VETERINARY ANATOMY

Author: ABREU GARCÍA EMERITA DEL CARMEN.
Year: 2003.
University: EXTREMADURA [www.unex.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE VETERINARIA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE VETERINARIA.

Author: ABREU GARCÍA EMERITA DEL CARMEN.
Year: 2003.
University: EXTREMADURA [www.unex.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE VETERINARIA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE VETERINARIA.

Author: ARMENGOL TUBAU CLARA.
Year: 2005.
University: AUTÓNOMA DE BARCELONA [www.uab.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE VETERINARIA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE VETERINARIA.

Summary: The objective of our work has been the study of the processes involved in the vascularization of the peak genitals of birds as well as the characterization of vascular patterns in females and males, bearing in mind that these histological differences arise. To achieve this goal, it chose the following stages of development: stage 20, 24, 28 and 30 HH (undifferentiated), and 35 and 38 HH (differentiated). We used a total of 339 embryos quail and chicken. The study was conducted processed histologically embryos to study at the same time a histological and immunohistochemical study and citoquímioc that allowed us to track the cells and vascular primordial germ (CGPs) of the gonads in conventional and laser confocal microscopy. In addition, other techniques were used to complete the hybridization results as "in situ" efrina B2 and microinyecciones with recombinant adenoviruses to discover the origin of endothelial precursors of the gonads. The results obtained in this study were as follows: The study of histological development of the gonads quail showed that in their case, in the same stadiums physical development in the chicken, it has a more advanced stage of evolution histological may differentiate sexes quail (30 HH) rather than pllo (32 HH). The ovaries differentiated evolve in a different way (the left ovary keeps changing and the right involuciona), while the testicles evolve in the same way, as in chicken. The study of carbohydrates present in the tissues gonadales indicates that carbohydrates are needed in the regulation of cell differentiation and the interactions between cells of the same body. Carbohydrates also be demonstrated some excellent CGPs markers, and changes in its composition during the period of sexual differentiation showed clear differences between CGPs expression of male and female, demonstrating that the specific composition of some or other carbohydrates can be included in the evolution male or female gametes, which have already proven to be able to vary the sex gamete in terms of non-genetic changes. The immunohistochemical study of the vessel showed that the gonads there is at least one type of vascularization not mentioned so far, the vasculogenesis (formation of blood vessels from isolated precursors). With these studies we have managed to see that, apart from vasculgoénesis, in the gonads take place angiogenesis process by training outbreaks angiogenic and growth intususceptivo, types of vascularization seen so far in the gonads of chicken. The morphology of the vessel and its development led us to say that the left ovary of female establishing a subcortical vascular plexus and not subepithelial as described in the chicken embryos, and that the vascularization of the right ovary presents in its initial stages more similarities with the male as with the left ovary. The carbohydrate composition of the endothelial cells of the gonads showed that the vessel angiogenic present high concentrations of carbohydrates while vasculogénicos not have such a presence. The caracterizaicón of glasses of the gonads showed that the ligand VEGF-Ay your receiver Flk-1 as efrina B2 are expressed so important in the developing gonads of birds, with differences between males and females, concluding that have a key role for the smooth operation of the vessel gonadales and differentiation of the same within a one ovary and testis. Finally, studies of localization of endothelial precursors found in góandas led us to affirm that the gonads of codorniza the vasculogenesis that takes place at least is vasculogenesis type II dinde precursors differ far from the place where they are going to apparently the glass and migrate up to its provisions definit 8 ivas. It 3de cough results lead us to conclude that the gonads of the birds are an excellent model for studies of biological proliferation and vascular degeneration in the same body and in the same stadium, and they can give much information about the changing cells part of ovaries or testicles.

Author: JULIO MORÁN GEMMA.
Year: 2005.
University: BARCELONA [www.ub.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE MEDICINA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE MEDICINA UB (CASANOVAS).

Summary: This thesis has been discussed and morphological morfométricamente deterioration suffered by the corneal epithelium rabbit when prevents flicker of the animal by inserting a blefarostado. They have digitally processed images 33 corneas obtained under electron microscopy techniques. That trial has led to a number of variables which quantifies the characteristics both in the epithelial cell control and those undergoing the model of dry eye. Subsequently, it has done a statistical analysis of the data. The results show that the e pitelio control appears as a mosasico cellular continued in various shades of gray shapes and sizes. The epithelial cells control are mostly small cell, polygonal shape shades of gray higher and with a high density microproyecciones. There are also large cells in a more circular, lower tones and density and microproyecciones lower. The range of cells classified as medium-sized present a caracterizaicón more difficult since their morphological features are similar to cells both large and small. Despite this the way of these cells medium shows a marked tendency to psuedopoligonalidad. Thus, it can discriminate three cell types by associating variables form and cell area. It should also be noted that the most homogeneous epithelium control are Intercellular unions that appear in suinmensa majority intact and the density of microproyecciones that is in all cells high or very high. These two features are those that allow for a proper functioning tissue. For its part, the results of the analysis of the cornea under different periods of non-flickering display as the deterioration epithelial starts between one and two hours after inserting the blefarostatos. This deterioration is characterized mainly by the progressive loss of intercellular unions, which shows slower in the large cells, and decreasing the density of microproyecciones, which appears to be more rapid in those cells big. In addition, cells have a slight aumetno size, circularity trend toward uniformity and genetic cellular shades. Thanks to the predictive statistical models have been able to establish, also, the typical characteristics of each period of deprivation of parapedo and the level of deterioration in the cornea that is a given. Accordingly, this thesis has developed a quantitative criterion, in a comprehensive manner, analyzes the state of the corneal epithelium. This is a basic tool for comparative analysis of the action of artificial tears which, until now, was not available.

Author: GÓMEZ HURTADO JOSÉ CARLOS.
Year: 2005.
University: EXTREMADURA [www.unex.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE VETERINARIA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE VETERINARIA.

Author: Marcaccini Carpio Andrés.
Year: 2006.
University: SANTIAGO DE COMPOSTELA [www.usc.es].
Place of defense: Facultad de Veterinaria.
Place of preparation: Facultad de Veterinaria.

Summary: In this dissertation were studied various aspects of the virus of Aujeszky's disease (EAS) in pigs and minks. Its development was divided into two separate experiments: The first investigated the development of the immune response and control of the program apoptótico in the nervous system (SN) of pigs experimentally inoculated by the VEA. The results show that the invasion of SN by the VEA causes a rapid innate immune response constituted mainly by macrophages and T lymphocytes, with a significant participation of cytotoxic cells. The infection also led to a significant increase in the expression of the major isoforms of sintasas nitric oxide which coincided in time, location and magnitude with the replication and spread of the virus. Regarding the control of the program apoptótico during the acute infection the EAS is able to inhibit neuronal death on a temporary basis, since neurons infected eventually die by apoptosis. In the second experiment investigated the merits of the different pathology and pathogenesis displaying infection with the EAS in mink. SN was detected in a large number of infected cells and a little inflammatory reaction, with the presence of bleeding and microhemorragias distributed in different regions of the nervous tissue. Using the technique of laser microdisección in combination with the reaction polymerase chain detected the virus in the blood vessels of the brain stem and cerebral cortex of the minks, confirming the endoteliotropismo of VEA in this species.

Author: Gómez Roda Olga.
Year: 2006.
University: CARDENAL HERRERA CEU [www.uch.ceu.es].
Place of defense: Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales y de la Salud.
Place of preparation: Cardenal Herrera- CEU.

Summary: GLUT8 is a glucose transporter that is expressed mainly in the testis but also in the central nervous system. In this paper we study, using RT-PCR techniques, western blot and immunohistochemical, location specific GLUT8 in testis mouse and rat, the effect of diabetes-induced estreptozotocina and their expression and regulation in the nucleus of the facial nerve in response to the axotomía in mice. The results obtained in the distribution and regulation of GLUT8 are compared with those obtained for other carriers glucose as GLUT1, GLUT3 and GLUT4. GLUT8 is located in the mouse testis and sperm espermátidas, beginning his speech to the 24 days postnatal, when they have formed the espermátidas rounded. The expression persists along the espermiogénesis and sperm, being absent in the more immature germ cells, Sertoli cells and interstitial tissue. The immunoreactivity in front of GLUT8 is always restricted to the system acrosómico, primarily in its membrane, playing how changing the system acrosómico in training. In adult rats location transporter is similar, although a slight inmunoreacitvidad is detectable in the Leydig cells. The expression of GLUT3 starts before and is located both in rats and in mice, germ cells from the primary spermatocytes, being present primarily in the cell membrane of spermatocytes, espermátidas and sperm, although in the latter case not located at the head of these cells. Diabetes induced estreptozotocina does not cause changes in the rat or the levels nor in the distribution of GLUT8 and GLUT3 in testicular cells that express. In addition, it was found that testis synthesized insulin, which is located in the cytoplasm of espermátidas elongated and focusing on the body waste. The insulin production decreases with testicular diabetes although its location is not changed. The axotomía facial nerve adult, whose injury does not cause massive death of motoneuronas damaged as a result is an increase in expression of GLUT8, detectable by immunohistochemistry between 3 and 8 days after injury, but the levels of GLUT1 , GLUT3 and GLUT4 are apparently affected. The same injury in newborn mice does not vary significantly levels none of the carriers in cells expressing. These results suggest that GLUT8 can play an important role in energy supply in the sperm, and intracellular trafficking of sugars during training processes and fertilization. They also suggest that diabetes-induced estreptozotocina not significantly alter the mechanisms of transport of glucose in the testis, and that the source insulin testicular could be regulating these or other acts of spermatogenesis. The increase in the expression of GLUT8 after axotomía motor adult can be an implication of this transporter in the regulation of glucose homeostasis in the processes leading to the recovery of the cells after axotomía.

Author: REINA ARIAS RAMSÉS.
Year: 2006.
University: PÚBLICA DE NAVARRA [www.unavarra.es].
Place of preparation: INSTITUTO DE AGROTECNOLOTÍA.

Author: SCHIFINO VALENTE ANA LUISA.
Year: 2006.
University: AUTÓNOMA DE BARCELONA [www.uab.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAT DE VETERINARIA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAT DE VETERINARIA.

Summary: THE NORMAL PARAMETERS FOR RADIOLOGY, ULTRASOUND, COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY AND MAGNETIC RESONANCE OF THE LOGGERHEAD SEA TURTLE (CARETTA CARETTA) WERE STUDIED AND DESCRIBED IN THE FIVE SCIENTIFIC PAPERS PRESENTED IN THIS THESIS. ADDITIONALLY, TWO OTHERS PAPERS CONCERNING THE USE OF DOPPLER ULTRASONOGRAPHY AND EVALUATION OF THE INGESTA PASSAGE TIMES IN THE LOGGERHEAD SEA TURTLE ARE ALSO INCLUDED AS ANNEX DOCUMENTS. THE LAST PAPER, ALTHROUGH NOT RELATED TO A SPECIFIC IMAGING TECHNIQUE, WAS INCLUDED DUE TO THE USE OF SPECIALIZED RADIOGRAPHIC MARKERS REQUIRED TO DOG AND CAT TESTING. DORSOVENTRAL RADIOGRAPHS TAKEN OF THE NECK AND BODY OF 30 LOGGERHEAD SEA TURTLES USING ANALOG AND DIGITAL RADIOGRAPHY SHOWED IMAGE DISTORTION OR SUPERIMPOSITION AT VARIOUS POINTS, DUE TO THE NATURAL CURVATURE OF THE NECK AND SHELL WHICH HINDERED THE ACCURANCY OF INTERPRETATION. THE PECTORAL AND PELVIC GIRDLES WERE EASILY RECOGNIZED. IMPORTANT EXTERNAL LANDMARKS INCLUDED THE VERTEBRAL AND LATERAL SCUTES, AND IMPORTANT INTERNAL LANDMARKS INCLUDED BRONCHI, CORACOIDS BONES, CAUDAL BORDER OF THE PULMONARY FIELDS, AND THE ACETABULUM. BONES FROM THE DISTAL PART FO THE FORE- AND HIND FLIPPERS WERE SEEN IN DETAIL IN RADIOGRAPHS USING MAMMOGRAPHY FILM-SCREEN COMBINATION. PECTORAL AND PELVIC GIRDLES, SUPERIMPOSED BY THE CARAPACE BONES, WERE BETTER SEEN ON THE STANDARD RADIOGRAPHS USING RARE-EARTH INTENSIFYING SCREENS. MAMMOGRAPHIC RADIOGRAPHS OF THE LIMBS WAS CLEARER COMPARED WITH MAMMALS DUE TO THE VERY LOW NUMBER OF SUPERIMPOSITIONS. THE PRESENCE OF A MASSIVE CARTILAGE IN THE EPIPHYSES PRODUCED BETTER VISIBILITY OF LIMB-ENDS. IN ULTRASONOGRAPHIC EXAMINATIONS OF 25 TURTLES THE FOURTH AND FIFTH CERVICAL VERTEBRAE, SPINAL CORD, AND THE VENOUS SINUSES OF THE EXTERNAL JUGULAR VEIN WERE CLEARLY SEEN THROUGH THE CERVICAL-DORSAL ACOUSTIC WINDOW. FROM THE CERVICAL-VENTRAL ACOUSTIC WINDOW, THE ESOPHAGUS AND THE HEART WERE IMAGED. THE STOMACH WAS MORE FREQUENTLY SEEN THROUGH THE LEFT AXILLARY ACOUSTIC WINDOWS. ALTHOUGH THE LIVER COULD BE IMAGED FROM BOTH SIDES, THE RIGHT AXILLARY ACOUSTIC WINDOW PROVIDE A BETTER VIEW OF THE GALLBLADDER. THE LARGE AND SMALL INTESTINES AND THE KIDNEYS COULD BE SEEN IN THE RIGHT AND LEFT PREFEMORAL ACOUSTIC WINDOWS; THE LATTER WERE EASILY IDENTIFIED DUE TO INTENSE RENAL VASCULATURE. COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY OF 12 TURTLES PROVIDED DETAILED INFORMATION MAINLY OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM AND SKELETON. WITH REGARD TO SKELETAL STRUCTURES, MULTIPLANAR SAGITTAL RECONSTRUCTION RENDERINGS OF THE CARAPACE AND PLASTRON PROVIDED A DETAILED VIEW OF RESPECTIVE BONES. CLINICALLY RELEVANT ORGANS INCLUDING THE ESOPHAGUS, STOMACH, TRACHEA, BRONCHI, LUNGS, LIVER, GALLBLADDER, HEART, SPLEEN, KIDNEYS WERE ALSO IDENTIFIED IN CT IMAGES. IN THE NECK, THE TRACHEAL MUCOSA COULD BE INSPECTED USING VIRTUAL BRONCHOSCOPY. THE MORPHOLOGY OF THE LUNGS, BRONCHI AND PULMONARY BLOOD VESSELS COULD BE CLEARLY SEEN. AS FOR THE MRI STUDY, THE GENERAL VIEW ON THE 3 ORIENTED PLANES (SAGITTAL, DORSAL AND TRANSVERSE) PROVIDED FOR GOOD UNDERSTANDING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL ANATOMIC FEATURES AND THEIR IDENTIFICATION ON T1 AND T2-WEIGHTED IMAGES PERFORMED IN 10 TURTLES. LIKEWISE, MAJOR ANATOMIC STRUCTURES SUCH AS THE ESOPHAGUS, STOMACH, LUNGS, INTESTINE (DUODENUM AND COLON), LIVER, GALLBLADDER, SPLEEN, KIDNEYS, URINARY BLADDER, HEART, BRONCHI AND LARGE VESSELS COULD BE IMAGED IN DETAIL PRINCIPALLY IN T2-WEIGHTED IMAGES. IT WAS NOT POSSIBLE TO RECOGNIZE THE UE.RETERS OR REPRODUCTIVE TRACT DUE TO THEIR SMALL SIZE.