VETERINARY SCIENCE

Author: RODRÍGUEZ-MARÍN ROY JOSÉ LUIS.
Year: 2003.
University: COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID.
Place of defense: VETERINARIA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE VETERINARIA.

Summary: In Spain, the market and feeding meat of sheep is crucial in the food industry. We are among the top producing countries of the EU, the first in consumption. This commercial side is not accidental but we have inherited a tradition that dates from Roman times, reaches its height with the creation of the Plateau and consolidates today. The variety, but especially the hardiness of our sheep breeds, as well as the quality of their wool and their meat has meant that agricultural researchers in our country have been concerned since ancient times by improving these races in his story and precocity performance. The agricultural market, but above all, consumers are demanding better quality meat from a nutritional and organoleptic; that is why this increasingly demanding market has to be established a series of requirements indicated in the goodness of meat lamb: * Channels with a high meat yield. * Channels without fat. * Channels with a color of the meat line with the tastes of each country (in our covered by light pink, very young animals). * Channels with veal proper that our country is achieved with the consumption of young animals. The body fat has been identified as an undesirable, from the nutritional point of view and from the commercial point of view (not fat can be sold for the price of meat), and it is the organic tissue more easily evaluble to be amended to As the above requirements vary. There are a number of evaluation parameters fat and well known that even mentioned in the legislation. Along with these parameters classics has proposed the inclusion of a new surface called renal devoid of fat, FAT referring to the lower right front of the left kidney, and the presence of renal visible areas that have been measured and compared to other parameters that determine the quality of lamb carcasses, in a manner that has come to the conclusion that these surfaces are visible kidney related to the FAT general of the channel and are therefore possible parameters for evaluating quality of the carcasses of lambs .

Author: MARAÑON PARDILLO GONZALO.
Year: 2003.
University: COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID.
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE VETERINARIA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE VETERINARIA.

Summary: The syndrome colic continues to maintain high mortality rates initially attributable to the rapid development of endotoxic shock. The endotoxemia is accompanied by a systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SRIS), and many of the adverse effects of endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide, LPS) are mediated by the production of mediators of inflammation. In horses suffering from colic syndrome occurs to a greater or lesser degree a problem ischemic / inflammatory, with the consequent production of potentially harmful biochemical mediators. The box ischemia involves the release of endotoxins and / or pro-inflammatory mediators, which contributes to the escalation of the initial table and dsecandena the multiple organ failure characterized by an increase in capillary permeability. In both experimental animals and in humans, free radicals and derivatives of arachidonic acid seem to play an important role in local and systemic injury secondary to the phenomena of ischemia, but have not been studied in the equine species. The overall objective has been to check the possible change in the levels of various mediators of inflammation in the equine colic, and in particular: whether alters the production of metabolites acid arquidónico, the production of free radicals of oxygen and nitric oxide, as well as determine the production of cyclic nucleotides. We have used 24 horses with colic, which were divided into two groups groups: Group I: animals with a significant degree of relaxation and Group II: animals with a degree of inflammation. For the control group were used 11 horses healthy. It proceeded to the sampling of peripheral blood before treatment and every day until recovery of the patient. The findings were: Hematocrit, platelets and white blood cells, proteins, glucose, Phospholipids, Activity phospholipase A2 Metabolitos of arachidonic acid, nitric oxide, cyclic Nucleotides (cAMP and cGMP), Carbon monoxide, Hidroperóxidos Lipids (LPO) Endotoxina, D and L-Láctico. The results were expressed as +-Media as ESM, by comparing average for non - parametric methods. Significant results were considered very significant and some trusts greater than or equal to 95% (p less 0.05) and 99% (p less 0.01) respectively. Both types of colic induced increased levels of LTB4 and PGE2. Levels of PGL2 and TXB2 were left untouched, but is accompanied with an increase in plasma levels of endotoxin. Qu got eel D-Láctico is encotraba aumetnado in horses colic, suggesting a possible role as a marker of ischemia. Levels of NO before treatment were lower than those of control and horses increased significantly prior to the relapse, remaining stable after full recovery. The values of CO increased by horses with colic, showing normal values after treatment. As for the cGMP during colic, triggering an increase in their levels without pareciar differences in cAMP. The relationship cAMP / cGMP was reduced in all cases. Considering that the determination of NO, as well as the relationship cAMP / cGMP have a predictive value for relapse of horses with colic.

Author: MANELY PAVISSICH GUILLERMO.
Year: 2004.
University: COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID.
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE VETERINARIA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE VETERINARIA.

Summary: Despite advances in medical treatments, colic remains the most frequent cause of death in horses stabled. Although the pathophysiological basis colic still not completely known, it is generally accepted that the horses affected colic occurs to a greater or lesser degree a problem ischemic / inflammatory that may be responsible for producicón of potentially harmful biochemical mediators. The proinflammatory cytokines lesser s seem to play an important role in the development of septic shock, seems to be a positive correlation between circulating levels of cytokines and mortality. In this aspect has been described increased levels of TNF alpha in a 20% of the horses with colic and high concentrations of TNF have been associated with high mortality rates. The mechanisms trasducción signals so cytokines exert their effects have not been fully clarified. They can act on target cells and / or induce the production of gold mediators. A molecular mediator who has been widely implicated in the action of cytokines is the nitrico oxide. It is known that cytokines can induce the expression of nitrate synthase in different groups cellular inlcuyendo macrófagos and endothelial cells. Both oxide nitrico mediators and cytokines are considered the acute phase in humans and its plasma levels have been considered prognostic value. The objective of this study was to investigate the potential role of cytokines and nitrico oxide in the equine colic. The horses with colic, dad dispersion of results we have not seen difernecias significant. It is known that cytokines to exert its effects must unite to specific membrane receptors. They have been identified two types of receptors for TNF (TNFR60 and TNFR80). The horses with colic had higher levels of TNFR60 that horses control, while we have not found significant differences in levels of TNFR80. The exact mechanism of trasducción signal which takes place after the union TNF your receiver is not fully known. The nitrico oxide is an important effector cell and it has been suggested that may mediate, at least in part, some of the actions of cytokines. In this study we investigated possible changes in the expression of both isoforms constitutive (eNOS and nNOS) inducible (iNOS) of the nitrate synthase during colic. We found that before treatment expression both constituent was diminished what podruia explain the low levels of NO previously observed in these horses. The expression of iNOS is not modified before treatment, but increased significantly prior to the relapse, suggesting a chronic inflammatory process that will lead to the induction and expression of iNOS, with the consequent increase in the levels of NO derivatives thus inducible. The colic also prompted changes in the levels of carbon monoxide and the exprsión of hemoxigenasa, as well as in levels of molecules accession and markers of apoptosis.

Author: LORENTE MÉNDEZ CARMEN.
Year: 2004.
University: COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID.
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE VETERINARIA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE VETERINARIA DE LA UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID.

Summary: In this paper we have studied and compared the values haematological, inmunotenotipo and serum proteins in a population of cánidos healthy population of dogs and other HIV carriers Ehrlichia canis, tase subclinical. Both stocks came two protectors of the province of Valencia. The population seropositíva to ehrlichiosis has been dealt with dipropionate of imídocarb (2 dose of 5 mg / kg subcutaneously with an interval of 15 days between them) and has studied the evolution over time of hematological values, inmunotenotipo and proteins serum over 6 months after treatment. was also carried out a study of prevalence of ehrlichinosis and leishmaniasis in these proteins. Depending on the results, these proteins in the 69.37% of dogs presents seropositive compared with Ehrlichia canis and a 28.12% compared with seropositivity presents Leishmania infantum. In hematology animals at subclinical phase of ehrlichiosis this study highlights as alteration laboratorialla elevation lymphocyte count. Another remarkable finding is the presence of thrombocytopenia, although presented in only 36% of animals estudíados. With regard to serum proteins highlights the existence of disproteinemia a 75% of cases (with an average ratio of albumin / O Globulina, 60: tO, 05) along with a hiperproteinemia (around 40%), Although presenting some citras of hypoalbuminemia (40% of cases), associated with hiperglobulinemia (50% of cases). At the level of immune highlight is the increase in both relative and absolute values of T lymphocytes in the population with ehrlichiosís when compared to the healthy population, in terms of population lintocitos B maintained their absolute values similar to those of dogs control. The significant increase in the population of T lymphocytes is motivated by a remarkable increase in the number of lymphocytes Tc place an investment index CD4/CD8. The lintocitosis observed in dogs with ehrlichiosis ago that while the relative values of lintocitos Th are diminished, their absolute values are above the values observed in control animals. Contrary to what was expected to note, the study analyzed the parameters over time following treatment with dipropionate of imidocarb, although some changes occur in some controls, highlights the absence of significant changes in almost all the parameters studied to 6 months post, with the exception of the average value of the stock of B lymphocytes, monocytes and to a lesser extent of neutrophils, which suffered a decline with respect to the initial values.

Author: RIOJA GARCÍA EVA.
Year: 2004.
University: COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID.
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE VETERINARIA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE VETERINARIA.

Summary: Dexmedetomidine, an agonist-adrenoceptor alfa2 and midazolam, a benzodiazepine, have a synergistic interaction on the sedative and analgesic effects. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the interactions that occur between these two drugs in reducing effect of the minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of halothane and isoflurane. To perform this work were used a total of 56 Wistar rats which were distributed randomly in 8 groups (N = 7 or 8), four groups of halothane (HAL) and four groups of isoflurane (ISO). The groups called SALT SALT + + HAL and ISO received saline, groups SALT CDF + + HAL and SALT + + ISO CDF received a bolus intravenous midazolam (1 mg / kg) groups SALT DEX + + HAL and DEX SALT + + ISO received a continuous intravenous infusion of dexmedetomidine (0.25 ug / kg / min) and the CDF groups DEX + + HAL and DEX + + MID received both ISO infusion of dexmedetomidine (0.25 ug / kg / min) and bolus midazolam (1 mg / kg). Throughout the period anesthetic were monitored cardiovascular and respiratory parameters, as well as the body temperature of all animals studied. At the end of each experiment was conducted a gasometría blood. The determination of the CAM was performed by applying a painful stimulus supramáximo, consisting of the clampalede the base of the tail for 60 seconds. Data were statistically analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) and a one-way analysis of Tukey-Kramer for multiple comparisons, considering a level of statistical significance of p greater 0.01. The values of CAM for halothane and isoflurane, adjusted to the barometric pressure at sea level and expressed as the average t the standard deviation was 1.31 +-0.1% for HAL and 1.46 +-0.05% for the ISO in the control groups (HAL SALT + + and ISO SALT respectively). The percentages of reduction in the CAM group SALT + CDF were 26 +-11% to HAL and 20 +-9% for the ISO, in groups DEX + SAL were 72 +-17% to HAL and 43: t 14% for the ISO, and caucuses DEX + CDF were 90 +-5% for HAL and 78 +-5% for the ISO. The interaction presents dexmedetomidine with halothane is greater than with isoflurane. The interaction of midazolam with both inhalational anesthetic is similar. The interaction that takes place between dexmedetomidine and midazolam in terms of reducing effect of the CAM is a additive with halothane and isoflurane with the type of synergy.

Author: Abdel-Rahman Kamal Salama Ahmed.
Year: 2005.
University: AUTÓNOMA DE BARCELONA.
Place of defense: Facultad de Veterinaria.
Place of preparation: Facultad de Veterinaria.

Summary: We used a total of 79 goats Murciano-Granadinas in 4 experiments designed to study the effects of the frequency of milking, the omission of drying and calving interval on milk production and its division into compartments of the udder. In Exp.1, 32 goats were ordeñaron one (1X, n = 17) or twice daily (2X). A daily milking reduced milk production by 18% on 2X, with the greatest reduction at the beginning of lactation. Goats of less than 4 deliveries lost more milk that more than 4 deliveries 1X. The milk of goats 1X contained more total solids, fat and casein that milk from the goats 2X, although the percentage of protein and the SCC was unchanged. In Exp. 2, were studied compartments udder (cisternal and alveolar) and the return of milk into the alveoli at different intervals between milkings (8, 16 and 24 h) in 14 goats used in Exp. 1 (1X, n = 7; 2X, n = 7). Milk alveolar rose to las16 h, no changes observed between 16 and 24 h. The cisternal area (measured by ultrasound) and milk cisternal increased linearly (R2 = 0.96 to 0.99) until 24 h, indicating that the storage of milk in the tank is a continuous, regardless of the degree of filling of the alveoli. Despite the extended interval between milkings, tanks goats 1X were not larger than tanks of 2X. Goats primiparous cisternal area were less and less milk goats that cisternal multiparous. No changes were observed in the area cisternal after an injection of oxytocin, indicating the absence of the phenomenon return elastic milk in the tank to the alveoli. In Exp. 3, 17 goats pregnant women were divided into 2 groups: goats that were dried 56 d prior to the expected date of delivery (D56, n = 9), and goats no dry (D0, n = 8). Five goats group D0 were dried spontaneously 27 d before delivery (D27). The kids of D0 were born with less weight than kids of D27 and D56. Colostrum from the goats D0 contained IgG less than the goats D27 and D56. In the next lactation, goats D0 produced less milk goats D27 and D56, without differences among the latter. The rates of apoptosis and proliferation of breast tissue increased in goats D56 during the involution of the udder. A week 7 of the next lactation, no difference was observed between groups in the dynamics mammary cell. In Exp. 4, 30 goats were subjected to different reproductive pace to give birth annually (K12, n = 16) or biannually (K24, n = 16). During the 92 weeks experimental goats K12 had 2 lactations (weeks 1 to 42 and 51 to 92), while the goats K24 followed a single lactation outstretched week 1 to 92. The gestation reduced milk production in goats K12 from week 10 of gestation. Between weeks 51 and 79, goats K12 produced 32% more milk goats K24, although their milk contained less fat and protein that goats K24. No differences were detected between groups in the SCC and lactose milk from week 51 to 79. Between weeks 80 and 92, the quantity and composition of milk did not differ between groups. During the 92 weeks experimental goats K12 (1,192 L) and K24 (1,093 L) produced similar amounts of milk. At week 39, the fat in the milk of K12 presented a higher content in conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) with a higher rate of desaturation connection that the goats K24. At week 55, the milk of K12 contained more C18: 2 and C18: 3, and less C16: 0, resulting in a decreased rate of the atherogenicity of K24. The cisternal milk from the goats K12 was lower than that of the goats K24 at week 39, while milk alveolar unchanged. The alveolar milk from the goats K12 presented a higher fat content in milk cisternal at week 55, which also was seen in the K24 in week 39 and 55. The content of protein 8 ína and 381 ctosa did not differ between milk and cisternal alveolar. In conclusion, goats Murciano-Granadinas used in this thesis showed a good adaptation to 1X, the need for drying and the possibility of extended lactations.

Author: VARGA RODRÍGUEZ SANTIAGO DE LA.
Year: 2005.
University: LEÓN.
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE VETERINARIA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE VETERINARIA.

Summary: In this study, conducted from abattoir ovaries of whom are obtained complexes cumulus-ovocito by aspiration, analyzed the influence on the outcome of embryonic development of some of the factors involved in implementing the technique of in vitro fertilization in cattle, which impacted on aspects relating to the cultivation of embryos and sperm selection. One factor that seems to play a crucial role in the final outcome, it is the male's coming espermáticas doses to be used in fertilization, obtaining diferenciassignificativas in the percentage of division and in the later stages of embryonic development. The method is used in the preparation and selection of the sperm also influences embryonic development. Overall, it is found that the method of percoll gradient in significantly worse than the "swim-up". The composition of the culture medium, Fluent Oviductal Synthetic (SOF), which get significantly better results for division and embryonic development, was one that included trisodium citrate and mioinositol and is not supplemented with BSA (SOFaaci; Holm al. , 1999). When comparing this medium (SOFaaci) with cocultivo with VERO cells, the values of embryonic development and quality were higher in the chemical with statistically significant differences in any of the stages of development (5-8 C; Bex8 and Bec). The moment they are supplementing the culture medium (SOFaaci) Fetal Bovine Serum, seems to play a key role appearing within 72 hours postfecundación as time more adecuadom not only to achieve better results in embryonic development but also quality embryo, if we bear in mind that the percentage blastocyst who come to expand and Hatch is significantly higher. Whereas rates obtained from the blastocyst of morulae, conservation through freezing or lyophilization environmental SOFaaci growing mebriones, is shown as a possible alternative to the routine processing means.

Author: LEÓN ARTOZQUI MARTA.
Year: 2005.
University: CARDENAL HERRERA CEU.
Place of defense: BIBLIOTECA UNIV.CARDENAL HERRERA-CEU DE VALENCIA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS EXPERIMENTALES Y DE LA SALUD.

Summary: In this investigation identified two main objectives: 1) Analyzing the problem of dog attacks directed towards people in the Community of Valencia, and 2) Assess the involvement in the aggressive canine neurobiological disorders, mainly those related to serotoninérgica neurotransmission. To meet the first objective, a retrospective epidemiological study of canine aggression directed toward people in the Community of Valencia between the years 1996 and 2000. The average annual incidence of dog attacks in the Valencian Community was 71.5 assaults per 100000 inhabitants. The age (0-14 years) and sex (male) of the victims behaved as risk factors. It was mild and localized lesions in the upper limbs. The attackers were mostly male dogs, young, German shepherds, proper vaccination status, which owns and mainly attacked people who lived with them. The assaults occurred mainly during the summer months, weekends and afternoon. Most of the attacks were provoked and contexts associated with aggression and dominance by game. To achieve the second objective was conducted a study of neurotransmission serotoninérgica and other parameters neurobiological into two groups of dogs (aggressive and control). The parameters studied included neurobiological serotonin in serum, plasma and platelets; steroid hormones (cortisol and Dehydroepiandrosterone), thyroid hormone (T4 and TSH) and serum lipids (cholesterol and triglycerides). The dogs belonging to the group submitted aggressive lower mean concentrations of serotonin in serum, plasma and platelets that dogs in the control group. Similarly, the ratio of DHEA / cortisol presented a value lower in the group that aggressive control. The administration of treatment resulted in a decrease in mean concentrations of serotonin in the three types of shows, and both groups of dogs. In conclusion, to reduce the incidence of dog attacks directed towards people is needed prevention programs acting on all the risk factors involved. In addition, knowledge of the neurobiological underpinnings of the aggressive canine can assist in the development of preventive programs and may allow assess to what cases can be useful administration of a drug treatment.

Author: RIVERA PUERTAS MANUEL.
Year: 2005.
University: COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID.
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE VETERINARIA DE LA U.C.M..
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE VETERINARIA DE LA UCM.

Summary: After subjecting by scald burn after anesthesia to four groups of twenty-five Wistar rats each, called Control Panel, Anticox, Antilox, Anticos + Antilox and subsequent implementation of drug activity defined as the names of the respective groups. There is a strong anti-inflammatory activity and antiextravasación everywhere, but especially so before and after the application of the drug antilox called Montelukast Sodium Laboratories Merck Sharp & Dohme USA

Author: ANGULO CUBILLÁN FRANCISCO JAVIER.
Year: 2005.
University: COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID.
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE VETERINARIA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE VETERINARIA (UCM).

Summary: The objective of this study was to characterize the interplay between three isolates (MSD, MRI, Aran99) Haemonchus contortus and lambs manchegas. The effect of the isolates was determined by an infestation pilot 12000 L3, oral lambs with five and a half months old. The infestation was monitored with the determination of parameters pasitológicos, physiological and immune. After slaughter, the peso was valued dela channel, population and the local cellular parasite load. Infestation showed some differences between the isolates. The greatest period prepatente was observed in the isolated Aran99, with its lighter females in the other isolates. The infestation caused the reduction hematocritico, hemoglobin and plasma proteins and the elevation of pepsinógeno serum. Regarding the testogo, groups showed lower values of weight gain and chest circumference, with the results correlated variables anguíneas. The single most virulent was the MSD. The serum IgG antibodies were measured by ELISA low. However, the WB showed increased antigenicity of the ESA's isolated Aran99 with sera from infected groups. The linfoproliferación was observed during the infestation with maximum values among 58-70 dpi. The highest value was shown by cells of sheep infected with the isolated MRI compared with ESA and MSD compared with SLA. Infestation not significantly affect the populations of CD4 + and CD8 +. There was a marked eosinophilia during repatencia late and the start of the patencia. In mucosal dela baomaso was a notable increase in mast cells and eosinophils reduction in sheep infected with Aran99. Our results suggest the existence of differences between isolated and suggested estimating the effect of isolation on studies of the relationship H.contortus-sheep.

Author: ESPERÓN FAJARDO FERNANDO.
Year: 2005.
University: COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE VETERINARIA.

Summary: This research work of Environmental Health has been developed through the collaboration with the department of Morphology at the University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, responsible for the tissue bank marine mammals, essential foundation for the realization of this thesis. This work is part of the draft National Plan REN 2002-04162-CO2-O2. The need to know the health status of animals Beach on the coast of Gran Canaria, has demanded the establishment of a basic residue of the main pollutants in the tissues, because of its importance and key role in the emergence of diseases, whose collision research is conducted through a multidisciplinary team. That argument, for the first time provides information on waste contaminants present in the tissues of three species of whales that frequent and have appreciated in the Canary Islands. Through the study of 59 compounds, 19 individuals and 9 tissues, the most representative for each component, we know the level and relevance of many pollutants, some of them considered Priority, compared to other geographical areas, its possible link between pollutants and biological parameters and status of veramiento the importance of their concentrations in the emergence of certain diseases, and so on. Finally, the health of these animals will be an excellent biomarker of health of the habitat.

Author: LORENZO SOCORRO HÉCTOR ONELIO.
Year: 2005.
University: LAS PALMAS DE GRAN CANARIA.
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE VETERINARIA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE VETERINARIA.

Summary: Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (Mh), the primary etiological agent of Swine Enzootic Pneumonia (NEP), adheres to ciliado epithelium of the respiratory tract, where interstitial pneumonia develops, with parenchymal lung consolidation of distribution craneoventral. The most significant histological changes relate to an intense mononuclear infiltration and the development of a lymphoid hyperplasia tissue associated with bronchial and bronquilos (TLAB). During this response inmuno-inflamatoria have been detected several factors soluble proteins, known as cytokines, which are involved in the activation, regulation and maintenance of this response through intercellular signaling. The study of cytokines during the CSN will allow us to deepen the knowledge of the patogenía of the disease. This work has been divided into two parts: first, we studied the natural phase of the NEP in 19 lungs from the slaughterhouse, determining the expression of various cytokines (IL-1_IL-1_IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, TNF-_ and IFN-_). Through technical inmunohistoquimicas in three different locations lung (TLAB, alveolar septa and bronchoalveolar exudate), linking these findings with the lesions observed. On the other hand, we study the pilot phase of the NEP, inoculating 10 piglets with strain 75-2002 of Mh, sequentially sacrificing animals for 5 weeks post-infection, and evaluating clinical signs, serology, the macro-and microscopic lesions, microbiology and immunohistochemistry results for the various cytokines. The natural phase of the NEP, infected animals had raised levels of IL-1_IL-1_IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12 and TNF-_ in the TLAB, while thickening and mononuclear infiltration in the alveolar septa were associated with increases in IL-1_, IL-1_, IL-2, IL-8 and IL-10, while oozing inflammation of the airways showed high levels of IL-1_, IL-1_, IL-8 and IL-12 may contribute to the maintenance of an adequate level of immunity, both humoral and cellular, as well as the persistence of inflammatory infiltration in the lungs infected. The main cytokines detected in TLAB during the pilot phase of the NEP were IL-2, IL-4, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, TNF-_ and IFN-_, whereas the alveolar septa and the inflammatory exudate in the areas bronchoalveolar expressed mainly IL-1_, IL-1_, IL-2, IL-4 and IL-8. Thus, in the first few weeks of illness, TLAB presenting high levels of IL-2, IL-4, IL-8 and IL-12, showing a peak at week 2 pi. In the following weeks, as developed lesions, decreased levels of cytokines studied, getting a second peak in week 4 pi, for the IL-4 and IL-8, while the rest of cytokine levels remained more constant. Finally, in the first two weeks pi, was detected peak IL-1_m IL-1_, IL-2, IL-4 and IL-8 in the alveolar septa and in the bronchoalveolar ooze, they gradually decreasing in the alveolar septa, while the inflammatory exudate was observed a slight increase in 4Â Week pi.

Author: VEIGA LÓPEZ ALMUDENA.
Year: 2005.
University: COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID.
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE VETERINARIA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE VETERINARIA.

Summary: This Doctoral Thesis has the general objective of deepening awareness of the impact and mechanisms of action, ovarian status of the sheep at the beginning of the treatments superovulatorios on income received in terms of the number of ovulations and viable embryos. This four studies designed to be carried out sequentially, using a total of 140 female race Manchega who were superovuladas through the administration of 8 injections of FSH sheep (Ovagen TM), under decreasing intervals of 12 hours during the last days of insertion of a progestogen used to synchronize the zeal and ovulations. In the first study were evaluated yields superovulatorios, 64 sheep, in which the recovery of embryos was carried out in oviduct at day 4 after the withdrawal of progestáeno intravaginal to minimize the influence of maternal genital. In all, we performed an ultrasound coinciding with the first injection of FSH, to assess the presence / absence of a follicle increased 6 mm and / or a corpus luteum and the total number of folículso present in the ovary at the beginning of treatment superovulatorio. In all females, the ovulation rate was positively correlated with the number of follicles of 2-3 mm at the start of treatment with FSH (P less 0005). However, the total number of embryos, and their viability was positively related to the number of follicles of 3mm (P less 0.05), while a higher rate of degeneration was associated with a greater number of follicles of 2 mm ( P less 0.05). Rather, the existence of a dominant follicle exerted a negative effect, but modulated in the presence of a corpus luteum, the rate of viability (P less 0.0005); this influence appeared linked well with alterations in the ability of development growing follicles reaching ovulation and lead to a viable embryo, or to alterations in the actual ovulation or endocrine processes involved in it. In a second phase of the thesis, to discern the mechanisms of action of the effect of dominance, three experiments were designed specific. To avoid the presence of lúteos and maximize the effects of dominance, were administered two doses of cloprostenol in the day -11 and -1 regard to the insertion of progestogen. In addition, two ultrasound consecutive coincide with the first and second injections of FSH to assess the profile of growth (increasing, decreasing or static) of 2 follicles larger diameter present in the ovary at the beginning of treatment superovulatorio. In the first of these three experiments, the second of this report, we studied the influence of follicular existing population at the initiation of treatment with exogenous FSH on the time of appearance of zeal, the characteristics of the discharge preovulatoria LH, ovulation rate and the number and quality of embryos obtained. To that end, we used a total of 46 sheep Manchegas in which valued the total number of follicles in the ovary, at the start of treatment superovulatorio, and conducted inspections of cells and catches of blood to measure the levels of LH , from 20 until 60 hours after the withdrawal of progestogen. At day 7 after the withdrawal of progestogen intravaginal, valued the presence of ovulations and embryos collected at the uterus, were cultured to assess their viability. The results showed that the effect of dominance was related to differences in the time of onset of LH peak, and that those animals with a greater difference in size between the dominant follicle and the remaining follicles showed peaks preovulatorios LH earliest (P minor 0005), related to lower yields in the number of viable embryos (P less 0005). These results were confirmed in the third experiment, 8 in c c0f ual was valued when appearance of zeal, the characteristics of the discharge preovulatoria LH and the time of ovulation in a total of 16 sheep. In these animals, the beginning of ovulation was to advance in the presence of follicle larger Phase growing (P less 0.05), further shortened the period of final maturation of follicles preovulatorios. In females with follicle stage in decreasing the perception of a delay in ovulation (P less 0.05), the fact that embryonic viability was reduced in animals is coughing in the previous experiment, although the time required for the maturation follicular would be increased by an interval celo-ovulación longer, suggests the existence of processes artery in the follicle population. Therefore, the fourth experiment was aimed at studying the effects of a growing population on follicular development and the functionality of the follicles preovulatorios in a total of 14 sheep, they were appreciated by the people follicular ultrasound technique and conducted shots blood, for the analysis of estradiol and inhibin A plasma every 12 hours until the withdrawal of progestogen and every 3 hours from 20 hours after the withdrawal of progestogen until the appearance of zeal. At that time recovered the ovaries, took place dissection of individual follicle increased 4 mm, and were valued concentrations intrafoliculares estradiol, androstenodiona and inhibin A. The degree of apoptosis in granulosa cells of the layer and the quality morphological and ability of oocyte maturation. The results show that the population growth follicular subordinated to a dominant follicle was less in number and delayed over time (P less 0.05), with an increased incidence of follicular regression (P = 0.05), with respect to females without the follicle, this translates into fewer follicles preovulatorios Jan l time of onset of symptoms of heat. But, in addition, these follicles present oocytes smaller (P less 0.0001), lower quality morphological (P less 0.05) and less competition for the resumption of meiosis (P less 0.05). In conclusion, the results obtained in this experiment confirm the existence in females superovuladas processes atrésicos in follicular development and oocitario during treatment with FSH, which translates into fewer follicles preovulatorios at the time of onset of symptoms of zeal, oocytes with less viability, and this situation is aggravated by changes in the discharge preovulatoria LH and ovulation.

Author: CHICO CALERO ISABEL.
Year: 2005.
University: COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID.
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE VETERINARIA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE VETERINARIA.

Summary: Listeria monocytogenes is a microparásito intracellular optional whose cycle within its host cell includes a phase of active replication in the cytosol. To date, there had been no described gene responsible for this phase of intracellular proliferation. This gene has been identified and characterized in this work Doctoral Thesis and codes for a permease transporting hexosas phosphate to which we have called hpt (hexose phosphate transporter). Through analysis in silicon, we found that the transporter Hpt keeps a high homoglía structural other carriers hexosas phosphate as UhpT Escherichia coli, UhpT Salmonella Typhimurium and transporter glicerol-3-fosfato, GlpT of Bacillus subtilis. Similarly, Hpt is highly homologous to eucariota of hexosas phosphate transporter, G6PT. The realization of phylogenetic trees including conveyors eukaryotic and prokaryotic revealed a possible common origin between them, while a closeness between Hpt and transporters of bacteria Gram-negativs. We have done an in silico analysis of the boxes PrfA, concluding that the gene hpt is dependent PrtA, the central regulator of virulence in Listeria. Most of the virulence factors described thus far in L.monocytogenes are subject to regulation by this positive transcriptional activator. These virulence determinants are actively involved in various phases of this cycle intracellular bacterial pathogen. During this study, we have characterized Hpt and given the role that plays in the pathogenesis and virulence of Listeria through different tests in vitro and in vivo. First, we constructed deletion mutants undergoing gene hpt in L.monocytogenes EGD-e (serovar 1/2a) and P14 / (serovar 4b). The phenotype of the mutant was identical to that of its parent strain receptive except on the evidence of use of phosphate sugars, which exhibited a negative phenotype identical to a strain prfA. The hpt mutation did not affect the capacity of growth amid rich (BHI), but prevented growth amid poor where hexosas phosphate were the sole source of carbon. To determine the role of Hpt in the virulence of Listerina were conducted tests in vitro infection with mutant hpt on four different cell lines: human epithelial cells, murine macrophages, human hepatocytes and hepatocyte marine. The results showed the inability of mutant hpt to proliferate properly in the intracellular compartment. The rate of cell proliferation was reduced by about half in relation to its parent strain. To identify the role exercised by Hpt in vivo virulence tests were performed on the model of murine infection. The mutant hexosas phosphate showed an increase of a logarithm in the lethal dose fifties. Tests were also carried out in bodies of survival after inoculation of a sublethal dose oral and intravenous. These experiments revealed that the mutant hpt has a diminished capacity to colonize the host mouse, causing a more rapid elimination of their tissues with respect to the parental strain. We have therefore identified a new virulence factor of Listeria, specifically involved in the process of replication in the cytosol, a crucial phase in the development of this process infective pathogen optional. Therefore, Hpt is the first microbial virulence factor identified that is specifically involved in the intracellular phase of proliferation. Hpt part of a new category of microbial virulence factors called "nutrition" and related to the ability of microparásito to obtain from the host cell components nutritional needs.

Author: CREUS GIBERT EVA.
Year: 2006.
University: AUTÓNOMA DE BARCELONA.
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE VETERINARIA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE VETERINARIA.

Summary: This work is part of a project carried out under a collaboration agreement university and which is entitled: "Integrated Program Control of Salmonella: feed to meat." The main objective of this project was to learn about the situation of salmonella contamination from the manufacturing stage feed until the stage of slaughter and processing of pork at the slaughterhouse in order to have a series of tools for control . The following thesis presents the studies carried out on the farms of the company and its partners slaughterhouses. In order to obtain the information necessary to achieve the above objective, we designed three studies (chapters 4-6). In Study I, we determined the prevalence of Salmonella and major risk factors associated with this infection in a total of 43 farms for fattening of the production system. In each farm were collected mustras blood at the slaughterhouse and a questionnaire that included various aspects of its management, health and biosecurity, among other factors. In turn, we studied a production system in multiple phases with the aim of knowing the distribution of Salmonella in each of its stages. In this longitudinal study determined the prevalence of serological and bacteriological breeders and 40 piglets his children followed during the transition and fattening. The results obtained in the fattening units surveyed indicated a high presence of Salmonella, because all the farms except one were posititvas and also a high proportion of these (39.5%) had a level of individual seroprevalence exceeds 50%. Analysis of the surveys revealed that the handling of the animals using a continuous flow of production, along with the monitoring of certain standards of hygiene and biosecurity that could be linked with a high mortality rate are factors associated with a greater degree of seroprevalence by Salmonella in these holdings. The longitudinal study shows that, in this production system studied, Salmonella infection of animals takes place primarily during the fattening and that therefore it is in this estapa when mainly control measures should be implemented to reduce the prevalence levels. In order to assess the effectiveness of a food strategy, in particular the administration of a diet acidified (pelleted feed) for the control of salmonella in commercial farms for fattening, took place on Study II. This study encompassed two experimental tests. The first test was administered feed acidificado with a 1.2% lactic acid and formic (50%: 50%) during the fattening of animals. In the second experiment, carried out in two farms were decreased dose inclusion of the acids (0.8%) and shortened its period of administration (last 7-8 weeks of fattening). In the first test, the addition of acid to the diet resulted in a lower proportion of animal carriers of Salmonella in lymph limfáticos at the age of slaughter. In the second experiment, acidified the diet was effective in reducing levels of Salmonella infection from animals to the slaughterhouse, but only had a partial effect in reducing the number of pigs carriers in bowel or lymph. On economic issues, limiting both the dose as the period of administration of acid administered in the food appears to be an effective option to reduce originally prevalence levels on those farms with a high proportion of animals positive although, not cover all the fattening stage, the level of infection in animals at the time of iniciar-se administration think acidificado could prejudge their eficacia.Finalmente, the Survey III determin 8 or the fre 961 ac-cordingly, distribution and circuits Salmonella contamination in three pig slaughterhouses. Several samples were collected from the slaughterhouse environment (waiting pens, blanching water tank, gutting utensils, etc..), And the slaughter of animals (content and rectal swabs from the same channels in phases after cleaning, post evisceration and pre-Oreo cookie). This sampling was repeated on four different days and in a single day, it looked three stages separated sampling. Salmonella were isolated in different environmental samples from all three slaughterhouses, and even before the start of the workday. Although the level of contamination diferió considerably among slaughterhouses and directly related to the proportion of positive animals that received the slaughterhouse, pens and waiting area were gutting the most polluted in all three cases. Specifically, the evisceration was the stage from which there was a greater increase in the number of channels contaminated and in fact, only 15% of the carcasses were contaminated positive with the same serotype which the animal was also a carrier. These results emphasize the importance of the environment in the slaughterhouse contamination of carcasses and final evidenced by the presence of complex cycles of contamination at the same time relate to the pressure of positive animals processed at the slaughterhouse. Taken together, our results indicate that reducing the presence of Salmonella in both channels requires improving the hygiene of the sacrifice, and the reduction of the prevalence of farm animals in carriers.