing and suggests that the amino acid synthesized essentially from Glu, are regulated and recycled by the cycle of GABA for more skeletons carbon and energy in the Krebs cycle. Finally, one could conclude that tolerance, in terms of growth and production, may depend on the energy balance final, which will be more favorable to transgenic plants the greater stress (NH4 + domestic) or the lower energy expenditure derivative the gene, as occurs in plants hemicigotas and in the use of rootstock. The specific expression of the gene in regulating or root through a stress inducible promoter or by the NH4 + can be the most interesting result of this work.

Author: CASTILLO LLANQUE FRANCO JULIO CESAR.
Year: 2005.
University: CÓRDOBA [www.uco.es].
Place of defense: INSTITUTO DE AGRICULTURA SOSTENIBLE (CSIC).
Place of preparation: INSTITUO DE AGRICULTURA SOSTENIBLE (CSIC).

Summary: Several studies have been undertaken to link some of the morphological parameter buds, or outbreaks, with their future fate vegetative or player. The study of varieties with different numbers of nodes in inflorescence found the existence of a direct relation between the number of nodes and reproductive buds of inflorescence. The number of knots and dimensions of the backbone not determine the fate or player vegetative bud. These parameters depended dela variety and were modified by the strength and orientation of the outbreak, and in some cases by the charging status of the tree. The presence of the fruits decreased markedly vegetative growth. Outbreaks lower than 4 cm accounted for a large part of gracious people, while older pupils to 16 cm represented only a small percentage of the population regardless of the status of cargo. We have identified six types of branching for outbreaks of the year depending on the age of mother outbreak and the area of origin. Thus, in one year unloading outbreaks were formed mainly from lateral buds, while a year of cargo originated primarily from the apex of the outbreak. The morfotipo, guidance, and the force of the outbreak, not determined the different vegetative or player buds. The collection increases early flowering respect to the late harvest. However, in both the flowering dates of collection is less than that observed in the trees in unloading. The heads produced after a year of discharge were longer, had a greater number of knots and buds, and a more accelerated inflorescence produced after a year of cargo. These features were favored in the trees laden when a pickup early.

Author: LUCENA LEON CARLOS.
Year: 2005.
University: CÓRDOBA [www.uco.es].
Place of defense: E.T.S.I. AGRONOMOS Y MONTES.
Place of preparation: E.T.S.I. AGRONOMOS Y MONTES.

Summary: This thesis deals with general objectives, the selection of plant material tolerant iron chlorosis and the expansion of knowledge of the mechanisms of response to iron chlorosis. In a pilot plantation with seven varieties of olive, established in Limestone soil, it has been followed up on the leaf chlorosis over four years that has led to differentiate between varieties. In addition, there have been measurements of leaf growth and concentration of Fe and other nutrients, not leading to observe relationships of these parameters chlorosis. Experiments in pots with soil Limestone have enabled differences in tolerance to iron chlorosis between varieties of olive, based on differences in relative growth between chlorosis and treatment subscriber nutrient solution with and without treatment with Fe Fe. Irrigation with bicarbonate accentuated the negative effects, which could be used to select material with a high level of tolerance. From a population of membrilleros from seed and using pot with soil Limestone were selected plants with good growth and low chlorosis. The vegetative offspring of some of the selected plants have shown good behavior, which opens prospects of Quince patterns with greater tolerance to iron chlorosis. The studies of the mechanisms of response has been made with tomato plants, peas, cucumber grown in hydroponic. The reductase activity of Fe (III) is affected by a variety of metals and the effect can be partially reversed by increasing the concentration of Fe (III) -EDTA. The reductase may also reduce Cu (II) without quelatar by a somewhat different mechanism. The transporter activity of Fe (II) has been measured indirectly by the absorptive capacity of Cd. Applying techniques molelculares has shown that the Fe deficiency induces the expression of genes and FRO IRT responsible for reductase of Fe (III) and transporter of Fe (II). Using inhibitors and promoters of ethylene has been shown that this hormone is involved in regulating both genes and the bicarbonate interacts with ethylene in the regulatory process

Author: LÓPEZ CEDRÓN FRANCISCO XAVIER.
Year: 2005.
University: SANTIAGO DE COMPOSTELA [www.usc.es].
Place of defense: ESCOLA POLITÉCNICA SUPERIOR.
Place of preparation: ESCOLA POLITÉCNICA SUPERIOR.

Summary: In field trials conducted in Lugo between the years 1997 and 2002, has compared the performance in irrigation (R; not limiting environmental conditions) and dry (S) from the rotation raigrás Italian alternativo-maíz (RIA-M) the two crops per year, with no alternative of raigrás Italian (RINA), scheduled to plant every two years, as a basis to enhance forage production in Galicia. In addition, two techniques were tested seed in the rotation RIA-M: Laboreo (LC) and conventional tillage (SD). Considering the rotation of two crops per year, the average production of the five years studied, stood at 28.00, 21.67, 27.93 and 20.90 t ha-1 dry matter (DM) (LC R, S LC, SD SD R and S, respectively). In the case of RINA stood at 15.69 and 8.27 t ha-1 DM (RINA RINA R and S, respectively). As can be seen, the returns to more intensive rotation (RIA-M) were much higher than those of RINA, and even in dry conditions exceeds RINA R in a 36% average for the five years studied. Within the rotation RIA-M, in most years tested there was no difference attributable to planting system. These experimental data seem to show, that in general, and considering the average production years, the technique of planting does not affect the production of RIA-M. Productions treatments R exceeded the S. Within the rotation RIA-M, this was due to increased production Corn R, as productions of RIA preceded Maize S were higher in four of the years tested at preceded Maize R. In RINA productions R treatments have also been higher. Even in the summer of 1998, treatment RINA S dried up completely due to the combination of water shortage with the stress of temperature, not rebrotando autumn next, bringing production this year was invalid. In the evolution of the annual production of forage rotation RIA-MR there is a strong downward trend in the early years, and a subsequent stabilization around the 25 t ha-1 DM. The decline in the production of the rotation is partly due to reduced maize production activities, and low production of RIA during the third and fourth year, the fifth year there is an upturn in production due to higher yields the cultivation of winter, as production of maize are the lowest in the five years tested. With data from corn included within the rotation RIA-M LC, obtained in these trials was established a database to proceed with the evaluation of different versions of the model of growth of maize most commonly used: CERES-Maize. In addition, was completed this database with the one obtained with a series of additional testing. These additional testing consisted of a second date of planting done in the years 1998, 1999 and 2000: in 1998 only in R (not limiting environmental conditions), in 1999 and 2000, under conditions R and S. This database was first to evaluate three versions of the model in terms of water is not limiting ((1) CERES-Maize-2003, the latest version proposed by Kiniry and collaborators; (2) the version included in the DSSAT V3.5 (Software officer) or CERES-3.5, and (3) the version included in the DSSAT V4.0 or CERES-4.0 (Software officer; Jones et al., 2003). Subsequently, the version that the best results obtained under these conditions (CERES-4.0) was evaluated in terms of water limitations. evaluation of the three options listed in conditions not limiting, are documented and discussed equations that cause differences in the estimates of key variables between the three versions. With version CERES-4.0 yields the best predictions of biomass production and grain in our culture conditions. with CERES-2003 produced the worst results due primarily to the 64% of the MS translocada of the stems the grain is lost. reasons that CERES-4.0 gets the m 8 ejores r c32 esultados are associated with the new functions of temperature affecting efficiency in the use of radiation (PRFT) and the degree of filling of the grain (RGFILL), which in versión-4.0 are less sensitive to temperature. Moreover, in our growing conditions, predictions CERES-4.0 improved if the functions PRFT and RGFILL were slightly more sensitive to temperature, although require further studies in a wide range of temperatures, to confirm this hypothesis. Low water conditions limiting CERES-4.0 get some simulations of biomass and grain much lower than field data. evaluated various aspects of the model that we feel responsible for these results. Used two options for calculating evapotranspiration (Priestley-Taylor (PT) and the reference method of Penman - Monteith (PFAO56 Manual n fourth 56 of FAO)) with two coefficient values (KEP) sharing evapotranspiration between transpiration and evaporation of the crop land (default: KEP = 0,685; alternative value: KEP = 0,500). option with PT KEP = 0,685, infraestima systematically production of biomass and grain because of a simulation too early and high water withdrawals. Predictions biomass and grain, with the option PT with PFAO56 improve when using an KEP of 0,500. PFAO56 is the option of calculating evapotranspiration with which yields the best predictions . Option PFAO-56 with KEP = 0,500 give a correct estimate of the average aboveground biomass harvest treatments of dry, but continued to simulations values grain yield too low. This is due to the inability of the model correctly predict the effect of water shortage on the number of grains. was reassessed functions of the model estimated that the number of grains per plant and were replaced by the equations proposed by Edmeades and Daynard, the more they prove satisfactory. was finally upgraded predictions of the model by eliminating the effect of water stress factor of soil affecting photosynthesis (SWFAC) on the growth rate of grain (GROGRN). These changes have resulted in improved simulations of the number of grains and the average weight of the grains treatments rainfed. Lastly, it also conducted a sensitivity analysis of different changes in the functions of rooting.

Author: RAVELO ARMAS MARGARITA.
Year: 2005.
University: LA LAGUNA [www.ull.es].
Place of defense: DEPARTAMENTO DE BIOLOGIA VEGETAL.
Place of preparation: FISIOLOGIA VEGETAL.

Summary: Describing the detection of the virus present in these varieties, as well as the methodology for reorganizing these varieties of potatoes relícticas of Archipelago Canario

Author: GROCHS ALTARRIBA GIL.
Year: 2005.
University: LLEIDA [www.udl.es].
Place of defense: ESCOLA SUPERIOR D'ENGINYERIA AGRÁRIA.
Place of preparation: ESCOLA TÉCNICA SUPERIOR D'ENGINYERIA AGRÀRIA.

Summary: The hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) arouses great interest at present, be the source of many industrial products renewable and have the right profile to establish more sustainable agricultural systems, as a culture respectful of the environment. The main objective of this thesis is to study agronomically hemp. In particular, it aims to: 1-Studying the effect of some cultural techniques (nitrogenous fertilizer, seed and dose date harvest, and cultivate) in the development of cultivation and production of hemp. 2-To quantify the possible beneficial effect of hemp as a precedent cultural wheat. It rose out three field trials from the year 1995 to 1999 in Meriès, in the province of Barcelona (42Â º N, 1Â º 99 'E, 525 m above sea level; 700mm), in secanos frescales of northeastern Spain where hemp and wheat rotation usually are grown in a soil franco-arenoso and basic (pH = 8.2, m = 1.7%). The density of hemp cultivation decreased in nascencia and harvest more dramatically with increasing dose Ny planting. Density at nascencia and autoaclarareo vary with the year in dry, which may lead to a fiber of varying quality. N fertilizer dose planting affect growth, yield and distribution of the biomass. The yield of biomass (8814 kg / ha) increased with the fertilizer N, N although the optimal dose varies with the year and the time of harvest (30-150 kg N / ha), and is superior to grain is grown and that single fiber for fiber. The biomass and grain yield decreases with increasing dose seed, while the proportion of stem biomass in cortical and fiber in the stem increases, but do not justify the use of high doses of sowing. Under the conditions of the test, 30 kg seed / ha are suitable for the production of grain and fiber. Cultivars Spaniards Delta and Delta-Llosa have a higher grain yield to Future 77 (French), but no different to the rest of parameters. The presence of male plants is important (10-35%), despite being cultivars monoicos. Hemp is a good precedent pair wheat. The effect rotation -incremento yield of wheat grain after hemp respect to wheat monocultivo- is 1368 kg / ha (47%) on average, which arises from the increasing number of espigas/m2 and weight of 1000 grains. The effect rotation extends to the second year of wheat after Hemp (156 kg / ha) and is lost for the third year of wheat after hemp, where rotation and monoculture presented similar yields. The effect rotation varies with the fertilizer applied to hemp precedent. No pay, or drastically reduce the dose N, decreases the yield of hemp, the growth performance of the next wheat and does not diminish the nitric residual N in the soil after harvest hemp, nor the godson or after harvest the following wheat. So, N nitric residual leaves hemp would not be responsible for the effect rotation, but suggested to be related to the amount of leaf fall to the ground, through any of its components, in addition to the increased stability of the aggregates soil that originates hemp. However, this work can not fully explain as hemp increases the yield of wheat. Unlike wheat, hemp is well suited to monoculture, as showed similar results hemp in rotation. It is concluded that hemp is a crop fit for secanos frescales because it is a good precedent of wheat fiber production is fairly stable and has a higher grain yield to that obtained in central and northern Europe, you do not need plant protection and suppresses weeds. And even at this moment we are talking about sustainability, rotation of crops and reducing plant health. However, much remains to be investigated, such as it is due to increased yield of wheat after hemp and whether it can provide 8 of cult 304 ivares hemp better adapted to the conditions Mediterranean.