VETERINARY PATHOLOGY

Author: ROMASANTA BLANCO ANGEL.
Year: 2004.
University: SANTIAGO DE COMPOSTELA [www.usc.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE VETERINARIA DE LUGO.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE VETERINARIA DE LUGO.

Summary: Infection with T. Canis is very common in puppies from most countries in the world, hence the possibility of infection in personassea remarkable. The diagnosis of the most widely used toxocariosis dog is the observation of the parasite eggs in the feces through coprología.Se poses a study divided into several sections, in order to evaluate the advantages and disadvantages posed by the use of techniques inmunoenzimáticas for Diagnostic toxocariosis, using the dog as a model for experimentation. In chapter 3 was designed a pilot study with two groups of pups, one embryonated eggs infected with T. Canis (GI), and another witness without infecting (WP), to establish the humoral immune response (lgG and subclasses IgG1 and IgG2) against antigen excretion / secretion larvae 2 of nematode through ELISA-indirecto. Fecal samples were collected and blood individually, every week, for 16 weeks, at the end of which was administered treatment based piperazine the pups of GI to cause the elimination of adult worms. The early eliminations of eggs in feces were observed from 5 "post-infection (spinnaker), obtaining the highest figures were found at week 12 pi In all of the puppies were developed GI nematode after experimental infection. Through ELlSA - indirect saw in the G-Ilas absorbancias rose quickly after the administration of embryonated eggs and even S "spi Subsequently, the rates of total serum IgG against the antigen metabolic T. Canis experienced a slight increase to 14 "spi, obtaining the highest values in the weeks 11-12 post-infection (spinnaker). To 2" spi The answer IgG1 was similar in animals and witnesses in those infected. As of this moment, in GI appreciated a gradual increase to 10 "spinnaker, which reached its maximum value. Contrary to what apreciábamos on the kinetics of IgG1 in animals of GI values IgG2 rose quickly, so that the 1 "spi Existing absorbancias higher than in the control group, remaining differences throughout the study. From the 1 "spi, the figures for the optical density increased significantly, the yen weeks 4 and 5" pi peak values were obtained, which subsequently declined until the end of the experience. Curves They seem to respond to a response dichotomy, in which production of IgG1 and IgG2 be regulated in antagonistic, the first occurring antibodies IgG2, but as the infection progresses, the titles of IgG2 decrease at the same time increase of IgG1. linking the cycle intraorgánico T. canis and the immune response in dogs, cautions that during the desenquistamiento of embryonated eggs, larvae of emigration to the liver and lungs seems to stimulate an immune response type Th1 characterized by the production of IgG2. Nevertheless, as the intensity of this initial response is not enough to stop the infection, or because of the large antigenic stimulus that is created during the initial stages of parasites, they might also stimulate a response Th2, which rises when the larvae of Toxocara reach different locations functional, causing a noticeable increase IgG1. objectives of paragraph 4 to 8 sistiero 1ff8 No to compare the diagnostic results of toxocariosis canine naturally through coprología and ELISA-indirecto for the detection of IgG total, and then evaluate the possibility of using subclasses IgG1 and IgG2 in diagnosing toxocariosis in dogs with natural infection, using an antigen excretion / secretion obtained from larvae 2 T. canis. For this, and feces were collected blood samples from 159 dogs selected at random among the who went to a veterinary clinic during the 2Â ° half of the year 2000. 37.7% (60/159) of the dogs removed T. canis eggs, and the implementation of ELlSA-indirecto revealed that the percentage. dogs with positive values of total IgG was deI5S'5% (93/159). If we compare the results obtained through coprología and ELlSA-indirecto, it is observed that only 29% (27/93) of the dogs with positive values of IgG vs. T. canis eggs removed at the time of sampling. It is possible that the animals were not removed eggs and positive with the technique ELlSA-indirecto (71%, 67/159), were in contact with the nematode, and have passed the infection (not toxocaras), or that is in toxocariosis phase prepatencia, ie the larvae are migrating for the different organs of the host. It is necessary to bear in mind that the dogs that eliminated the nematode eggs at the time of sampling, 55% (33/60) were negative at ELISA-indirecto. This group of animals is very important because applying the immunoassay technique, would be considered negative, with the risk behave as disposers inaparentes T. canis eggs. Within this group could be found dogs parasitized by a very small number of toxocaras, with a predominance of toxocaras females, or in a state of immunosuppression. 5S'5% (93 / 159) of the dogs showed positive values of IgG1, while only 12'6% (20/159) of IgG2. Bearing in mind the elimination of eggs in the faeces, 45% (27/60) was also positive to IgG1, and 22% to IgG2. If we take into account the results obtained in dogs with toxocariosis pilot, we might conclude that the 12'6% of the dogs would have copies of T. canis under prepatencia (positive IgG2) , migrating to the liver, lung, and so on., and 58'5% of the adult dogs accommodate stages of the parasite (positive IgG1). emergence of T. canis eggs in the feces of dogs indicates that nematodes have completed his emigration intraorgánica (period prepatencia), have returned to the intestine and reached sexual maturity (patencia period). In the present study we found that 22% (13/60) of the dogs was removed eggs positive IgG2, and the 8'2% of all dogs (13/159) were positive IgG1 and IgG2. simultaneous presence of the nematode larvae migrating for the host (lgG2) and toxocaras adults in the intestine (eggs in feces) could explain the existence of animals positive IgG2 and coprología, and those positive for both IgG subclasses. To try to clarify the possible reasons for these apparent contradictions and to improve the interpretation of the results obtained by applying techniques inmunoenzimáticas in diagnosing the toxocariosis canine, in chapter 5 assessed the role that some drug treatments applied often in different conditions, and that might affect the response to this parasite. On this occasion were used puppies paragraph 3, which is added a group treated with procodazol15 days before and 15 days after experimental infection with larvae 2 T. canis (GE), and one also received dexamethasone for 15 days before and 15 days after experimental infection (GD). All the pups of GE eliminated T. canis eggs, and were detected for the first time in the stool between weeks 3 and 7 pi The administration of dexamethasone resulted in a higher elimination of nematode eggs in feces, and in this group the period prepatencia was 3-5 spi was recogíeron 55 nematodes of the pups of GE and 247 of GD. in the three groups of pups infected experimentally detected a significant increase in the total opposite way of IgG antigen T. canis. groups EyO, in the week Op.i. values of IgG in the serum were slightly higher than those in group 1A from the 43 spi the absorbancias stabilized, reaching values more or less constant until the end of the experience. Figures highest corresponded to GE and the lowest were observed in GI, whereas in animals of GD optical densities were intermediate. kinetics IgG1 serum antigen front excretion / secretion was very T. canis similar in 3 groups infected. GI and the GO, rose from 23 spi, obtaining the maximum value in the 103 spi However, the values of GE were always lower than those of the other 2 groups infected, keeping close to those in the control group. highest optical densities were obtained in the group treated with corticosteroids (GO), while the GI introduced intermediate values. response IgG2 in GI risen markedly to the 4 "spi It fell below: on the contrary, in the GE reached lowest values of the 3 groups infected, while the GO introduced a biphasic pattern, obtaining the highest figures at the end of the experience (13 "spinnaker). If relates the development of T. canis inside the pups and the corresponding humoral immune response, it is easy to see that the phase migration of toxocaras (phase prepatencia) was consistent with the highest values of IgG2. however in the pups treated with dexamethasone showed a high number of nematodes, but the values of IgG2 were reduced to Week 8 pi, so in this case his determination not serve as an indicator of the phase of prepatencia. While the arrival of the toxocaras the intestine and its subsequent maturation until adults (patencia phase of infection) coincided with the increase in response IgG1, in dogs treated with dexamethasone, which developed a large number of toxocaras, the titles of this subclass became positive to the 2 "spi, where nematodes had not yet had time to complete its cycle intraorgánico. By contrast, in animals of GE, in which the number of toxocaras was reduced levels of antibodies IgG1 were very low, possibly due to limited antigenic stimulation, and did not reach positive values. These results confirm the difficulty of diagnosing canine toxocariosis naturally through ELlSAi. Although the estimate of the responses IgG1 and IgG2 is useful to better understand the state of infection in dogs, the conclusions derived from the study are not completely conclusive, and the inconveniences arising from this technique emphasizes the influence they can exert some drugs commonly used in the veterinary clinic, as demonstrated in this chapter, may influence the humoral immune response that occurs against infection by T. Canis interfering in its diagnostic techniques inmunoenzimáticas. In Chapter 6, we study the possible existence of cross-immunity to face different parasite antigens more or less coming phylogenetically. We extracted antigens excretion / secretion larvae 2 of Ascaris suum, larvae 3 of Anisakis spp and adult Fasciola hepatica, which were used in a ELlSA-indirecto to assess, first, the humoral immune response (lgG total IgG1 and IgG2) in the pups of chapter 3; to be followedby analyzed with the same method, sera dogs with natural toxocariosis (Ch. 4). At the time of infection were similar in the absorbancias l 8 os encourages ed3 them witnesses and those infected. As of this moment, in GI appreciated rapidly to the 2 "spinnaker, which reached its maximum value. Subsequently, the optical density values remained roughly constant through the 14" spinnaker, but were always clearly higher than in the control group. The IgG response compared antigen excretion / secretion Anisakis spp. Rose easily after infection with embryonated eggs T. Canis. After reaching peak values in the 2 "spi, IgG decreased slightly to reach an absorbance value of more or less constant (around 0'55) until the end of the study. IgG response to antigen showed F. hepatica a model similar to that observed with antigens nematodes. after a rapid increase resulted from infection for dogs larvae 2 T. canis, in GI reached significantly higher values from the 2 "spi, keeping with some variations to the end of the study (14 "spinnaker). Between weeks 2 and 3 post-infection, there was a significant increase in the kinetics of IgG compared to all antigens parasitic assessed, a period that corresponds with the phase of emigration the larvae of Toxocara, during which the release of products excretion / secretion that stimulates the immune response of the host. curves IgG1 obtained against the antigens of A. suum, Anisakis spp. F. hepatica and showed a similar pattern , with a peak in the 9 "spi The response was more intense with antigen A. Suum. It is important to bear in mind that in Chapter 3 showed that the maximum value of IgG1 antigen of T. Canis occurred at 10-11 spi The cross immunity due to IgG2 was weak, producing values significantly lower than those of the IgG1. Only appreciated certain parallels between the curves of T. Canis and A. Suum, since in both peak values appreciated at 4 spi By contrast, antigen Anisakis spp. And F. Hepatica peak was observed by 9 spi If one takes into account the cross-reactivity due to IgG1 and IgG2, seems to highlight the IgG1 contribute more substantially to the existence of cross-immunity T. Canis A. Suum, Anisakis spp. And F. Hepatica, since the values achieved are significantly higher than those of IgG2. In addition, the maximum response IgG1 address these other antigens evaluated took place toward the 8 "-9" spinnaker, as well as against the antigen of T. Canis. In analyzing the response Cross (lgG total IgG1 and IgG2) in dogs with toxocariosis naturally disposed of nematode eggs in feces, appreciated that 55% of them were positive (lgG total) to ascariosis, 45% to anisakiosis and the 33'3% fasciolosis. Appreciative levels of IgG1, it was found that 45% of animals positive coprología were also ascariosis (45%), anisakiosis (21'7%) Yfasciolosis (11'7%). Finally, when they studied the response IgG2 in dogs which eliminated eggs T. Canis in feces, 33'3% ascariosis was positive. These results seem to confirm that the primary responsibility for the cross immunity in toxocariosis canine is the IgG1, as we had found in dogs with toxocariosis pilot.

Author: GUTIÉRREZ PÉREZ M. JOSÉ.
Year: 2004.
University: COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID [www.ucm.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE VETERINARIA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE VETERINARIA.

Summary: This work aims to study markers (bioindicators), its application in the study of environmental pollution prevention and public health. In the case of our project raised the availability of using nerve cells and the artemia saline as biomarkers of damage caused by cadmium. The paper presents two parts, one which reflects the theoretical study of cadmium through literature review and contributed mainly to neurotoxicología. The second part is totally practice which raises the possibility of using cultured neurons (central nervous system) and artemia slaina as biomarkers of damage caused by toxic studied. It has worked with neuronal cell cultures chicken to study from the point of view of pathological and molecular biology effect of cadmium; has also worked with saline artemia, studying the effect of toxic on mortality and motility in the same.

Author: ALBARRACIN MONJE JOSE LUIS.
Year: 2004.
University: AUTÓNOMA DE BARCELONA [www.uab.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE VETERINARIA.
Place of preparation: ESCUELA DE POSTGRADO.

Summary: This study was designed to evaluate the effects of cryopreservation of oocytes retrieved calves prepúberes or adult cows in the organization of chromosomes, morphology and microtubule cytoskeleton structure and the subsequent embryonic development, for this is performed three experimental groups. In the first experimental group once the oocytes matured in vitro (IVM), were divided into 3 groups according to whether they are: 1-Without any treatment (control). 2-Exposed to crioprotectores agents (CPAs). 3-Criopreservados by the method of vitrification of the open pulled straw (PAHO). After thawing the oocytes a sample of these were fixed in paraformaldehido to subsequently perform specific immunofluorescence techniques and examined under a confocal microscope. The remaining oocytes were fecunados and the percentage of cell division and embryonic development were recorded at 48 hours and 7 days post insemination, respectively. After the vitrification or exposure to CPAs, a significantly high procentaje oocytes showed camibos in spindle morphology compared to the control group. The structure of the board of metaphysics cow oocytes matured in vitro was significantly more resistant to the process of vitrification by PAHO. The vitrification oocytes from calves or adult cows showed a significant increase in the procentaje of oocytes showed that actin band discontinuous or lack thereof compared with untreated controls. The oocytes exposed only to CPAs showed an aspect similar to the controls. A normal distribution of actin filament was observed in both cow oocytes as veal, regardless of treatment. The division embryonic blastocyst and the percentage were significantly lower in those oocytes vitrified oocytes compared with the control. The oocytes were obtained from adult cows more susceptible to exposure to CPAs, while the vitrification process appeared to have more harmful effects on the calf of oocytes. In the second experiment the Roscovitina was used to maintain oocytes calf in the germinal vesicle stage for a period of 24 h. The complex cúmulus-ovocitos were sucked ovarian veal and cultured for 24 h in TCM199 containing various concentrations of Roscovitina (0,12.5,25,50 and 100 um). After this period premaduración, a group of oocytes were set for lacmoide or immunohistochemistry and the rest were cultured for 24 h. More permissive conditions ripening. The oocytes cultured with Roscovitina at all concentrations tested, were blocked at the stage of a germinal vesicle. The inhibitory effect varied depending on the dose, the highest concentrations being the most efficient, producing blocking stadium Vesícula Germinal by more than 60.0% of oocytes. However, the inhibitory effect of Roscovitina was fully reversible. The percentage of division and embryonic development of those oocytes premadurados with 50 um of Roscovitina were not significantly different compared to the control oocytes. The morphology of the plate metafásica was typical of the stadium metaphase II in 75.8% of oocytes that reached the stadium in metaphase II after pretreatment with 50 um of Roscovitina did not differ significantly in the control group. A normal distribution of actin filament was observed in a 97.0% and 98.2% of oocytes exposed to 50 um Roscovitina compared to the control, respectively. These results demonstrate the feasibility of maintaining the oocytes of veal stop meiotic artificial without compromising its ability to subsequent development. In the last experimental group, the study was designed to establish the effects of the stadium maturation of oocytes nuclear veal and 8 of a tr 9ed atamiento of premaduración with Roscovitina (ROS) on the resistance cryopreservation. The calf was vitrified oocytes through PAHO stadium broken germinal vesicle (GVBD) or at metaphase II (MII). In another experiment, oocytes in germinal vesicle rotates were premadurados with 50 uM of Ros before the vetrificación. After defrosting, in oocytes stadium GVBD and those premadurados with ROS and vitrified in VGBD were matured during 18h Further, while aqeullos vitrified stage of MII were matured during 2h. Percentages significantly lower division embryonic were obtained for those vitrified oocytes in stadium GVBD and MII (9.9% and 12.6%, respectively) compared with oocytes in the control group (73.9%). Percentage of embryonic division were significantly lower in those oocytes were obtained in vitrified stadium VGBD after premaduración with ROS compared with the control or oocytes compared with oocytes group ROS-CONTROL. Regardless of the stage of maturity in which nuclear vitrified were not obtained embryonic development. A significantly lower percentage of oocytes presented a plaque metafásica normal depsués being exposed to crioprotectores and vitrified (regardless of the stage of maturation) comaprado with controls. These results indicate that the protocol vitrification has a negative effect on the organization of the plate metafásica of vitrified oocytes calf Stadium in IM as VGBD, which affects the subsequent embryonic development. The treatment of premaduración with the ROS had no beneficial effect on the outcome of vitrification by the method of PAHO.

Author: LÓPEZ OLVERA JORGE RAMÓN.
Year: 2004.
University: AUTÓNOMA DE BARCELONA [www.uab.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE VETERINARIA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE VETERINARIA.

Summary: The objective of this thesis was to evaluate the stress of capture, handling and transportation in the Pyrenean chamois (Rupicapra pyrenaica) captured through networks, in addition to determining the feasibility of various non-invasive techniques (heart rate, rectal temperature and concentration of salivary cortisol) to measure the response of stress in this species. The lack of reliable benchmarks prior to this species became necessary benchmark at the time of capture to assess the changes in these parameters. It is hoped to determine the best indicators of stress in the Pyrenean chamois from the data obtained. The effect of the cepromacina both on the stress of capture and transport on stress. The Pyrenean chamois were captured by vertical networks and used the first blood sample obtained at the time of capture to establish reference values for this species. Then the animals were subjected to a period of restraint or three hours were transported to study stress containment and transport, respectively. All experimental groups were divided randomly into treatment group (acepromacina) and control group (saline), and examined the effect of sex, and their interaction with treatment in the group of restraint. The heart rate and rectal temperature were recorded during the entire period of study in all groups, and blood samples were collected every hour in the group of animals of the study containment físic, while in the group of animals transported samples were obtained blood at the time of capture, immediately before and immediately after the transit transport. The results of the capture operations were generally similar to or better than those reported previously for the Alpine chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra). This thesis describes the early intervals complete and reliable reference to the Pyrenean chamois captured by vertical network, and describes the differences according to sex, age and station, suggesting the need to establish different reference intervals for each situation. The heart rate increased during transport only in the control animals, while the temperature dropped over time in all groups. The erythrocyte parameters (erythrocyte count, hematocrit and hemoglobin concentration) fell after the capture in all groups. The white blood cell count changed uan lymphocytosis initial neutrophilia with lymphopenia, increasing the total white blood cell over time. The counting of monocytes and neutrophils in Banda increased over time in the treated group chamois Restraint and the animlaes control of the transport group. The serum cholesterol, triglycerides, lactate, creatinine, and potassium chlorides and the activity of serum alkaline phosphatase decreased from the initial values obtained in the capture, whereas serum levels of cortisol, total bilirubin and urea and activities enzymatic serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) increased over time. The serum concentration of glucose increased over 8 the prim d49 was part of the study period to diminish later, and the serum concentration of sodium increased in untreated animals group containment and decreased in the group treated chamois transport. The differences found in the response of stress among male and female Pyrenean chamois in erythrocyte parameters, glucose, and total bilirubin, creatinine, and potassium chloride indicate a response catecolamínica more potent in females, while differences in lymphocyte count , cortisol and ALT seem to point to a more intense response to corticosteroids in males. The carriage was a stimulus more stressful than physical containment for the Pyrenean chamois, as indicated by the highest values and the lack of decline over time in heart rate, the parameters eitrocitarios (erythrocyte count, hematocrit and hemoglobin concentration ), creatinine, urea, ALT, CK, LDH, chloride and sodium. The acepromacina improved animal welfare and reduced the risk to the lives of the Pyrenean chamois captured and treated, which showed no increased heart rate during transport, lower values and a stabilization earlier rectal temperature, decreases more pronounced with values significantly lower erythrocyte parameters, creatinine, urea, potassium and sodium and smaller increases in serum enzyme activity (ALT, AST, CK and LDH). While some of the positive effects of acepromacina may be due to its action tranquilizer Central, most of the beneficial aspects of this drug can be attributed to its action blocking alfa-adrenérgica on the blood vessels in the spleen, kidney and muscle. In addition, the effect of acepromacina seems central to be influenced by the stressful nature of the agent, as monocytes, neutrophils in badn and cortisol increased in the group of animals treated in the study of containment, while in the study of transportation rose in the control group, suggesting a higher level of excitement in these two groups. The acepromacina also had a calming effect and protector greater for females, as evidenced by temperature, the enzyme activity of serum ALT, AST, CK and LDH and serum concentrations of chloride and potassium. The concentration of salivary cortisol showed a good correlation with serum total cortisol and is a potentially useful noninvasive tool for assessing the response of stress, provided that the resolution of problems in obtaining the sample and the method is properly validated.

Author: FERNÁNDEZ GONZÁLEZ OLAXYS.
Year: 2004.
University: EXTREMADURA [www.unex.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD VETERINARIA DE CÁCERES.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE VETERINARIA DE CÁCERES.

Summary: Lawsonia intracellularis is a newly identified bacterium which produces tables entéricos in different animal species. It affects a wide variety of mammalian and avian species, causing changes in the final stages of the small intestine or in the initial sections of the bulk. It is a bacterium causing great economic losses and very difficult to control, because even if we apply effective treatments that we believe are detectable pigs overdue and pathologic lesions that develop their own forms of chronic disease at the time of slaughter or withdraw treatment antibiotic growth promoters. This bacterium was not detected in Cuba, none of the species that affect them, but at the end of the decade of the 90, suspected his presence in Cuban pig farms. To detect their presence and characterize disease, which causes if identified, projected a study on pigs integral pig farms in the provinces of Havana City and Havana. The etiological diagnosis was based on techniques Inmunohistoquímicas with specific antibodies to the bacteria producing the EPP and the selection of samples was performed by the way of the pathologic lesions that were detected in pigs sampled both in the room autopsies of the faculty of veterinary Havana, as of slaughterhouses to which the pigs were sent to units which are identified as affected by L intracellularis. Furthermore a study was carried out immunohistochemical allowing characterize the cell population involved in the inflammatory response of the different forms anantomopatológicas dela disease. This study revealed that the inflammatory response developed in three of the four pathologic forms, was characterized by a proliferation of mononuclear cells in which macrophages and linfoctios t CD3 positive play a major role, but always matches the participation of macrophages and to a lesser extent with the involvement of lymphocytes t CD3 positive. The histochemical techniques used in this study were four: Warthin-starry; Levditis; Steiner-steiner and reticulin. Among these techniques only two were able to show a bacterium producing the EPP, the WS and Levaditis.

Author: VERBISCK BUCKER GISELE.
Year: 2004.
University: MURCIA [www.um.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE VETERINARIA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE VETERINARIA.

Summary: In this study pretendimos confirm the existence of contagious agalactia, knowing the extent of infection with Mycoplasma agalactiae in the Andalusian mountain goat populations, and determine the factors that influence the epidemiological dynamics agalactica contagious in this population, if to confirm their existence. This has been collected samples ooze otic and eye 500 animals captured or killed purposes cinegéticos or scientific between the years 1996 and 2003. We analyzed animals living free and placed in the existing fences in the provinces of Granada, Almeria, Malaga and Jaen. Among the 411 mountain goats living free, 62 were pups, 22 subadults Class I, 83 subadults class II and 244 adults from Almeria (n = 161), Cadiz (n = 11), Grenada (n = 117) , Jaén (n = 31) and Malaga (n = 91). In this group there were 275 males and 136 females. Of the 89 captive animals, 7 were pups, 5 subadults Class I, 24 subadults class II and 53 adults from Almeria (n = 7), Grenada (n = 68) and Malaga (n = 14). Among the mountain captive, 58 were males and 31 females. The samples were analyzed by traditional methods for isolating and mycoplasmas strains identified microbiologicamente as M. Agalactiae were confirmed by PCR. To statistically analyze the relationship between the presence of M. Agalactiae and certain risk factors, such as we consider the year of study, the provinces of origin of the animals, according to the meta-populations established Studies at the genetic level, age, sex, scabies, reproductive cycles and weather stations. We analyzed separately animals free and fencing. They identified 76 strains of Mycoplasma gender, and 47 identified as M. microbiological and molecularly Agalactiae. Among the animals fenced there was only one female recental infected by M. Agalactiae, from the Sierra Nevada grenadine. It confirmed the presence of M. Agalactiae in 11.2% of the ibex release (46/411). The presence of scabies was not significant in terms of infection by M. Agalactiae (p (Fisher) = 0.5). The year 1998 was the increased frequency of infection by M. Agalactiae (21.4%, 37/173;? 2 = 31.24, df = 1, p less than 0001). Grenada was the province with the largest number of mountain infected (47.8%, 22/46;? 2 = 9.53, df = 1, p = 0002). In the Sierra Nevada was found 73.9% (34/46) of the mountain carrying M. Agalactiae, indicating that 13.3% (34/256) of those who lived in this area were infected. In metapopulations "Sierra Nevada" were observed 14.7% (40/273) of infected animals in the area (? 2 = 9.79, df = 1, p = 0002). The sex factor introduced significance (? 2 = 6.69, df = 1, p = 0009); females had a higher relative frequency of infection by M. Agalactiae (16.9%, 23/136), representing 50% (23/46) of the infected individuals observed. This subpopulation showed a higher risk of being infected by M. Agalactiae (OR = 2.23, 1.15 lower than OR less than 4.33). There was a significant association between the year of life and the frequency of infection (? 2 = 36.53, df = 15, p = 0001). The 69.6% (32/46) of the animals carrying M. Agalactiae animals were aged between their first birthday and the fourth is the third year of life where the frequency of M. Agalactiae was higher (26.8%, 11/41;? 2 = 11.2, df = 1, p = 0001). As for reproductive cycles considered during the time of lactation has been observed maximum frequency (16.3%, 25/153) of mountain infected (? 2 = 6.5, df = 1, p = 0011) . The seasons have not presented significant differences with regard to infection by this pathogen (p greater than 0.05), although it was observed more frequently on summer (16.5%, 16/97). At 8 integrate bbb all significant risk factors in an analysis of multivariate rate through a logistic regression, which included as explanatory variables "metapopulations", "sex" and "age", it was noted that among the three meta-populations analyzed, the female pups goat montesa Sierra Nevada are more likely to be infected by M. Agalactiae in the future, emphasizing that the males of the Sierra Nevada are infectarían more easily than males from other meta-populations and even that female mountain of metapopulations of Malaga. An outbreak of contagious agalactica by M. Agalactiae occurred during the year 1998 on the southern slope of the Sierra Nevada mountain range. During March and August of the year 1998 there were 40 animals sick with symptoms of contagious agalactia, with 20 offspring of the year and 23 males. Of the 40 clinical cases, 5 animals could not be identified in terms of sex and age. Most belonged to the people of Almeria (35/40). Among the mountain sick, 37 were blind (keratoconjunctivitis) and 18 lameness (arthritis). Of the patients, 17 died as a direct or indirect consequence of the disease. We concluded that the populations of ibex (Capra pyrenaica hispanica) of Andalusia are carrying Mycoplasma agalactiae, a species of mycoplasma submitting the highest frequency of isolation and to a lesser proportion of M. Arginini, M. Mycoides subsp. Capri, M. Mycoides subsp. Mycoides LC and other species of mycoplasmas that could not be identified by conventional techniques of microbiology. The strains of Mycoplasma agalactiae isolated from the mountain goats are their counterparts in gene 16S rRNA sequence, the strain pattern Mycoplasma agalactia (PG2) and other strains of Mycoplasma agalactiae isolated from domestic goats deposited in the NCBI Gene Bank. The most significant risk factors in the epidemiology of infection with Mycoplasma agalactiae in ibex are sex, age and origin of metapopulations. Logistic regression predicts that females, especially in the first age group of metapopulations divided between the Sierra Nevada, Sierra Gádor, Sierra de la Contraviesa and Sierra Lújar are those that are most likely to be infected with Mycoplasma agalactiae.

Author: CALERO DE LA PAZ ENRIQUE.
Year: 2004.
University: CÓRDOBA [www.uco.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE VETERINARIA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE VETERINARIA.

Summary: In this paper studied the muscles longissimus lumbaris and semitendinossus of pigs that have been treated with clenbuterol and clenbuterol and dexamethasone, as substances finalizadoras for fattening. As study material we used 30 pigs Landrace x Large white, divided into 3 groups of 10 pigs each. Panel control (QA) group treated with clenbuterol (CLB), and group with clenbuterol and dexamethasone (CLDX). By histological techniques, histochemical and morphometric study has been done on the structure, ultrastructure, organization and types of muscle fibers longissimus lumbaris and semitendinossus.Hemos described in these muscles in the control group (CG), which consist mainly of three types fiber: l type, type lla and type llb.Además their descriptions to the electron microscope. We have seen that the action of clenbuterol on the fibers of these muscles produces a hipertrofía or increasing muscle mass generalizada.Dicha hipertrofía is due to an increase in fibers, but with a manifesto disruption, which leads to submit hipertrofías atypical. At withdrawn clenbuterol from the diets of pigs have found that its action is reversible loss of hipertrofía of the muscle fibers, and even cells in regression showed degenerative phases. Finally joint action of clenbuterol and dexamethasone produces hipertrofias for part of clenbuterol, while those tables alterations are compounded by the action of dexamethasone, to develop a generalized edema or anasarca.

Author: BLANCO EGUREN GERARDO.
Year: 2004.
University: CÓRDOBA [www.uco.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE MEDICINA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE MEDICINA.

Summary: In the present work we studied the changes that produce agonists b2-adrenérgicos in the adrenal glands of calves treated with clenbuterol, and the relative recovery of these glands to withdraw the anabolista from the diets of these animalesdomésticos. As experimental animals were used thirty calves race crossing Averdeen-Angus with Charolaise in good health and without historialde enfermedadesprevias, whose alimentaciónse añadieronlos tratamientoscon clenbuterol. The animalesfueronasignadosal random to one of three experimental groups: CLB (n = 10): group treated with clenbuterol until the end of the experience. The clenbuterol was administered mixed with the diet in the proportionof 1 ppm. (Periodode treatment: three months) CLBR (n = 10): in whom treatment with clenbuterol was withdrawn during the two weeks prior to slaughter. The clenbuterol was administered mixed with the diet in the proportion of 1 ppm. (Period treatment: two and a half months), receiving the control diet during the last two weeks. Control (n = 10): Group alimentadocon diet without clenbuterol. The effects of treatment with clenbuterol on the adrenal glands were quantified by morphometric methods (area, volume, linear dimensions and form factors) and stereological (fraction of volume, density and surface density digital); histopathological changes were attributable to treatment observed both optical and electronic, and its impact was expressed semicuantitativamente.

Author: GUTIERREZ GODINEZ JESSICA NINETH.
Year: 2004.
University: CÓRDOBA [www.uco.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE VETERINARIA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE VETERINARIA.

Summary: This study has been raised to contribute to the understanding of the pathogenesis of BSE and table lesion that originates in the brain, using transgenic mice tg Bo-PrP and to determine the usefulness of these animals as a tool by the study of this disease . In our study, only 20% of animals showed symptoms typical of BSE from the 302 +-26 dpi, reconfirming the reduction in the incubation period. In addition, the injuries presented structural characteristics (spongiosis astrocitosis and microgliosis) of BSE. During our study structural and ultrastructural, and vacuolation neuronal injury of neuropilo was more frequent in infected animals from 180 dpi. La activación de la microglía y especialmente , la astrocitosis estuvieron presentes en nuestro estudio a partir del acúmulo inicial de la PrPres, presentándose durante toda la experiencia y localizándose , principalmente , alrededor de los depósitos de la proteína prión y de las áreas de vacuolización, lo demonstrating that is directly related to the accumulation of PrPres. In addition, we have confirmed quela astrocitosis and microgliosis involved in the production and / or fagocitosisi of the prion protein positivity filed against the antibody anti-PrPres in their cytoplasm. We have shown that neurodegenaración is associated with alterations of the neuronal cytoskeleton by the establishment of the filaments helicoidades pairs (FHPs) consitituidos mainly by the protein tau hiperforsoforilada demonstrated the immunohistochemical study. The prion protein and the protein tau hiperfosforilada are located in the same areas, suggesting they are found in association although its mechanism is unknown. These results corroborate the involvement of the protein tau during the pathogenesis of BSE placing it within the group of taupatías.

Author: BORGE RODRIGUEZ M. CARMEN.
Year: 2004.
University: CÓRDOBA [www.uco.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE VETERINARIA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE VETERINARIA.

Summary: This paper demonstrates the production suilisina in a total of 310 strains of different serotypes of the species Streptococcus suis by applying techniques titration of the hemolytic activity. Of the 310 strains, 189 came from diseased pigs, 118 strains were isolated from tonsilas apparently healthy pigs slaughtered in the slaughterhouse and three strains of S.suis serotype 2 isolated from cerebrospinal fluid of personas.Dentro of pig strains there are significant differences the frequency obtained for the clinical isolates (38.1%) and tonsilares (22.9%). The three human strains also had the capacity to produce this hemolisina, is sure that this is linked to hemolisina different serotypes S.suis not related to the clinical form produced. It also establishes the relationship between the production of suilisina and production of protein MRP and EF, and it is found that 81.6% of the strains of serotype 2 presents the phenotype MRP FE + + + Sly, which confirm the association mainly this serotip. In this paper, experimental studies were conducted to verify the inoculation pathogenicity of S.suis, this will develop three models on epithelial cells of the line LLC-PK1, mice and pigs using strains of different origin (clinical or tonsilar) and serotypes phenotypes in relation to protein MRP, JF and Sly, checking all the strains studied had the capacity to join but not invade epithelial cells employed. Trial results in mice show that among those inoculated with the entire crop, there are differences in mortality rates and clinical signs observed depending on the origin of the strain (clinical or tonsilar) suggesting the need for using bacterial cultures complete, this is where the bacteria and extracellular products produced during its growth. Finally, it provides a model of experimental inoculation in pigs selecting the use of a crop full S.suis at a concentration of 2.6 * 108 cfu / mL intravenously, without advising immunosuppression with biological or chemical agents.

Author: JODRAL MILLAN JOSE CARLOS.
Year: 2004.
University: CÓRDOBA [www.uco.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE VETERINARIA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE VETERINARIA.

Summary: We have studied the changes produced in the testicles of pigs treated with clenbuterol and clenbuterol and dexametasona.Como study material we used 30 pigs race LandracexLarge white, aged between 6 and nine months of age, divided into three groups experimentation, each with 10 pigs:-Group Control (QA), ab libitum fed with a diet based on corn and saja and slaughtered with an average of 81.3 Kg weight. Group-treated with clenbuterol (GCL), which was administered clenbuterol (1 ppm) in your diet, from 6 months of age until they are .. sacrifice, with a weight of 88.2 kg in weight. Group-treated with clenbuterol and dexamethasone (CLBDX), which was administered clenbuterol until the end of the experience in a similar manner to CLB group, and in the últíma week, it added daily 0.79 mg dexamethasone. At slaughter animals weighed alrededorde 86.7 Kg. Treatment effects on the morphology testicular were quantified by morphometric and stereological methods. The studies were conducted using optical microscopy and electronics. It highlights an increase in the interstitial tissue in the treated groups, and an increase in stereological and morphometric parameters of the Leydig cells of groups CLB and CLBDX regarding control, which translates into a hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the producing cells testosterone. The effects of treatment with clenbuterol were equally evident at the seminiferous epithelium, stressing the significant reduction of stereological parameters in the treated groups showed control.Se respect to a significant change of the wave cycle of the seminiferous sperm, highlighted by the reduction of density size of most of its components, and also by severe morphological alterations of the same in the treated groups (CLB and CLBDX) compared with the control group. Finally table lesion of the seminiferous epithelium cells showed disgregaciones of its components, the presence of inclusions lipídicasy formation giant cells multinucleadasen group treated pigs.

Author: VILLALBA MONTORO ENRIQUE JESÚS.
Year: 2004.
University: LAS PALMAS DE GRAN CANARIA [www.ulpgc.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE VETERINARIA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE VETERINARIA.

Summary: In this Doctoral Thesis have focused the study of micoplasmosis in small ruminants with two different clinical approaches. The first study (experience 1) consisted of the analytical clinical samples received at the Laboratory of Health and Production of Cordoba (Junta de Andalucia), as well as at the University of Cordoba (Dpto. for Animal Health), overlooking the etiological diagnosis infections micoplásmicas, primarily related to processes Agalaxia Contagious, in the Autonomous Andaluza. The analysis was conducted in the period 1988-2003, from milk secretions, conjunctival swabs, headphones, vaginal and nasal, bronchial ooze, liquid articulate, as well as offal and carcasses sent to these centers for health advocacy groups, veterinarians and Cattlemen that should complete a questionnaire on epidemiological delivery. The binomial Mycoplasma agalactiae / Possible M.agalactiae was isolated species in 165 cases (76.7%), followed in order of importance in terms of pathogenicity by Mycoplasma mycoides subs.mycoides LC (31, 14.4%). Experience 2 consists of 80 clinical cases were divided into two groups. The first relates to tables neumónicos affecting a wide range of ages in the group. Just highlight in the same case, the first isolation of Mycoplasma mycoides subs.capri in Spain, and Mycoplasma mycoides subs.mycoides LC and intermediate strains of Group M.mycoides in Las Palmas (Canary Islands), as well as the participation of Mycoplasma mycoides subs.mycoides LC in a box pleuropneumonia in adult goats. The second group consists of 72 cases compatible with macroscopically enzootic pneumonia in animals less than 9 months, having analyzed samples of lung and trachea from feedlots, slaughterhouses and extensive herds. It shows a direct relationship between the frequency of isolation and the existence of macroscopic lesions, mostly isolates from lobes apical (58.4%). The main actors responsible for the paintings were Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae and the bacterium Mannheimia haemolytica, the etiology remains predominant in a 36.1% of cases, the association + bacterium Mycoplasma, followed by M.ovipneumoniae a 23.6%.

Author: Hermes Ceresér Victor.
Year: 2004.
University: MURCIA [www.um.es].
Place of defense: Facultad de Veterinaria.
Place of preparation: Facultad de veterinaria.

Summary: In the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Boophilus microplus is the only species of ticks found in cattle, and generates great economic losses. In their control, are used garrapaticidas. However, over the years ticks have shown a remarkable ability to develop resistance to these products. Often, the implementation of bathrooms garrapaticidas not the desired effectiveness. But not always inefficient toilets is related to a situation of resistance. In most cases, such inefficiency is associated generally with factors of management and implementation of treatment (dosis-concentraciones casualties, etc.). Favoring the development of resistant populations of ticks to garrapaticidas in use. It is therefore important to identify the main causes of inefficiency gives baths garrapaticidas determine the effectiveness of different garrapaticidas used in Rio Grande do Sul, to identify resistant strains of ticks and provide technical support to tick control programs. To achieve these goals, were sampled ticks of farms along with samples of the solution used in the bathrooms of cattle. The ticks were subjected to the action of the various garrapaticidas already collected samples of the bath, according to the technique advocated by Drummond et al. (1973), by calculating the percentage of inhibition of putting fertile. It felt good garrapaticida whether caused inhibition of placing equal to or higher than 97%. Our results indicate that farmers treat animals when they show high rates of infestation, usually by applying an excessive number of treatments. In most of the time the animals remain infected after being treated, or infestations reappear 30 days after treatment, indicating the failure of the treatments. The vast majority of farms surveyed do not have any veterinary advice, which by itself explain the poor performance. Whereas throughout the study, the use of products garrapaticidas today is essential, but it should not be viewed as the only alternative, but in an integrated manner with sound management measures, with a clear need for the introduction of eradication programs and to assist divulgació to farmers in resolving this problem.

Author: GARCIA BOCANEGRA IGNACIO ANTONIO.
Year: 2004.
University: CÓRDOBA [www.uco.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE VETERINARIA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE VETERINARIA.

Summary: In the period between January 2003 and December 2004, we have made in epidemiological study of cases and controls to establish determinants of the two major virus affecting the rabbit bush: mixomatosis and rabbit haemorrhagic disease (RHD). The areas correspond to the selected municipalities in the south of the province of Cordoba, which includes all the Mediterranean ecosystem habitat (countryside, scrub timber crops, wetlands, mountains, etc.). In each of the zones were collected blood samples from animals caught, or liver and blood of the rabbits abitados during the hunting season. Along with the collection of samples for compliance different epidemiological questionnaires with the aim of establishing the main risk factors that influence the prevalence of disease, inclyéndose variables related to rabbits, disease and the environment. During the study period were processed 619 nmuestras blood for the presence of antibodies to both virus. Once separate the serum samples were subjected serological analysis used commercial ELISA kits. The result of these tests was taken as dependent variable for the epidemiological study, while data from the questionnaires epidemiological acted as independent variable. The statistical study was descriptive analysis followed by a Bivariante and finally, a multivariate analysis conducted by logistic regression, from which were built predictive models for the two diseases. The seropositive compared to 619 samples analyzed was 56.38 percent for the mixomatosis and 29.24 percent for RHD. On the other hand, 128 rabbits (20%) were HIV-positive compared to both virus, the number of rabbits being seronegative relatively high (217, 30.05%). Finally, the number of rabbits that had been in contact with one of the agents was 402 (64.94%). By multivariate analysis were obtained, finally, the logistic regression models that lets us know the variables that influence the seropositivad of viral agents studied. In the case of mixomatosis such variables were: "reproductive status," "seropositive" RHD "pressure conegética", "seasonal" density sheep "," density of mosquitoes, "" disinsection dens "and" levels of nickel in soil. " This model has a predictive value golbal of 75.4 percent. The blueprint for the virus of RHD, with a predictive value of 80.1 percent, consists of the following variables: "seropositivity to mixomatosis", "presence of antibodies to either virus included in the study. Con a predictive value of 73.3 percent overall this model closely resembles that of mixomatosis and includes: "reproductive status," "hunting pressures", "seasonal", "density of mosquitoes," "disinsection dens" and " levels of nickel in soil. "

Author: MARTIN HERNANDO MARIA PAZ.
Year: 2004.
University: CÓRDOBA [www.uco.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE VETERINARIA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE VETERINARIA.

Summary: Conducting autopsies and histopathological analysis, are basic tools for elavorar the state of health of the animals and make an effective prophylaxis. However, few studies on specific histopathological exotic fauna and wildlife, especially taking into cuentaa the particularities of each species. In this Doctoral Thesis has wanted progress in the histopathologic diagnosis of diseases of both wildlife as delos pertenencientes to zoological collections, comparing and ralcionando pathologies diagnostic their living conditions. We have also been able to investigate diseases of special interest or in a previously undescribed species. During the period 1995-2001 were analyzed 497 animals, 255 of the collection's Zoo, 342 birds, most of CRAS and 22 reptiles, mostly Camaleones (Chamaleo chamaleon) CRAS. A 74.5% of the tests were able to establish a conclusive diagnosis, in a 43% exclusively through medical records and the macroscopic lesions, and a 31.5% after the histopathological analysis. In mammals were diagnosed more frequently bacterial diseases, especially neurmonías. He also described for the first time two diseases: pneumonia by adenovirus in Maras (Dolichotis patagona), and thyroid hyperplasia bociógena the White Tigers (panthera tigris) infants. In wild birds, the most common injuries were traumatic origin or from starvation, but were fracuentes infectious and parasitic diseases such as aspergillosis and trichomoniasis, which were sometimes the cause of admission. In birds in the zoological collection, the most frequent causes of death was bacterial diseases, such as salmonella in ardeidos, followed by viral diseases such as herpesvirosis in ciconiformes. Within the chameleons wild out cases of dystocia and those belonging to the zoo intestinal coccidiosis.

Author: DALTABUIT TEST MARA ELISA.
Year: 2004.
University: ZARAGOZA [www.unizar.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE VETERINARIA.
Place of preparation: INSTITUTO VASCO DE INVESTIGACIÓN Y DESARROLLO AGRARIO (NEIKER).

Summary: This thesis investigated aspects of diagnosis, epidemiology and infection control by VMV in sheep. Studies were conducted to (i) compare the diagnostic validity of up to seven tests chain reaction polymerase (PCR) for detection of VMV integrated into cells (provirus) and free (ii) to investigate the presence of VMV in colostrum sheep with HIV and their relationship with the infection in sheep and (iii) exploring the horizontal transmission of VMV in adult sheep subjected to varying degrees of pressure from infection VMV. Part of the comparative study of PCRs were carried out within a project V Framework Program of the Research Directorate-General of the European Commission aimed at developing a PCR test for detecting LVPR spectrum pan-European. An analysis of sensitivity and specificity of diagnostic tests with five laboratories lentivirus sheep from the Universities of Lyon (France), Utrecht (Netherlands), Oslo (Norway), the Institute of Agrobiotechnology and Natural Resources, CSIC-UPNA of Pamplona and in the Basque Institute of Agricultural Research and Development (NEIKER) Derio. With all the trials was detectable LVPR home sheep and goats in general and the specificity of the techniques were good. However, the sensitivity of the tests varied considerably depending on the test, the origin of the samples and the laboratory where the test was conducted. Overall, developed in Derio PCR to amplify sequences in the region "long terminal repeats (LTR) showed a sensitivity comparatively higher than the rest of PCRs in DNA from blood samples from sheep of Europe. To investigate infection VMV associated with the consumption of colostrum analyzed the presence of antibodies to VMV and VMV integrated and free colostrum sheep seropositive and HIV status to 300 days of age in lambs that consumed this colostrum during the first 24 hours of life. We identified VMV in colostrum using LTR-PCR and was designed to detect a new PCR gag gene sequences (Gag-PCR) VMV. The Gag-PCR detected provirus and VMV free not associated with somatic cells (CS) through a protocol purification of RNA viral retrotrasncripción and viral cDNA amplification. There was a good correlation between the PCRs indicating that the presence of provirus colostrum is associated with the presence of virus-free and the percentage of calostros seropositive was higher than calostros PCR-positivos. The probability of being HIV-positive to 300 days of age were independently associated with the presence of the virus in colostrum, the way they took the colostrum, with a bottle or suckling of the sheep and volume of colostrum ingested. Lambs who took bottle with the sheep colostrum had a higher risk of infection than those who took the mother and possible causes of this are discussed in detail. The risk of infection was also higher by increasing the amount of colostrum PCR-positivo ingested except those who took a volume of colostrum above the median, where the risk was independent of the state of PCR colostrum. These results indicate that the amount of virus in HIV-positive sheep colostrum varies substantially depending on the individuals and that probably most of the calostros seropositive have VMV. However, when the amount of VMV this is low, only infect lambs that consume a high volume of colostrum. For practical purposes control VMV be justified the use of PCR to identify calostros risk of infection if it was not possible to obtain alternative colostrum not infected sheep or destroy the VMV warming colostrum to 56Â ° C prior to dispensing. At the end of the previous study, the lambs became part of the experimental herd infected VMV sheep breeding Latxa in milking NEIKER and kept a group of male castrated in a separate building to study horizontal transmission in each group by ELISA and LTR-PCR. In two years, the prevalence of infection rose from 16% to 60% 8 in the gr 63c upo of replacement females and from 14% to 18% in the group of males. In addition most of the females were infected in the first 6 months after entering the milking herd. On the one hand, the findings made in females reinforcing the known risk of horizontal transmission of VMV in dairy herds latxos and demonstrate that the probability of infection VMV does not increase with age as can be seen when using the technique serological IDGA, less sensitive the ELISA. On the other hand, almost no incidence of VMV between males shows that under certain conditions, the confinement of sheep infected and free VMV does not necessarily imply a significant spread horizontally. New studies to identify risk factors for transmission and excretion of VMV in the herd will be useful to better understand the epidemiology of VMV and design strategies more precise control infection VMV.

Author: SALDIVIA SALDIVIA CLAUDIO.
Year: 2004.
University: ZARAGOZA [www.unizar.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE VETERINARIA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE VETERINARIA.

Summary: The influence on the prevalence of HIV and the levels of antibody titres made against the Moquillo canine, and Canine Parvovirus leptospira in connection with intrinsic factors (age, race, sex) and extrinsic (Geographical origin, source, frequency of contact with other dogs, year and season), as well as vaccination status, primovacunaciones and revacunaciones, vaccine doses, the vaccination schedule, time elapsed since the last vaccination, number of antigens in vaccines, commercial house used during the study and state health have been studied in an epidemiological investigation, type cross, with a sample of 736 dogs from various sources. We found significant differences in age (senior dogs remain the most disadvantaged by vaccinations, whether as a result of their own vaccines or programs used vaccine against the virus Moquillo and Canine Parvovirus). Faced with the virus Moquillo canine (QOL), we found differences in age, race, geographical origin, source and frequency of contact with other dogs, year and season, in the vaccinated and unvaccinated, primovacunados and revacunados, number of doses administered, time postvacunación, number of antigens administered vaccinations, as well as commercial used the house, which has interaccionado with all the factors associated with vaccination. The Canine Parvovirus (CPV), we found differences in age, race, geographical origin, source and frequency of contact with other dogs, season, vaccination, number of antigens in the vaccine, so as time elapsed since the last vaccination and trading house. In Leptospiras, we found differences in age, race, geographical origin, time of year, the dogs vaccinated and unvaccinated, primovacunaciones and revacunaciones, periodicity in the vaccination, the number of doses, time postvacunación, commercial and home .

Author: VARGA ORTIZ FRANCISCO JAVIER.
Year: 2004.
University: ZARAGOZA [www.unizar.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE VETERINARIA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE VETERINARIA.

Summary: Work was carried out clínico - patológico and epidemiological of sheep scrapie in the Autonomous Community of Aragon (CA.). Elestudio epidemiological between the year 2002 and 2004 included the declaration of 19 outbreaks of the disease that occurred in the tresprovincias in CA Aragon in flocks of Rasa Aragonesa. The results indicate that there are areas of greatest risk laenfermedad. The incidence of clinical cases per herd observed in this study was 0.27% and the prevalence of cases preclinicospor herd was 7.11% of animals. These data suggest that there is a proportion of animals that do not show symptoms and quepueden act as carriers of the disease. Creating an epidemiological survey in the affected herds, permitióidentificar the presence of some potential risk factors: i) the purchase of animals for replacement ii) high density sheep iii) the use of communal grazing and iv) lack of collection of placentas in parideras and their inclusion in the preparation delabono organic then joins pastures, favoring the possible contamination of the same. In the second work, study of the clinical symptoms observed in the animals involved in these outbreaks. It worked with a total of 50 animals (24positivos and 26 negative control). The loss of body condition (58.3%), ataxia (54.2%, OR = 4.96), hiperexcitabilidad to estímulosexternos (50%), reflecting positive response to scratch (45.8%) and tremors head (41.7%, OR = 17.86) and grinding dedientes (41.7%, OR = 3.93), were also important clinical signs of disease. Remarcablemente, noted the advent hypoaesthesia or analgesia total extremities (54.2%, OR = 29.54), as it was a clinical symptom first described inthe scrapie. This symptom could be related to the hiporreflexia (41.7%, OR = 5.48) and alterations propioceptivas tambiénobservadas in this study. Finally, we should stress the observation of cardiac arrhythmia (50%, OR = 4.20), which is a signoclínico described by other authors in cattle affected by BSE. The third work was conducted by sampling biopsy tercerpárpado of 146 animals from one of the hotbeds described in the study, 1 of which were positive 18 animales.Estos 18 animals along with 12 others that were negative were sampled in this study . The 30 animals semantuvieron in a herd of pilot study and analyzed clinically on a regular basis until sacrifice fasefinal. This allowed the identification of the symptoms were statistically significant for each of the three phases clinics delscrapie. In the initial phase: hypoaesthesia in extremities, mental status changes and loss of body condition. It dedestacar that hypoaesthesia / analgesia extremities was a sign seen at an early stage. In the intermediate stage: hiporreflexia, cardiac arrhythmia, itching and the reflection of positive scratch. In the final phase: tremors head lahiperexcitabilidadi, ataxia / alterations locomotives and grinding of teeth. Based on this data established a clinical index (CI) for the race Rasa Aragonesa that helps determine the clinical stage of an animal at a given time. In the latest study deésta memory, partnered the emergence of different clinical symptoms with the accumulation and distribution of PrPsc in diferenteszonas cores CNS. It worked with 13 sheep scrapie affected by the course in the different clinical stages dela disease (3 in preclinical stage, 2 in the initial phase, 3 in the intermediate stage and 5 in finals). We studied the distribution of PrPscen the different clinical stages of the disease observed that the same deposited progressively more intensively endet 8 erminada 802 s cores areas of the nervous system as the disease evolved clinically. Finally serealizó the statistical association between the valuation of PrPsc in the CNS and the occurrence of certain clinical symptoms: i) lasalteraciones mental state with the limbic system and frontal cortex, ii) hiperexcitabilidad / positive response to the test lapalmada with body geniculado medial thalamus, cerebelonúcleos vestibular in eliii) and the bridge and parietal cortex, hypoaesthesia with thoracic spinal cord iv) pruritus with the thalamus and spinal cord cervical v) reflect scratch with marrow and lumbar spinal ganglion of dorsal root of the lumbar spinal cord vi) changes propioceptivas with médulaoblongada level obex and bridge, cerebellum, thalamus and mesencéfalo vii) hiporreflexia with thoracic spinal cord, and thalamus mesencéfalo viii) tremors in the head with the Purkinje cell layer of the cerebellum, bridge and marrow oblongada anivel of obex ix) ataxia with the Purkinje cell layer of the cerebellum and the area of the lymph banal x) loss of reflection derespuesta threat to the layer of cells Purkinje cerebellum and cortex occipitaL Other general symptoms such comocontracciones ruminal diminished, grinding of teeth, tachycardia and cardiac arrhythmia were associated with the formaciónreticular of mesencéfalo.

Author: SAGARMINAGA COLLADO JOSÉ LUIS.
Year: 2005.
University: MURCIA [www.um.es].
Place of defense: HOSPITAL CLÍNICO VETERINARIO - FACULTAD DE VETERINARIA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE VETERINARIA DE MURCIA.

Summary: The objectives of this work have been studying the morphology and get biometrics eye to ocular structures by two-dimensional ultrasonography in different species of birds of prey. For this study were used 83 animals belonging to 16 species of diurnal and nocturnal birds of prey who entered the recovery center wildlife "The Valley" (Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Environment of the Autonomous Region of Murcia) for various reasons and that at the time of the study eye were considered recovered. The ultrasonographic examination has been carried out using a computer ultrasound comerical equipped with a linear transducer for 8Mhz. We extracted from each bird weight and measures morfométrics corresponding to the length of the arm and lengths latero-lateral and antero skull. Your eyeballs were examined in cuts segitales and spine, from which evaluated the morphology and biometrics eye. From outside to inside of the image is visualized the cornea, anterior chamber, lens, vitreous chamber, pecten and the sclera and post area retrobulbar.Se noted that the crystalline appeared more flattened in the prey dirunas, bearing cancel more in ecogénico the nighttime noise and shadow on the sides of the eyeball due wing bone scleral presence of the ring, all of prey. It was subsequently extracted measures to ocular structures from the images congeladasa in the ultrasound screen. No statistically significant differences between the measures eyes left and right of each individual, or between measures obtained through cuts sagittal and spine. The dimensions of ocular structures were statistically significantly different depending on the species of bird. The birds of prey night, and the ratio anterior chamber lens with the antero length of the eyeball are higher than in the daytime raptors. The latter ratio vitreous / antero length of the eyeball is bigger than in the nocturnal birds of prey. As for the study of correlations between measures morphometric and made ultrasonográficamente in the eye, sse noted that, in general, measures of ocular structures, except the cornea, presents the highest correlation with measures of the skull and the length of arm with weight.

Author: TÒMMERS CHRISTIAN ALEX.
Year: 2005.
University: CÓRDOBA [www.uco.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE VETERINARIA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE VETERINARIA.

Summary: In this paper we show the results of a study conducted bacteriological in pig slaughterhouses home in Andalusia. In 40 of the 121 farms analyzed detect infection with Salmonella spp. (33.05%), with a total of 65 isolates. The most common serotypes were Typhimurium and Rissen. Others described serotypes were Oerby, Bredeney, Brandenburg, Anatum, Hadar, Goldcoast, and an isolated part of the variant monophasic [S 4, 5, 12: i:-l. The fagotipo OT104b was the most common strains of S. Typhimurium isolated. For its part, the results of the risk analysis (odds) showed that there was no significant association between the operating system and Salmonella infection (OR 1.23, CI 0.47-3.23, p greater 0.05). The antimicrobial susceptibility testing showed the highest levels of resistance compared with colistin (98.5%), tetracycline (84.6%), streptomycin (69.2%), neomycin (63.1%), sulfamida (61.5%), ampicillin and amoxycillin (53.8% ). All isolates were fully sensitive to ceftriaxone and ciprofloxacin. Finally, 42 isolates (65.6%) showed a pattern of multidrug resistance (MOR). Our results indicate that a percentage moderado-alto of pig farms in our area are infected, suggesting that the excretion of Salmonella spp. And release is a fact feasible. Therefore we must warn of the risk zoonósico direct, through contact with infected animals on farms or mishandling of carcasses in slaughterhouses, or indirectly through the food chain (toxiinfección). The high percentage of multiresistant strains detected condition that if they infect humans, the potential risk of therapeutic failure is fully guaranteed. Keywords: salmonella; serotype; multidrug resistance; pigs slaughtered