CROP PROTECTION

Author: GOMEZ VAZQUEZ JULIO MANUEL.
Year: 2003.
University: ALMERÍA [www.ual.es].
Place of defense: ESCUELA POLETÉCNICA SUPERIOR.
Place of preparation: UNIVERSIDAD DE ALMERÍA.

Summary: The word is an inventory of the disease detected in crops without soil melon and cucumber in Almeria province and at the time of Grenada and Murcía. In addition, it provides a series of pilot tests withthe purpose of clarifying the etioligía of the denomination mind sudden melon. Also studied parala disease at the base of cucumber caused by Pytium aplnidermatum the influence of the time of moculación of enfermdad irrigation of aplicaciín of Fungicide Prevention -- the seriousness of the disease.

Author: MORALES RODRIGUEZ JOSE JAVIER.
Year: 2004.
University: POLITÉCNICA DE MADRID [www.upm.es].
Place of defense: ESCUELA TÉCNICA SUPERIOR DE INGENIEROS AGRONOMOS.
Place of preparation: ESCUELA TÉCNICA SUPERIOR DE INGENIEROS AGRONOMOS.

Summary: Hyposoter didymator and Chelonus inanitus are two parasites, common crops in the south of Spain, which are developed from the parasitación species of the family Noctuidae. Studies of this study were divided into two main sections: studies biological and ecotoxicological studies. Biological Studies: We studied the breeding H.didymator through a new method of rearing mass, which could be obtained percentages of females above the 42% steadily for six generations, which is a significant improvement compared to previous methods of offspring. We studied the potential control of the two parasites face S.littoralis, taking as reference dry matter intake. The results found that h.didymator is a better agent control C.inanitus. Ecotoxicological studies: HE selected five modern insecticides: fipronil, imidacloprid, pymetrozine, natural pyrethrins + PBO and triflumuron, and the side effects were evaluated on the different stages of development of the two parasites. It was determined that fipronil and imidacloprid were most active swallowed that topic when addressing the larva parásitada. After trying topically cocoons was that firponil was the most active insecticide to affect the longevity of adults emerged. After trying topically cocoons was that fipronil fuéel insecticide more active to affect the longevity of adults emerged. After offering insecticides so tópicsa and if swallowed, adults were affected by the imidacloprid, the natural pyrethrins + PBO and fipronil, while only the last two insecticides affect the longevity of adults C.inanitus. Finally, by offering residual insecticides way adults of both parasites were affected strongly after being treated with imidacloprid, pymetrozine, natural pyrethrins + PBO and fipronil. Following the technical RaPID studied the toxicity of spinosad in H.didymator. It was determined that the cocoon is a good agent to protect the pupa. In addition to the ovaries was retained most of spinosad in H.didymator. It was determined that the cocoon is a good agent to protect the pupa. Moreover, it became apparent that the ovaries retain most of spinosad recovered after the implementation of the females. Overall, we were able to establish that H.didymator is more sensitive to spinosad that S.littoralis.

Author: MORENO VARGAS CARMEN.
Year: 2004.
University: POLITÉCNICA DE MADRID [www.upm.es].
Place of defense: E.T.S.I. AGRONOMOS.
Place of preparation: E.T.S.I AGRONOMOS.

Summary: The presence of symptoms of matches in arms plants vine showing galleries and openings and larvae performing galleries, which did identify the insect causing as Xylotrechus arvicola. It is not known anything about the same and their relationship with the crop. Have been conducted morphological descriptions and biometric of eggs larvae, pupae and adults, and the male and female genitalias. It has studied the life cycle in laboratory conditions and natural materials collected from the main wine-growing areas of Castile and Leon. The incidence of this insect is variable and depends on the variety of grape, age, driving systems and the presence of fungi that cause the decaimientos of the vine, causing damage in plants vines appear gradually, with a decrease of potential vegetativo-productivo.

Author: RAYA ORTEGA MARIA DEL CARMEN.
Year: 2004.
University: CÓRDOBA [www.uco.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS.

Summary: The verticilosis olive caused by V. Dahliae and radical rot caused by P. Megasperma and P. Inundata are two major diseases affecting the olive grove in Andalusia. The control of these pathogens radicals is difficult, being the use of resistant cultivars one of the most effective measures to combat and recommended in a framework of integrated control. The methods of evaluation in woody plants face pathogens radicals are slow and laborious, it is necessary to develop alternative methods to facilitate this process. For the assessment of resistance to Phytophthra spp olive tree in the first place was to develop a method of evaluation using hardwood cuttings without anchoring. They were susceptible to inoculation with Phytophthora, which meant so reproducible susceptibility among different cultivars in a short period of time. With this method was assessed a collection of 38 cultivars were olive, by stressing their resistance "Camomile of MontefÂ'rio", "Connicabra", "Morrut", "Camomile of Seville" and "Dolce Agogia." It has been shown that the symptoms of drying in the hardwood cuttings could be due to toxic substances caused by Phytophthora spp. It also has studied the pathogenicity of P. Cactorum in olive as well as the requirements of various terms of this isolated especie.se has evaluated resistance to Verticillium dahliae of 25 cultivars olive using the standardized assessment by the Research Group Pathology Afroforestal. They destado for their resistance Changlot Royal Dolce Agogia, Oblong, and Frantoio. We have experimented with new methods of evaluation to V. Dahliae offering inoculation by injection to stem (available inoculum in a hole in the base of the stem of the palnta) results similar to the immersion method radical. Finally, we studied the interaction of V. Dahliae and P. Meggasperma, which serealizaron inoculations with both single and joint pathogens in olive plants. The results of the latest test were not clear because of the inefficiency of the method used for inoculation.

Author: MANSILLA MARTINEZ JOSE.
Year: 2004.
University: CASTILLA-LA MANCHA [www.uclm.es].
Place of defense: E.T.S.INGENIEROS AGRONOMOS.
Place of preparation: E.T.S. INGENIEROS AGRONOMOS.

Summary: The objective of this thesis is to know Doctoral the influence of weeds in the growth, development and production of sugar beet cultivation in irrigated, according to the time of emergency early or late, which would have conducted a series of experiments with the following objectives: 1. Composition of flora arvense, and parameters to quantify its infestation; 2. To compare different models predicting bad hierbas- growing competition, and to determine the best fit to present; 3. Determine periods of competition early, late and competition critical period. Two camps were designed experimental, one stood at the farm "Dehesa de Los Llanos SL, and another stood at farm" SAT Casablanca. " The experimental design was in random blocks with four replicates, each block containing eight treatments (T1-T8), 4x3 m, resulting Thirty-two elementary for experimental field plots. We carried out a description of the states of phenological development of the sugar beet), and flora arvense. We studied the composition and parameters of quantifiers infestation flora arvense Reduced production of root depending on the period of competition, was obtained maintaining certain plots escardadas until a certain time, to be called: "No Bad Herbs up" (SMh ), and other plots infested until a certain time, to be called "Bad Herbs up" (CMh). Completed agronomic cycle is started and weighed the beet root of each of the plots, drying to constant weight to get biomass dry root of each of the treatments. To relate the production of beet with a variable time, in order to model the response of the growing period of competition, was tested adjustment of the data obtained with the following functions nonlinear regression: Equation general logistics Y = a / ( 1 + d.exp (-bX)) [1] Equation logistics, including turning point Y = a / (1 + exp (-b. (Xc))) [2] Gompertz equation, including turning point and = a.exp (-exp (-b. (Xc))) [3] Weibull equation Y = a. (1-exp (- ((Xd) / b) h)) [4] hyperbolic equation Y = a . (1-d ((exp (bX) + g) .100)) [5] were elected two independent variables, time (t) days and the amount thermal expressed in accumulated degree days (GDA), adjusting production data obtained in different situations and years, performing validation of the functions of regression. Of all the functions validated, it is the most appropriate, the logistic equation including turning point with the independent variable t. With this model predicts the period of competition early, late and the competition critical period.

Author: DIAZ DESANI BEATRIZ.
Year: 2004.
University: POLITÉCNICA DE MADRID [www.upm.es].
Place of defense: ESCUELA SUPERIOR DE INGENIEROS AGRONOMOS.
Place of preparation: INSTITUTO DE CIENCIAS AGRARIAS CCMACSIC.

Summary: This thesis covers studies related to the biology and ecology of aphid Nasonovia ribisnigri (Mosley), as well as the evaluation of a physical barrier to control aphids and other pests in lettuce crops protected. First life tables were constructed of aphid N. Ribisnigri with the aim of evaluating the effect of different constant temperatures on biological parameters and the population of this species under controlled conditions. The results indicated that the plague can develop better in terms of low temperatures that high is the optimal interval between 20 and 24Â ° C. Two models were used linear and a non-linear to calculate temperature thresholds and optimal development of the pest. These temperatures were incorporated into a phenological model based on the accumulation of degree to predict the arrival of the first winged individuals that colonize spring crops of lettuce in the center of the Iberian peninsula. This model was completed by another simulation model that aimed to estimate the population growth potential of pirmeros individuals migrants in the same area of study, achieving a good calibration when using the parámetrros biological obtained between 12 and 16Â ° C. Third was determined the distribution space of N. Ribisnigri in microparcelas experimental lettuce in greenhouse conditions during fall and spring through the methodology SADIE. Results showed a general trend towards not add to the top of the crop with low densities of the pest to reach an add moderate over time, but it will be kept stable. Ultimately assessed a barrier fotoselectiva absorbing ultraviolet light on populations of insect vectors of the virus and the incidence of viral lettuce protected crops, which showed a reduction in the population of aphids and their associated viruses.

Author: AUCEJO ROMERO SILVIA.
Year: 2004.
University: POLITÉCNICA DE VALENCIA [www.upv.es].
Place of defense: Dep. Ecosistemas Agroforestales.
Place of preparation: Universidad Politécnica de Valencia.

Summary: Spain is the fifth largest producer of citrus worldwide, with about 6 million tons produced annually in the campaign 2002. This production mainly in oranges (50%), mandarins (36%) and lemons (13%). Less than 10% of our production goes to industry, and the rest, more than 60% is exported, which makes Spain is the world's leading producer of fresh citrus to consumption and one of the major exporters of this type of fruit. Being Spanish production of a production aimed mostly fresh consumption, the thresholds of tolerance established for the main fitófagos affecting this crop are quite low, as with the threshold-type cosmetic. The red spider, Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: TETRANYCHIDAE) is a mite phytophagan, cosmopolitan and highly polífago, which can cause damage in horticultural crops such as wood. In citrus, is not considered important pests in most countries where they are grown. However, in some it has become an urgent such, it has made it appear as one of the most important pests of this crop. In Spain has become almost plague key in clementino in the area of the Flat Castelló, one of the most important producing areas of this variety. In it, this is very phytophagan feared, and that is particularly sensitive to their attack. This may result in intense and sharp defoliaciones, especially in summer, as well as spotting of fruit. The application of chemicals has traditionally been the way to control the populations of red spider. In recent years, this form of control has proven to pose serious obstacles such as the emergence of resistance due to the frequent use of acaricides, the uncontrolled proliferation of populations as a result of the elimination of their natural enemies (fitoseidos or other arthropods), and in a lesser extent, the presence of residues in the fruit. To avoid these problems and to promote a more rational agriculture, it now tends to implementing strategies for Integrated Pest Management (IPM) to control populations T.urticae. This modus operandi has been conducting end iferentes countries since the 70's. Therefore, the overall objective of this PhD thesis was to create a basis for establishing estratgias Integrated Management of Tetranychus urticae in clementinos. First explores patterns of aggregation of this árcaro and their main predators, fitoseidos. Estaspautas are determined at the level of tree and grass plot, both in sheets like fruit. The information obtained is used to develop a sampling method, based on empirical thresholds kind already exist. It is also characterized the acarofauna present in the spontaneous vegetation. It has been found that some of the population T.urticae found in herbs associated with the sale, and where they seek refuge from where you can return to the trees when conditions are favorable, they will. The cover vegetalasegura addition, the regulation of the populations of T.urticae, as alternative source of food for natural enemies. An analysis is made of herbs and species of mites that are in different orchards, both tetraníquidos as fitoseidos. This has helped establish what plants are more favorable and which less in the design of the composition of a vegetative cover, depending on the amount of fitófagos and predators have shown that house. The physiological and nutritional status of the trees is also considered a possible factor that triggers the appearance of this plague. Therefore, it evaluates the impact of health by NaCl of irrigation water on the population growth of the red spider, analyzing all the parameters that may be affected (fertility, fertility% survival, and so on.).

Author: ALCANTARA BRAÑA MARIA CRISTINA.
Year: 2004.
University: CÓRDOBA [www.uco.es].
Place of defense: E.T.S.I. AGRONOMOS Y MONTES.
Place of preparation: E.T.S.I. AGRONOMOS Y MONTES.

Summary: Spain is the largest producer of olive oil, reaching the 75% of production in Andalusia, with an olive grove element of this region for their important role in job creation and their influence on the lifestyle of much of the population. The use of ground cover such as technical management of land and olive groves has been increasing, obtained very good results covered with barley grass or spontaneous. However, the repeated use of the same species has led to soil compaction and investment flora, stressing the need to rotate covered. The cruciferous species have many advantages that make them well suited: winter fast growth, good production from biomass, strong root system that facilitates descompactación land and an enormous potential to control Verticillium dalhie, weeds and nematodes through their glucosinolate content. That is why we have evaluated a total of 11 species in 26 olive trees, studying their emergency cover and biomass as well as agronomic factors or soil that could limit their emergency and / or development. Also with the idea of minimizing the use of herbicides has been studied adaptation of these species to be managed through mechanical mowing, as well as the water content in the soil in front of a system not tilling bare soil. Since the plant olive tree is so diverse, has explored the potential of residual covers cruciferous weed control cycle spring summer, and finally has evaluated the competitive ability of the cruciferous species tackled grasses, that has allowed us to explore the adequacy of the rotation of some other species. Synapses dawn has highlighted by his magnificent performance in the conditions of the crop, with good emergency excellent coverage and high biomass production. Their limited ability of regrowth after harvest mechanics, the proper control of weeds and high grass in front of competitiveness will allow us to enter as vegetation cover in rotation with the grasses and reduce the use of herbicides in olive grove.

Author: BOSO ALONSO SUSANA.
Year: 2004.
University: VIGO [www.uvigo.es].
Place of defense: ESCUELA.
Place of preparation: MISIÓN BIOLÓGICA DE GALICIA.

Summary: The variety Albariño (Vitis vinifera L.) is one of the most important economic and industrial Galicia. In 1987 began in the CSIC a job that resulted in the selection of 11 clones, which have been preserved in the collection of grape varieties of the Mission Biological Galicia (CSIC) since 1993, grafted on two different types of rootstock. Subsequently a study was conducted ampelográfico of each of these clones, and an analysis of DNA (STMs). Work raised in this thesis consisted in quantifying the level of resistance Mildíu and agronomic characterization of 8 of these clones. The quantification of the level of resistance Mildíu and agronomic characterization of 8 of these clones. The quantification of the level of resistance Mildíu was studied in field and this developed a method of image analysis leaf. It also measured resistance Mildíu (Plasmopara viticola, Berl. And Toni) in the laboratory, following the methodology Statud et al., (1995). This last part was carried out in the Staatliches Weinbauinstitut (Freburg, Germany) for which the doctoranda visited quoted Research Center. The resutados most outstanding work were as follows: 1. There are differences in the levels of resistance or susceptibility to Mildiu between different clones Albariño that are preserved in the collection of the Biological Mission of Galicia (CSIC), under the name. CSIC-1, CSIC-2, CSIC-3, CSIC-6, CSIC-7, CSIC-9, CSIC-10, CSIC-11. The clone was more susceptible CSIC-11 and less susceptible to contamination both primary and secondary, were CSIC-3 and CSIC-6. 2. The results of the study of resistance Mildiu field coincided with the laboratory, and were independent of the type of rootstock on which were grafted clones. 3. Most agronomic parameters were for the various clones, a behavioral variable depending on the year and rootstock. Despite this, there are clones CSIC-3 and CSIC-9 as the most productive and for presenting the best features in its musts. 4. Overall, the clone CSIC-3 would be the "best clone", by introducing values conducive to all the characters of resistance and agronomic evaluation. 5. There is a high variability between clones studied, it is considered the pre-clonal successful.

Author: MARTIN MOLINA MARIA DEL MAR.
Year: 2004.
University: ALMERÍA [www.ual.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS EXPERIMENTALES.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS EXPERIMENTALES.

Summary: The red palm weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier, 1790), coleopteran of tropical origin, was discovered in Spain, in 1993, palm trees in the coastal area of the province of Granada (Motril and Almuñécar), and later extended by Malaga (Nerja, Frigiliana and Torrox). The aim of this thesis has been, among others, known aspects of their biology and population dynamics, enabling us to determine the factors involved in the establishment of this species in the area, as well, to develop control methods, chemical, biological as of the same. It has developed a breeding R. Ferrugineus under laboratory conditions (T: 25be and HR: 65%), empleándo diet artificial as substrate feeding larvae, keep getting this kind for more than 10 generations. Development post-embrionario were assessed the effects the type of food given to the larvae, using the three substrates food: artificial diet, sugar cane and palm. This assessment has been made by: (A) Adjustment to logistic functions of the variation of biomass, according to the time, and calculating the relative rate of growth, the rate for obtaining a list of 4,5:3,8:1 for diet artificial palm and sugar cane, respectively. (B) Number of larval stages, which was lower for diet (average: 8.7), which in palm (10.5) and sugar cane (13.0). rate (C) development presented a maximum value for diet artificial (0.0105), compared to palm ( 0.0086) and sugar cane (0.0058). This indicates match of the artificial diet developed. has been evaluated survivability immature state at low temperatures; hallándose as lethal temperatures: 10, 5 YC for egg, larva and pupa, respectively. Likewise, the life cycle of this species has been studied at different temperatures (15, 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40Â ° C), in the absence of full development to 15 and 40C. population dynamics, under natural conditions, has been established in alternative host (sugarcane), the results found, we can determine that the species, although it is of tropical origin, introduced coping mechanisms that involve the possible existence of diapause in state of larvae last stadiums. These data were subsequently corroborated by testing in natural host (Phoenix canariensis) in the area of infestation. acceptance tests of host, has been established as new plants Guests: Livistona decipiens and Trachicarpus fortunei also, corroborate the events as guests: Phoenix canariensis and P. dactylifera. was finally performed in the laboratory bioassays to control qu! mico, with active insecticides, chlorpyrifos encontrándose that and to a lesser extent, fipronil, presented sufficiently effective . also evaluated the effectiveness of the Biological Control, in this case, only nematodes Heterorhabditis bacteríophora and H. megidis, gave rise to a 100% mortality in laboratory conditions. Effective field H.bacteriophora was also evaluated, on P. canariensis.

Author: HAMMAN KHALIFA ADBEL MOUNIM.
Year: 2004.
University: GRANADA [www.ugr.es].
Place of defense: ESTACIÓN EXPERIMENTAL DEL ZAIDÍN CSIC.
Place of preparation: ESTACIÓN EXPERIMENTAL DEL ZAIDIN CSIC.

Summary: In order to discriminate between olive cultivars, analyzed the expression of five previously characterized genes in olive: a. 4 genes associated with allergenicity (Ole and 1, Ole and 3, Ole and 5, Ole and 6) b. 1 gene involved in lipid biosynthesis (Stearoyl-ACP desaturase). As plant material was used pollen and fruit of seven cultivars (Picholine… marocaine, Menara, Lucio, Pucual, Loaime, Hojiblanca, Arbequina). The results show that there is a variability intercultivar significant in the expression of allergen majority Ole and 1. At the secuecnia nucleotide and amino acid this allergen a significant degree of polymorphism has been detected. This polymorphism affects several loci epitópicos of T cells, the number of reasons for gicolsilación and may explain the differential response of allergenic pollen patients alergícos the olive. In the case of Ole and 3, Ole and 5, Ole 6, the expression was similar in all cultivaes studied. With regard to Stearoyl-ACP desaturase, the pattern of expression showed significant differences at intercultivar. Cultivars Picual and Loaime have a higher level of transcripts of the enzyme compared with the rest of cultivars. This pattern shows a positive correlation with the concentration of oleic acid in olive oil extracted from each cultivar. In conclusion, Ole and 1 and Stearoy-ACP desaturase can be used as molecular markers for identifying potential olive cultivars.

Author: ZAPATA SAN MARTIN NELSON.
Year: 2005.
University: POLITÉCNICA DE MADRID [www.upm.es].
Place of defense: ESCUELA TECNICA SUPERIOR DE INGENIEROS AGRONOMOS.
Place of preparation: ESCUELA TECNICA SUPERIOR DE INGENIEROS AGRONOMOS.

Summary: We studied the insecticidal activity and antialimentaria leaves Cestrum parqui L'Héritier (Solanaceae) and crust Drimys winteri JR Forster & G. Forster (Winteraceae) in two major agricultural pests Ceratitis capitata Wiedemann and Spodoptera littoralis Boisduval. We evaluated the insecticidal activity of aqueous extracts of both plants, applied topically on eggs and larvae of the third stage of C. Capitata. In larvae treated from neonate was studied insecticidal activity of plant material crushed and mixed directly with the larval diet. In the state adult studied the activity of extracts from the two plants obtained with water, n-hexane, acetone and methanol: water (80:20), and fractions from an aqueous extract of leaves of C. Parqui, all applied by ingestion. Also in adults, assessed the insecticidal activity and the effect on the reproduction of aqueous extracts of C. Parqui, used as bait and food as a residue of age on different fruits of clementines. In addition, we studied the effect of storage and temperature extraction on the toxic activity of aqueous extracts of C. Parqui. In larvae of S. Littoralis treated from neonate assessed the activity of both toxic plant, adding crushed material directly or aqueous extracts in the larval diet. By bioassays of choice and no choice assessed activity antialimentaria and the effect on nutrition in the third stage larvae. With the same kind of bioassays, but using both plant extracts obtained with n-hexane, acetone, methanol and water (80:20), we studied the activity antialimentaria and the effect on nutrition in the sixth stage larvae. The fractions were also tested and drimanos isotadeonal, poligodial, isodrimeninol, warburganal and drimendiol derived from an extract of bark from D. Winteri. There was obtained insecticidal activity relevant to the topical application of the aqueous extracts of the two plant species on eggs and larvae of the third stage of C. Capitata. Nor had major toxicity extracts obtained with n-hexane, acetone, methanol (80:20) and aqueous extracts obtained from the bark of D. Winteri, when they were applied by ingestion in adults C. Capitata. Instead, the incorporation of plant species in the diet resulted in high larval mortality and significantly affect the development of the larvae survived, by emphasizing its toxicity incorporating leaves of C. Parqui. The aqueous extracts of leaves of C. Parqui applied to adults by ingestion of C. Capitata causing high mortality and decreased significantly reproduction; same trend was obtained when applied as bait and food residues on fruits. The insecticidal activity of the extracts of C. Parqui not significantly reduced storage, but declined when subjected to high temperatures. The larvae of S. Littoralis fed from neonate with diet containing shredded plant material from both plants or their aqueous extracts had high mortality, and those who survived suffered a retardation of growth and development. Although the diet was not well treated lethal to the larvae of the third stage, it greatly affected their nutrition, in addition to the direct incorporation in the diet of both species of plant material was obtained activity antialimentaria more than 50%. Excerpts from court 8 za D. 43 and winteri that were obtained with n-hexane and the fractions in its composition containing drimanos isotadeonal, poligodial, isodrimeninol, warburganal and drimendiol presented activity antialimentaria more than 50% in larvae of S. Littoralis sixth stadium. These drimanos also adversely affected the nutrition of larvae, though only poligodial submitted effects post-ingestivos toxic.

Author: MURILLO PEREZ ROSA MARIA.
Year: 2005.
University: PÚBLICA DE NAVARRA [www.unavarra.es].
Place of defense: E.T.S.DE INGENIEROS AGRONOMOS.
Place of preparation: ESCUELA TECNICA SUPERIOR DE INGENIEROS AGRONOMOS.

Summary: The nucleopoliedrovirus (NPVs) are entomopathogenic viruses that have great potential as bioinsecticides in control programs and agricultural and forest pests. Although its activity has been amply demonstrated in the laboratory, its insecticide efficacy under field conditions can be diminished due to such factors as the diversity of larval populations of the pest, adverse environmental conditions, etc.. This thesis has been studying three nucleopoliedrovirus (NPVs) affecting larvae of three species of the genus insect Spodoptera, S. Low MNPV (SeMNPV), S. Littoralis MNPV (SpliMNPV) and S. Frugiperda MNPV), which are all important pests in various crops of temperate and subtropical regions of the world. It has compared the insecticidal activity (pathogenicity and virulence) three genotypic variants of these viruses in larvae of S. Small, S. And S. littoralis Frugiperda. For each guest pathogenic virus more virulent and NPV was his counterpart and the best insecticide activity was obtained with the SeMNPV for larvae of S. Tiny. The SpliMNPV was the one who had better insecticide activity in heterologous guests, but its pathogenicity for S. Frugiperda was too high to consider viable applications field against this scourge. Adding abrillantador optical Tinopal LPW to SpliMNPV resulted in a significant improvement in its pathogenicity in the three species Spodoptera although in S. Frugiperda was less important than the other two species. Given their greater potential insecticide, the system huésped-virus studied in greater depth was the S. Little and his counterpart NPV. In this system, Tinopal LPW improved significantly pathogenicity of the virus in all larval stages although it was much more important in the last two. In larvae L4 and L5 the effect of Tinopal LPW reduced the median lethal dose of the virus 70 and 580 times, respectively. The Tinopal LPW also resulted in a significant decrease in the number of virus particles (OBs) produced in larvae infected and killed by the virus. These larvae suffered developmental delays and gained less weight than larvae infected and killed by the virus. These larvae suffered developmental delays and gained less weight than just larvae infected with viruses which may partly explain the lower production OBs. The presence of Tinopal LPW not altered, however, genomic stability and structure genotypic the SeMNPV over four successive passes in L4 larvae of S. Tiny. The SeMNPV, because of its high specificity, pathogenicity and virulence, is one of the most promising alternatives to the use of chemical insecticides to control S. Small greenhouses in Almeria. A good knowledge of the natural populations of the virus is essential to lay the groundwork for a monitoring program. This thesis has studied the abundance and biodiversity of the populations of SeMNPV in Almeria from soil samples and larvae S. Low embodied in an area of about 40,000 hectares of greenhouses for 18 months. The incidence of the virus in the soil was analyzed high and uniform in all areas and in different cultures. However, the prevalence of the disease was subject to seasonal variations with a higher incidence in the spring and summer coinciding with greater population density of the host. Analysis of viral DNA restriction mapped the genotypic variability of 8 the aisl b8e ados viral identified the existence of at least nine different variants of the virus. The pH of the soil was a factor that influenced most important way both in abundance as in the composition of the population viral genotypic soil. Some variants were more abundant in the soil more alkaline, which suggests the existence of a strategy for adaptation of the virus to different environmental conditions outside the host. The ability insecticide in terms of pathogenicity, virulence and production of viral particles at the time of death was determined to host seven isolated viral representative of the population. Four of them were composed of a single dominant genotype while three others housed between two and three genotypes in similar proportions within each mixture. Isolates composed of a single dominant genotype differences in their insecticidal activity. However, none together the best values of lethal dose, the less time and greater production of lethal OSs / larva, which could explain the coexistence of the various alternatives for its different answer. Two of the compounds isolated by mixtures of genotypes showed insecticidal activity significantly different from that which would be expected by simple genotypes who make up. This suggests the existence of interactions between genotypes that enhance the plasticity of the viral population. Production of the SeMNPV a large scale and its application in the field suggest the need to establish a method for rapid identification and diagnosis to enable monitoring in the environment or quality control of the virus. This thesis has developed a method based on the amplification of a region hipervariable genome SeMNPV and polymorphism analysis of the fragments of restriction of amplicons. By amplification of a variable region of the genome were obtained restraining characteristic profiles for different genotypes of populations Spanish SeMNPV. This method allows the processing of a large number of samples from various backgrounds, including those of agroecosystem places where the virus usually persists as plants, soil or other living organisms.

Author: LORENZANA DE LA VARGA ALICIA.
Year: 2005.
University: LEÓN [www.unileon.es].
Place of defense: ESCUELA SUPERIOR Y TÉCNICA DE INGENIERÍA AGRAFIA.
Place of preparation: ESCUELA SUPERIOR Y TÉCNICA DE INGENIERÍA AGRARIA.

Author: CASTILLO HERRÁN BERNARDO.
Year: 2005.
University: POLITÉCNICA DE VALENCIA [www.upv.es].
Place of defense: UNIVERSIDAD POLITÈCNICA DE VALENCIA.
Place of preparation: UNIVESIDAD POLITÉCNICA DE VALENCIA.

Summary: Assessments were conducted spraying three mineral oil trade with equivalent numbers of carbons chain rect for 50% distillation, nC20 and nC24, with the aim of quantifying the effect of the characteristics of the deposits obtained in artificial collectors PVC on the death of cochineal: louse red Calif., Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell) [Hemíptera: Diaspididae] at different stages of their life cycle. These assessments were carried out, both in controlled laboratory conditions Torre Potter, as in conditions similaboratorio in a compound spray. The percentage of coating achieved on the collectors was the key parameter, not only to represent the quality and quantity of deposits pulverized of emulsions mineral oils, but also to estimate the biological effectiveness of this insect. It was established that the control females (and girls) of this pest is difficult to achieve, due to the requirements too demanding amount of mineral oil deposit, represented in coatings on the surfaces where it is, between 70 and 100%. It is feasible to obtain mortalities of 95% of the most sensitive stages (larvae of the second stage and prepupa and pupae of the males) with spraying generating deposits of up to 500 ugaceite/cm2, coatings and between 30 and 40%. The better control obtained with oil nC21 was due to the combined effect of its much active ingredient, the lower surface tension of the emulsion formulation business for more wet surfaces and the lower viscosity of the oil that enabled him to penetrate totally fine channels of the respiratory system of the mealybugs. The results indicate the need for volumes of mineral oils for controlling this pest, to make possible the timely and efficient movement toward tráqueas of insects.

Author: DÍAZ MENDOZA MERCEDES.
Year: 2005.
University: POLITÉCNICA DE MADRID [www.upm.es].
Place of defense: ESCUELA TÉCNICA SUPERIOR DE INGENIEROS AGRÓNOMOS.
Place of preparation: CENTRO INVESTIGACIONES BIOLÓGICAS CSIC.

Summary: One of the insect pests with greater economic impact on the maize crop in the Mediterranean area is the corn borer, Sesamia nonagrioides (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae). The transgenic maize resistant drills that expresses a protein fragment insecticide Cry1Ab of the bacteria Bacillus Thuringiensis (Bt), sold in Spain since 1998, offers an alternative to the use of chemical insecticides for controlling this pest. The biggest problem resulting from the technology of transgenic plants used to control pests is the emergence of resistant insects. The digestive proteases type trypsin can be involved in the resistance, for his key role in the proteolytic activation of Cry toxins, and they can be responsible for their proteolytic degradation. The prior knowledge of the diversity of proteases in S.nonagrioides and their interaction with Cry1Ab would identify possible mechanisms of resistance mediated by proteases to be developed in field populations. There were purified four tipsinas (T, TIIA, TIIB and TIII) from extracts digestive larvae last stadium S.nonagrioides by affinity chromatography. The digestive extracts were separated into fractions by using a column benzamidina-sefarosa 6B. The first fraction eluted from the column is not retained protein (NRP), which contain mostly quimiotripsinas and elastasas. Subsequently eluted four tripsinas in different steps gradient benzamidina. By studying the footprint peptide and N-terminal sequence of tripsinas purified have been able to correlate the tripsinas active purified with the cDNA sequences obtained previously. These tripsinas belong to three distinct groups phylogenetic sequence tripsinas preserved in lepidopteran, types I, II and III. The tripsinas IT and TIIA correspond to the tripsinas I and II purified previously, while the tripsinas TIIB and TIII have been purified for the first time in this work. The existence of tripsinas of purified type III had been a trypsin of its kind in lepidopteran. The tripsinas IT TIIA and TIII have been characterized and compared with tripsinas already known, analyzing the molecular weight, isoelectric point, the activity with different substrates and responses to inhibitors. IT TIIA and TIII presented molecular weights of 26, 168, 24, 486 and 17953 KDa respectively. The tripsinas IT and TIII are anionic, presented points isoeléctricos of 6.0 and 5.0 respectively, while the trypsin TIIA is cationic, with its isoelectric point at pH 8.7. The three types of tipsinas showed its optimal activity at pH alkaline being TIIA the most active using BApNA as substrate. Also, tripsinas IT TIIA and TIII have been characterized cinéticamente for his preference for substrates with arginine or lysine, with cinéticamente for his preference for substrates with arginine or lysine, with a greater preference for arginine in the three types of tripsinas. The tripsinas IT TIIA and TIII show differences in susceptibility to inhibitors. Thus, IT is differentially inhibited by E-64, while TIIA is inhibited by HgCl2 and LBI. However, none of the inhibitors tested were found inhibition specific TIII. The inhibitor HgCl2, specific TII, inhibide so differential activity in extracts type trypsin digestion of different larval stages, suggesting that the presence of tripsinas type II is predominant in more advanced stages of development. Production tripsinas in heterologous expression systems (Escherichia coli and Pichia pastoris) has been tested as an alternative method of purification tripsinas 8 to parti c1c r digestive extracts. The system that gave better results in the expression of recombinant trypsin I has been that of E. coli. Since the bodies of inclusion of this bacterium using denaturing agents, it has been purified the trypsin I. The method of expression must be optimized, and the failure to produce the enzyme in its active form. It has studied the interplay of tripsinas (TI TIIA and TIII) of S.nonagrioides with purified protein Cry1Ab of B.thuringiensis to publicize the role of proteases digestive S.nonagrioides in processing or degradation of the toxin Cry1Ab . The digestion of Cry1Ab with CT or TIII resulted in a similar pattern processing, generating toxic fragments of 69-67 KDa. With TIIA there is a post-processing resulting in fragments 46-43 KDa. The digestion of the toxin with NRP containing mainly quimotripsinas and elastasas, resulted in a different pattern of processing leading to a predominant portion of 70 KDa. Digestion with the extract digestive complete, the five minutes of reaction and processing produces a pattern that represents the combination of digestion obtained with the NRP and tripsinas purified, suggesting that all proteases are involved in the first steps of processing. However, the pattern of fragments of Cry1Ab obtained in incubation times higher (1 hour and 24 hours) was very similar to that obtained with the tripsinas purified, which indicates the importance of digestion mediated tripsinas in the final steps of processing Cry1Ab. The products of digestion of Cry1Ab with proteases (excerpt digestive complete NRP or tripsinas IT TIIA and TIII), including protein 46-43 KDa, were equally toxic to the native toxin versus neonate larvae of S.nonagrioides, This indicates that none of them is capable of breaking down the toxin. Have been conducted bioassays with neonate larvae to check the susceptibility of S.nonagrioides against the following toxins: CryAa, Cry1Ac, Cry1Ba, Cry1Ca, Cry1Da, Cry1Fa, Cry1Ja and Cry2Aa. Cry proteins that cause the highest percentage of mortality in neonate larvae of S.nonagrioides with Cry1Ac, Cry1Ca and Cry1Fa. These toxins have been conducted bioassays to calculate the values of lethal concentration causing a 50% mortality (LC50). Based on these results and other studies complementary binding to receptors conducted with the same toxins, it could be considered the expression pyramid of Cry1Ab and Cry1Fa in the same plant Bt corn as an alternative to long-term control drills maize .

Author: GARCÍA CALLEJA AUGUSTO.
Year: 2005.
University: LEÓN [www.unileon.es].
Place of defense: ESCUELA SUPERIOR Y TECNICA DE INGENIERIA AGRARIA.
Place of preparation: ESCUELA SUPERIOR Y TÉCNICA DE INGENIERÍA AGRARIA.

Summary: IN RECENT YEARS THERE A CONCERN FOR DAMAGES CAUSED BY COLEÓPTERO, XYLOTRECHUS ARVICOLA OL.EN DIFFERENT AREAS VITÍCOLAS OF CASTILE AND LEON. MEASURES USED FIGHT: PODAS And SANEAMIENTOS DRÁSTICOS, ALTERNATIVE TREATMENTS REPETIDOS IN moments (IN WINTER, WHILE Pruning, ETC.) LITTLE ACTIONS HAVE BEEN EFFECTIVE. THE THESIS IS ORIGINAL, AND IN THE MAJORITY OF DATA ORIGINALS. METHODOLOGY IS ALSO THE ORIGINAL, APPLICABLE TO OTHER SPECIES PERFORADORES WHOSE UP IS AS DIFICULTOSO. PROPOSED EFFECTIVE TECHNIQUES FOR VALORAR MEDIA CONTROL, APROTANDO RESULTS SUSTANCIALES AND PROPOSALS FOR ITS CONTROL STRATEGIES FOR RATIONAL. ALSO BE DEVELOPED AND RESULTS ACHIEVED IN TRIAL OF CONTROS BIOLOGICAL, FROM AN HONGO PARÁSITO OF INSECTS DETECTADO IN THE VINEYARDS.

Author: RUIZ DE ESCUDERO FUENTEMILLA IÑIGO.
Year: 2005.
University: PÚBLICA DE NAVARRA [www.unavarra.es].
Place of defense: ESCUELA TÉCNICA SUPERIOR DE INGENIEROS AGRÓNOMOS.
Place of preparation: ESCUELA TÉCNICA SUPERIOR DE INGENIEROS AGRONOMOS.

Summary: Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is a bacterium esporulante capable of producing a number of proteins (Cry) who have swallowed activity against insects. Because of the effectiveness and specificity of these proteins, Bt is regarded as a biological control agent for safe and compatible with other control methods accepted in the Integrated Pest Management (IPM). This paper expands the horizons of use of this bacterium through the identification of new strains and proteins. This is asiló a collection of B.thuringiensis from samples of soil of the Canary Islands. We obtained 684 Bt strains that showed a great variability in terms of their protein profiles. However, although the contents of the strains gene cry1, cry2 and cry9 was very low, several strains showed activity against larvae of lepidopteran species fitófagas, suggesting that the new collection is a potential new source of new proteins Cry , responsible for such activity. From other collection of isolated Spaniards were selected for their interesting content gene, the strains called NA118 and HU4-2. NA118, already subject to a patent application (P200101859), contains 14 genes cry, including those in the class cry9 and showed good activity against larvae deChrysodeixis chalcites and Trichoplusia n i. The strain HU4-2, which owns 8 gene cry different, showed good activity for two species of different genres, Helicoverpa armigera and Spodoptera exigua, which are susceptible to different classes of proteins which are not present, while in bioinsecticides commercial. Furthermore, this strain was detected the possible presence of a new gene cry. The ORF gene, 2.2 Kpb, was cloned and sequenced. The deduced amino acid sequence of the gene introduced percentages of homology between a 89 and a 96% protein of the class Cry1l, so the new gene was named cry1a7. The protein obtained from its expression in E. coli was found to be toxic to Earias insulana, Lobesia botrana, Plutella xylostella and Leptinotarsa decemlineata, with LC50 of 21, 8, 12 and 10 ug / ml, respectively. This new protein showed a spectrum of host that spans two sort of insect, which is typical of proteins Cry1l. The competition tested performed with this protein revealed that Cry1la7 not share binding site on the membrane vesicles (BBMV) prepared from intestines of larvae last stadium L.botrana and E.insulana with toxins Cry1Ab and Cry1Ac, they are present in transgenic plants and enbioinsecticidas used for the control of these pests. Lastly, assessed the potential of Bt toxin to control the moth bunch, L.botrana. Several proteins were selected classes Cry1, Cry2 and Cry9, having proven activity against Lepidoptera. The bionesayos made neonate larvae showed that Cry1Ab, Cry1la, Cry2Aa and Cry9Ca were toxic, in varying degrees, as shown by the median lethal concentration values (LC50). Cry9Ca was the most active protein with a LC50 16 times smaller than Cry1Ab. Additionally, tests were conducted union with BBMV of L.botrana to identify the proteins active shared binding sites in mesenterón. The competition tests conducted with l 125 -CryAb showed that none of the toxins tested (Cry1la, Cry2Aa, Cry2Ab and Cry9C) shared binding sites with Cry1Ab. Both Cry1la7 as Cry9Ca marked with biotin showed a union-specific receptors and their binding sites not shared with Cry1Ab. The strategies of resistance management may include the use of combinations of toxins. These results indicated that both Cry1la as Cry9Ca could be used in combination with Cry1Ab in controlling L.botrana, both in conventional and spraying jointly expressed in transgenic plants.

Author: MONDINO HINTZ PEDRO.
Year: 2005.
University: CÓRDOBA [www.uco.es].
Place of defense: E.T.S.I. AGRONOMOS Y MONTES.
Place of preparation: E.T.S.I AGRONOMOS Y MONTES.

Summary: Today the goals of agricultural production are giving consumers products quality and safety assured, produced by methods conservationists of natural resources, respectful of the environment and workers' health, while respecting existing laws and all this profitably. This requires managing large information which is not always located in an accessible way and at a time and place appropriate. To remedy this situation there are tools from dela information technology as a Systems Support Decision (SSD), whose purpose is to shape the information available and provided by the users in an orderly and understandable so that it can be used as an aid in decision making. The reduction of apples is of great importance worldwide and the protection of the crop should be based on the implementation of Integrated Management Systems (MI) of diseases, pests and weeds. The establishment of systems for MI in protecting the apple requires the handling lots of information about the biology, control methods available, weather, stadiums fenológicos, changes in the populations of pests. To make available to farmers and technical advisers with the necessary information for decision-making in the Integrated Protection of apple was developed SSD Manzano, a Support System for the Web-based decision that integrates four modules: a presentation module, Release of information on the biology of disease, pests and weeds affecting the apple, a block aid diagnosis or identification and a final block aid to decision-making control. For its development was sought from the engineering knowledge, whose methodology was used to establish the knowledge base. SSD Manzano was subjected to an exhaustive process of verification and validation experts, students and experimentally that resulted in an operational tool. The developed system allows users to manage larger amount of information quickly when having to make decisions to protect the apple. Their use allows streamline protection apple limiting the number of applications of pesticides, making them in a more timely fashion in accordance with the regulations of the Program of Integrated Production. The system was also validated as an educational tool.

Author: FERNANDES CARDOSO PATANITA MARIA ISABEL.
Year: 2005.
University: CÓRDOBA [www.uco.es].
Place of defense: E.T.S.I. AGRONOMOS Y MONTES.
Place of preparation: E.T.S.I. AGRONOMOS Y MONTES.

Summary: This work is a contribution to the development of a program of integrated protection in the walnut in Baixo Alentejo, in regard to control drill yellow Zeuzera pyrina Linnaeus. The experiments were carried out during the years 2002-2005 in walnut with a predominance of varieties Serr and Hartley, located in the region of Baixo Alentejo (Portugal). The main objectives have been to deepen the knowledge of the life cycle of the pest in the area, the pattern of distribution of larval and the use of alternative methods to fight the fight chemical (sexual confusion and mass trapping), as well as increase awareness the fauna of walnut beneficial in Portugal. These results suggest the existence of a generation of Z.pyrina a year. Adults begin their flight in mid-May and will end in August, with a peak flying located in mid-June. The choice of a sampling method requires defining the universe sample, the unit shows, the aggregation of the population and the desired accuracy. In the case of larval populations drill yellow one can conclude that this is a population and added that the number of sample units must be between 63 and 99 floors, for levels of infestation of a tree branch. The inventory of fauna beneficial as possible to identify the most important coccinellids, particularly the kind Stethorus punctillum, followed by neurópteros crisópidos, of carabids beetles and the hymenoptera. Been identified 29 families of Hymenoptera, among those which by their abundance and frequency can be considered common are Ceraphroniadae and Scelionidae. The method of confusion Sex dispensers Izonet Z containing 70 mg (E, Z) -2.13, -octodecadienil acetate and (E, Z) - 3,13-octodecadienil acetate, at densities of 300 dispensers proved effective by reducing the damage to trees. Also, the method of mass trapping, using pheromone dispensers in traps Mastrap L (Isagro), proved effective densities 8 and 5 traps / ha.