CULTIVATION TECHNIQUES

Author: SANCHEZ GONZALEZ SUSANA MARIA.
Year: 2004.
University: CÓRDOBA [www.uco.es].
Place of defense: E.T.S.I. AGRONOMOS Y MONTES.
Place of preparation: E.T.S.I. AGRONOMOS Y MONTES.

Summary: In recent years Spain has been made in a large number of new road networks (highways, roads, railways), as well as the expansion and improvement of existing revealed large amounts of soil due to the earth movements and failure to protect these lands that make them vulnerable to erosion processes. The vegetation has a very important role in protecting the soil but when it comes to conducting a revegetation we find two big problems on the one hand frequent use of inappropriate species and on the other a lack of commercial seeds of plants appropriate . Given this, we selected from our native flora a number of species that have resJultado be the most appropriate for revegetar. To that end, on the one hand has obtained the basic information concerning their biology (germination, emergence and phenology), evaluating productions seed in growing conditions and complementary to the study of the same response to fertilization and on the other side has established a relationship between especies-variables environmental, identifying those factors edafoclimáticos, which may be conditional on the establishment of the species in areas revegetadas.Por other hand, it has been determined the optimum planting depth for each species and periodicity emergency, which along with the optimum conditions for germination have enabled us to determine the time and method of sowing more appropriate. It has been noted that the burial of the seed is not imprescindible.Se has complemented this study with the analysis of the response of the species to a mineral and organic fertilization finally selected species have been planted in different slopes distributed in a broad environmental gradient . Based on a scale visual abundancia-dominancia we have established on the one hand a descriptive analysis of the species indices for evaluating rate and presence and on the other we have established through multivariate statistical techniques based on the Canon Correspondence Analysis (CCA) environmental preferences species

Author: RUIZ GONZALEZ DAVID.
Year: 2005.
University: MIGUEL HERNÁNDEZ DE ELCHE [www.umh.es].
Place of defense: ESCUELA POLITECNICA SUPERIOR DE ORIHUELA.
Place of preparation: ESCUELA POLITECNICA SUPERIOR DE ORIHUELA.

Summary: The great significance of the apricot crop in Spain, particularly in the region, coupled with various deficiencies displayed in recent years by traditional varieties, prompted the need for a genetic improvement program in this species with the aim of obtaining new varieties that would suit both producers and consumers with regard to productivity, quality, taste, appearance of the fruit and, as far as possible, resistance to the virus Sharka. It also seeks to cover the entire range of maturity dates, from early days of May to late June. During recent years there has been a selection of those descendants who have shown some interesting feature. The objective of this study was the evaluation of all those characteristics and parameters related to the following aspects: a) floral biology, because of its direct relationship with the fruit and therefore with the ultimate productivity b) requirements for cold winter the breakdown of lethargy and needs heat to flourish c) characterization pomológica, with special attention to the quality of the fruit d) Nutritional characterization, in terms of identification and quantification of phenolic compounds and carotenoids e) molecular characterization. All this in order to obtain all the information needed to accurately characterize the selections advanced apricot fruit breeding program and move in the final selection of those individuals eligible for registration as new varieties. Moreover, the characterization of a series of so many choices, which also show a remarkable phenotypic variability, essentially motivated by their different genetic backgrounds (to come from an improvement program where they have done many different crosses intervarietales) represents a valuable information for the global knowledge of the species apricot, especially in those areas where there is evaluated bias arising from the process of improvement, since results cover virtually the entire range of features of the species.

Author: LEGORBURO SERRA ANTONIO.
Year: 2005.
University: CASTILLA-LA MANCHA [www.uclm.es].
Place of defense: ESCUELA TECNICA SUPERIOR DE INGENIEROS AGRONOMOS.
Place of preparation: ESCUELA TÉCNICA SUPERIOR DE INGENIEROS AGRONOMOS.

Summary: The viticulture in Castilla-La Mancha, both for their production volumes for its implications in the setting of the rural population has always been the central axis of the main socio-economy of the region. At present, the development of the wine sector castellano-manchego necessarily involves empowerment determined on the quality of the productions based on the varietal, but also in the knowledge of each cultivar to obtain optimum use at each location , technological, environmental, and social. Therefore, particular importance detailed the productive performance of this plant cover, which is crucial to know, among other things, its leaf area, a key component of solar energy captured, and therefore the plant mass and local productions obtained. Indeed, the leaf area is a critical parameter in the biological characterization of vegetative growth and development of plant material, as well as the study of the effect that different cultivation techniques (conduction, pruning, scheduling irrigation, fertilization, etc.). have on the agronomic performance of the plantation, for this reason, this variable is used in the modeling of many processes that are involved in the plant, such as photosynthesis, evapotranspiration, growth, performance, exchanges of energy, water and nutrients in the ongoing suelo-planta-atmósfera, efficiency in water use or the photosynthetically active radiation, among others. Therefore, the investigation developed in the field of Plant Production, it is essential, in many instances, have a quantification of its value in the plant species studied. The main purpose of this Ph.D. Thesis, is to obtain a mathematical model simple and easy to use, allowing estimate leaf area in five cultivars of Vitis vinifera L. (Cvs. Airén, Cabernet-Sauvignon, Cencible, Garnacha and Macabeo) using any parameters biometric voliar d obtaining quick, easy and not destructive. To that end, a trial was carried out for two consecutive campaigns in different plots located in the Institute today Vine and Wine of Castilla-La Mancha (IVICAM) Tomelloso (Ciudad Real). In the first year, there were 14 samples, recoletando a total of 1705 leaves grow Cencibel, marking for each of the leaves collected shoot type of source (zariego, striker or espergura) and establishing a grouping derived from the size possessed (small, medium or large). The second campaign resulted in eight samples, with a total of 1888 leaves collected from the five cultivars studied. Thus, the study was expanded with the variable cultivate and kept the clustering of the leaves by size, but was eliminated differentiation of the type of shoot because of the findings with the results of the first campaign. For each of the sheets were manually measured the length and width of the blade as well as the length of precíolo and extracted dry weights of blade and petiole. Later, we used the image analyzer GLOBAL LAB Image version 2.10 (Data Translation Inc.., Marlboro, MA, USA) for various parameters size and shape of the leaf, from the scanned image of the same , one of which was the value of leaf area. For the first campaign, in addition, the area was measured for each of the sheets by integrating automatic area folia rLI-COR model LI-3100 (LI-COR Inc., Lincoln, Nebraska, USA). Ultimately for the first campaign, monitored 17 variables different leaf, 10 of them related to the size of the blade 4 with their form, 1 co 8 ¢ ag d23 ujeros of the leaf and 2 with the petiole, and 245 for the second, of which 12 are related to the size of the leaf, 8 to form, 3 with holes in the leaf and 2 with the stalk. From descriptive statistical survey conducted in the first year, that the measure of leaf area provided by the integrator automatic (SFa) did not differ significantly d obtained by the image analyzer (SFi). In addition, for the purposes of biometric study conducted in the first campaign, it is noted that there is no significant difference between the leaves from the different types of vine shoots of the plant. Moreover, in view of the results obtained, the variable length manual (Lm) and measured with the analyzer (The) on the one hand and width of limbro obtained manually (Am) and the extent to analyze (Aa) on the other hand, are not comparable. Also, in both campaigns, the variables that have been expressed more stable for each grow separately, regardless of size and gracious date of sampling, are those that are related to its shape (index roundness; IR LM / Am and La / Aa, among others). The principal component analysis performed, says, both for the first year and for each of the five cultivars used in the second, the existence of consistency biomérica between the variables studied. Moreover, in the light of information obtained from this analysis, along with that provided by the timely update literature and the criteria for speed and simplicity in measurement and no-destrucción of the sample, variables leaf linear selected for use as independent variables in the mathematical models for estimating leaf area are: Am Lm and Lm.Am. Finally, the models posed as estimators of leaf area used as independent variables Am, Lm, Lm.Am and / or specific leaf area (SEF), which reflects an improved performance for the two campaigns and for the five cultivars is studied who takes the form of a line with a separate term and used as the dependent variable logarithm tenth of leaf area (logSfa) as the independent variable decimal logarithm of Lm (logLm) logarithm tenth AM (logAm) or decimal logarithm of Lm.Am (logLm.Am). Similarly, the study conducted with the perimeter of the sheet (P), the model has proved best for your estimate is the same that has been cited for leaf area, namely the line with a separate term, provided it is used as a dependent variable decimal logarithm of the perimeter leaf (logP), and as independent variable logLm, logAM or logLm. Am.

Author: GONZÁLEZ ROSSIA DIEGO ESTEBAN.
Year: 2005.
University: POLITÉCNICA DE VALENCIA [www.upv.es].
Place of defense: Dep. Produccion Vegetal.
Place of preparation: Universidad Politécnica de Valencia.

Author: CASANOVA LERMA LAURA.
Year: 2005.
University: POLITÉCNICA DE VALENCIA [www.upv.es].
Place of defense: UNIVERSIDAD POLITÉCNICA DE VALENCIA.
Place of preparation: UNIVERSIDAD POLITÉCNICA DE VALENCIA.

Summary: The area for growing grapes in Spain has been declining steadily over the years, this decrease has followed the same trend at the global level. The emergence of new varieties has opened much greater chance of growing and consumption. These include apirenas that by not submitting seeds goan greater acceptance by consumers. But most of these varieties give huge clusters, compact and small grains, which have a commercial quality poor. This paper explores the application pre-floración and flowering of synthetic auxins (ANA and Feotiol) etefónn and GA3, and after the phase thickening cell with GA3 and ringing on the quality of the fruit (number and size of berry). The application of 160-240 mg.1-1 of GA3 to ringed strains between the time of cuajado and 14 days, was established as the best technique to increase the size of the berries in apirenas side effects on the quality of the business bunches and next year's harvest. This trabamiento also is effective for varieties with seeds. The regulatory role of the seeds on the development of fruit is through the synthesis of GA3 which promotes the ability to sink the berry. This explains that the application of GA3 increase in absolute terms of the sugar until berries apirenas values equivalent to those of cvs. With seeds, and you should not have any effect on them. However, the implementation of GA3 to strains ringed also increases the capacity sink berries with seeds.

Author: MENÉNDEZ VILLANUEVA SERGIO.
Year: 2006.
University: PAÍS VASCO [www.ehu.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE CIENCIA Y TECNOLOGÍA.
Place of preparation: UPV-EHU.

Summary: The efficient use of fertilizers in agriculture is imperative to reduce environmental pollution of water and air. Agriculture is responsible for a portion of the emissions of N2O, NO, NH3 and CO2 to the atmosphere, contributing to the greenhouse effect, the destruction of the ozone layer, eutrophication and acidification of soils and aquatic ecosystems. The efficiency in the use of fertilizer varies with the conditions and edafoclimáticas depends on the type of operation carried out in the agrarian systems. Therefore, it is imperative to study in each soil type and managing what is the magnitude of these losses soda and factors on which they depend and to assess the effectiveness of various strategies available to minimize them. mineral and organic fertilizer in a meadow in the conditions of the ocean climate of Basque Country. It also studied the influence of different agricultural practices (system tillage, crop rotation, use of fertilizer) in the loss of these gases into the atmosphere in an expanded cultivation in the conditions of Mediterranean climate of southern Spain.

Author: BENITEZ VEGA JORGE.
Year: 2006.
University: CÓRDOBA [www.uco.es].
Place of defense: ETSIAM.
Place of preparation: ETSIAM.

Summary: In the midst of a long-term experiment, which began in 1986 in Cordoba on a Vertisol soil conditions in rainfed Mediterranean, took place 4 experiments over a period of 2 years (2003-2004 and 2004-2005) to determine the effect annuus L.), as well as the contribution of biomass and N root to the ground by such crops, quantifying the contribution of N derived from atmospheric and rizodeposición of fixing legumes. The root system was studied by the methods of extraction and subsequent manual washing soil and through direct observation of the roots through tubes minirhizotron. Fixing N2 was calculated by the methods of enrichment with 15N and abundant natural 15N through food and chickpeas in leaf stem injection into the beans. The differences in precipitation recorded between years influenced most of the parameters studied. The NL increased grain yield of all crops, especially in the driest years. The tillage system did not significantly influence the parameters root, but the NL tended to increase the values in the driest years. The roots of wheat, sunflower, beans and chickpeas presented in a flowering biomass average 1163, 1162, 404 and 596 kg ha-1 respectively, which represented a potential contribution of 12, 24.5, 11.5 and 15 kg N ha-1 respectively. Density, root length and diameter were the parameters that best describe the behavior of the roots. Few correlations were found between the data of manual washing and minirhizotron. The proportion of N derived from the air (NDA) ranged between 46.2 and 71% in chickpea and between 68.7 and 91.4% in beans according to the method used. There were no significant differences in the NDA estimated by both methods. The tillage system influenced the proportion of N soil from the rizodeposición (PNdr) of chickpeas, worse rather than cantad N made (236 and 142 kg N ha-1 in LC and NL respectively). The tillage system is not influenced by the PDr of beans or the amount of N made (124 and 111 kg N ha-1 in LC and NL respectively).

Author: MARQUES PATANITA MANUEL JOAQUIM.
Year: 2006.
University: CÓRDOBA [www.uco.es].
Place of defense: E.T.S.I. AGRONOMOS Y MONTES.
Place of preparation: E.T.S.I. AGRONOMOS Y MONTES.

Summary: For two years (2003-04 and 2004-05), a field experiment conducted in two locations (Fifth de Saúde - Beja and Outeiro-Ferreira do Alentejo), Vertisoles the Mediterranean region of southern Portugal, wheat and sugar beet crop as precedents, respectively, discussed in a crop of brewing barley (Hordeum vulgare L. ssp. distichum) cv. "Scarlett" in irrigation, the effect of two factors: dose of nitrogen (N) fertilizer (0, 75, 100, 125 and 150 kg N ha-1) and its fractionation / time of application (seed-sowing + S. godson-S + A siembra-encañado-S + E, godson + encañado-A + E + sowing godson + encañado- S + A + E). Doses of 125 and 150 kg N ha-1 and fractionation / time of implementation S + A + E will show higher performance, although fraccionamientos S + A Quinta de Saúde and A + S + E and E in Outeiro led to similar results . The number of spikes m-2 was the component that most influenced performance, while the weight of the grain component of the performance was the most stable and has been linked in a positive way with the content of protein and with the caliber of grain. The protein increased with the dose and later applications of N, but only in fraccionamientos / times of application A + E in doses 125 and 150 kg N ha-1 and S + E + A + S E in the dose 150 kg N ha-1 level was higher than that determined by the industry malteo. The caliber was higher with lower doses and applications of S, A and S + S + A + E. The meter readings of chlorophyll (Minolta 502) show potential for monitoring the level of N in the cultivation and to predict the protein content in grain. Rates of N efficiency (NUE) were affected by the year and by location. The use of isotope 15N possible to verify the efficiency of use of N is greater when the fertilizer is applied closer to the more demanding stages of growth, that the N content in the grain maturation stems especially from the translocation of the N vegetative parts in the anthesis, and that about half of N in the maturation of the crop from the fertilizer.

Author: BALLESTA REMY ASTRID.
Year: 2006.
University: LLEIDA [www.udl.es].
Place of defense: E.T.S. DE INGENIERIA AGRARIA UDL.
Place of preparation: ESCUELA TECNICA SUPERIOR DE INGENIERIA AGRARIA UDL.

Summary: The nitrogen (N) is the mineral that has been paying increased attention in the management of fertilization of most agricultural systems. The complexity of their cycle and the manner of implementation in different types of crop management planning hamper their availability to plants. On the other hand, excessive or inappropriate applications can cause environmental problems and lower economic efficiency. In the case of maize (Zea mays L.), a species particularly demanding on N, it is important to synchronize the contributions and the availability of N in the soil with the demands by the plant. The Vulnerable Zones, controlling their input is essential. They are known the positive effects of crop rotation. More specifically, the benefits of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) on the following crops are mainly related to the ability of legumes to fix N2 atmosphere. One of the ways to assess the contribution of N alfalfa is calculating its value Replacing Fertilizer Nitrogenado (N-FRV). In this thesis work is studied: a) the effect of lucerne in the corn and then the effect on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in a rotation Alfalfa-Maíz-Trigo b) the effect of the subscriber in a nitrogenous monoculture corn for three consecutive years in the same plot. The trial took place years 1994-1997 in Torregrossa (irrigation Canal d'Urgell-Lleida). For three consecutive campaigns, were tested four doses of fertilizer N (0, 100, 200, 300 kg N ha-1) in corn, cv. Juanita. These three years of monoculture are discussed in Chapter I. During the first two years, concurrently, was cultivated alfalfa cv. Aragon in the middle of each repetition. The third year was replaced by alfalfa corn, tested the same doses of fertilizer in the monoculture. The corn in rotation with alfalfa could compare well with the corn in a third year of monoculture. The fourth year was sown wheat cv. Cartaya, all plots and were tested two doses of N (0 and 100 kg N ha-1). You could compare the rotation Alfalfa-Maíz-Trigo with Maíz-Maíz-Maíz-Trigo. These past two years are being studied in Chapters II and III. Chapter II proposes a N-FRV of alfalfa for the two crops on irrigated land in the middle of the Ebro Valley while in Chapter III examines the impact on alfalfa crops and production conditions. In all production cycles was determined the nitrate content in the soil in three moments of each cycle. In corn, it was determined grain yield and its components, biomass produced flowering and final plant height, LAI and PARi, the content of chlorophyll in the leaves, the nitrate content at the base of stem and N content in the grain and plant. Simultaneously there was a follow-up to the nitrate content of irrigation water and the solution of soil and organic matter content. The wheat was determined grain yield and its components, biomass encañado and final and N content in the grain. In the monoculture of corn, grain yield and plant growth were influenced by the initial level of nitrates in the soil, the dose subscriber and the amount of nitrates produced by irrigation water. The grain yield was adjusted to the model lineal-meseta in 1994 and 1995 and the model cuadrático-meseta in 1996. The maximum yield, 10.2 Mg ha-1 in 1994, 13.1 Mg ha-1 in 1995 and 14.3 Mg ha-1 in 1996 were obtained at a dose of 100 kg ha-1 in 1994 and 1995 and 200 kg ha-1 in 1996. With higher doses, maize continued to account for N and this is the first accumulated in the grain. The replacement value of N (N-FRV) of a two-year alfalfa conditions ensa 8 I ev 546 aluó at 160 kg ha-1 for a first maize crop after the alfalfa. For the next wheat crop was 76 kg ha-1. The effect of alfalfa resulted in the nitrate content of the soil, the yield of corn (14.7 Mg ha-1 in the rotation and 11.9 Mg ha-1 in monoculture), biomass final match the plant and extractions N. In the next wheat affected the nitrate content of soil, yield (6.4 Mg ha-1 after the alfalfa and 5.2 Mg ha-1 after monoculture), the N content of the grain and biomass until encañado. It proposes guidelines for determining the need for fertilizer N in a corn following alfalfa.

Author: Alcón Provencio Francisco José.
Year: 2007.
University: POLITÉCNICA DE CARTAGENA [www.upct.es].
Place of defense: E.T.S. DE INGENIERÍA AGRONÓMICA.
Place of preparation: Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica.

Summary: The innovations reach the market in the form of technical, technology or method of management, contributing to a more efficient use of factors of production, product differentiation of the entities that adopt them, and therefore to achieving competitive advantage . The potential benefit derived from his generation rests on society once they have been taken, and the speed with which they were disseminated among its members a determinant of economic growth. Despite the importance of the adoption of innovations, they have not been disseminated to the desired speed, as shown by the extensive literature, but little in terms of irrigation technologies are concerned. Among the many risks faced by managers of farm businesses is the provision and use of water. This problem is particularly relevant in the region, where the shortage of water resources is among the most pronounced across Europe. Therefore, the adoption of water-saving technologies is one of the policy objectives of irrigation in Spain, whose guidelines set forth in the National Irrigation Plan are aimed at sustainable and rational use of resources. It is also one of the purposes of the Water Framework Directive of the European Union, whose goals include good water status, environmental protection and recovery of the costs of water services. In this context, the objective of this thesis is to explore the adoption and diffusion of irrigation technologies that increase the efficiency of water use, reduce consumption and promote conservation within the sphere of action which includes the communities of the irrigators Murcia and farmers in one of the largest and tecnificadas of Europe, the community of irrigators in the Campo de Cartagena. In addition, he examines the willingness to pay for irrigation water for farmers in this community. As the literature on adoption and diffusion of innovations is wide and varied, there has been a clarification of the terms and the classification of models, as well as factors affecting the adoption of innovations, distinguishing characteristics of the farmer, economic factors features of the farm, characteristics of innovation and environmental factors. The empirical work done after the review of the literature focuses on the adoption and diffusion of distribution and control used by communities to manage irrigation water for irrigation and drip irrigation technology used by farmers . Under the theory of expected utility and in a framework of analysis time, we have developed models that explain the duration making process followed by the communities of irrigators in the region, and farmers from the community of irrigators field Cartagena . There have also been applied theoretical models explaining the process of diffusion of decision in both units and has employed a method that can be inferred preferences provided the willingness to pay for irrigation water for farmers in the same community. The results obtained show that the variables that define greater supply security, and better organization in the management of water, positively affect the adoption of technology in irrigation communities irrigators. It also confirms that access to information technology, through the accumulation of that from the sources of interpersonal communication, affects the process of diffusion time. The characteristics of individuals (age, education, cooperatives, aversion to risk preferences 8 and perce 748 pciones), the economic exploitation of the (price of water and size enterprise), the source of water and its availability, influencing the probability of adopting drip irrigation technology. In addition, the use of methodologies they consider temporal aspects of the underlying nature of the learning process that reveal the influence on the adoption process, not exert significant variables with the use of traditional methodologies. Moreover, it notes that farmers who use groundwater on their farms have an increased willingness to pay for from the community of irrigators, for which no use, as well as those who are at the forefront of holdings largest area, and there is a great variability in this provision and a high aversion to risk associated with the price of water. These results are of great value to the government and the communities of irrigators in establishing agricultural policies, and decision-making led to a better utilization of water resources and reduction of environmental externalities.