LUSH GROVES

Author: PLANELLES GONZALEZ ROSA M..
Year: 2003.
University: POLITÉCNICA DE MADRID [www.upm.es].
Place of defense: ESCUELA TECNICA SUPERIOR DE INGENIEROS DE MONTES.
Place of preparation: ESCUELA TÉCNICA SUPERIOR DE INGENIEROS DE MONTES.

Summary: It works with plants ceratonia siliqua L., a species highly suited to situations of water stress and nutritional characteristics of the Mediterranean ambience. It studies the application of twelve relationships balance NPK (nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium), which combine three doses of N (Lower, modern and high) with two P (low and high) and two potassium (low and high) in a I try to move closer to the nutritional formula that's right for the agarrobo in nursery. The study is completed with the monitoring of plants over three years in the field, in semiárido almariense. The results show that carob responded favorably to fertilization. Nitrogen contributed these related to the parameters evaluated in nursery, both morphological and physiological. Contributions in phosphorus which were influenced by leaps and bounds in the survival and development postrasplantes, while potassium supplied produced no significant effects. The formulation that better results produced cambiono 150 mg / l of nitrogen, 70 mg / l of phosphorus and 30 mg / l of potassium.

Author: BARRIONUEVO SELVA AZUCENA.
Year: 2003.
University: POLITÉCNICA DE MADRID [www.upm.es].
Place of defense: ETSI MONTES.
Place of preparation: ETSI MONTES.

Summary: Globally there is concern at the increase in average seasons on the planet as a result of increased concentrations of greenhouse gases type of anthropogenic origin. Chief among these gases is CO2, which has increased desdes the pre-industrial period until actualidad.Los forests play a dominant role in the global carbon cycle, because they involve many of the biogeochemical processes that regulate the exchange of carbon that between the atmosphere and the different reservoirs that comprise it. This paper evaluates the carbon stored in each of these reservoirs, for regeneration in a forest located in the region Chaqueña Semiárida, called The Closing with an area of twenty-five hectares.

Author: MERINO DE MIGUEL SILVIA.
Year: 2005.
University: POLITÉCNICA DE MADRID [www.upm.es].
Place of defense: E.T.S. DE INGENIEROS DE MONTES.
Place of preparation: E.T.S. DE INGENIEROS DE MONTES.

Summary: This dissertation focuses on the analysis of the spatial structure of the masses of Pinus pinaster Aiton de la Comunidad de Madrid through real and simulated images of high spatial resolution. It also investigates the effect of the topography of the land on the spatial structure and the manner in which the latter is expressed in the images. It selected a series of aerial photographs and satellite imagery orthophotos for points on which parcels are located sampling National Forest Inventory (IFN), which conducts the Bank Nature Data from the Ministry of Environment. Such plots are used to build and validate the models developed in this research. In addition to using real images, sets of images are generated by an artificial model óptico-geométrico simulation. The parameters that are used in generating these images are extracted from the characteristics of the actual images and plots used sampling IFN. The analysis of the images is based on geostatistics and more specifically in the use of the variogram. Experimental variograms were calculated from the various images, and then calculate the corresponding variogram ideal and make the extraction of the 'parameters of the variogram', which is to characterize the spatial structure of the masses studied. The study of the influence of topography is done through the slope and guidance. Finally, we performed statistical analysis to try and quantify the relationship between textural parameters (from the geostatistical analysis) and the structural parameters derived from field data.

Author: CUEVAS BENÍTEZ SERAFÍN.
Year: 2005.
University: POLITÉCNICA DE MADRID [www.upm.es].
Place of defense: ETSI MONTES.
Place of preparation: ETSI MONTES.

Summary: It has studied the return of biomass and nutrients through the litter production systems adehesados of oak (Quercus rotundifolia Lam.), And cork oak (Quercus suber L.), given the relative scarcity of them in the soils of dehesa. It prospectó one of the most representative dehesa, whichever next four plots: 1) an oak grove immature, chaparral (QR1); 2) a mature oak grove, dehesa of encinaq (QR2), 3) a alcornocal immature bornizal (QS2) and a alcornocal mature dehesa of cork (QS1). The plots were studied during two campaigns: 1996-1997 and 1997-1998. The results show a huge variation in the production anuaqlo and fractions, for each of the formations studied. Among the highlights formations productions fraction of the leaves in bornizal, which exceeded more than 70% of total production, and flower and fruit in the formation of dehesa of oak and cork, which came to represent up to 50% of total production. It has been shown unequal behavior producer litter depending on the orientation and position of the cup. Along with the productions were evaluated litter production of nitrogen in the leaf fraction. The results found show that the four formations studied is the bornizal most producing nitrogen. Finally, the overall analysis of the information makes evident a clear imbalance in the rate of production / extraction of nitrogen in the formation of dehesa, especially in the dehesa of cork

Author: FERNÁNDEZ PAJARES JOSÉ.
Year: 2005.
University: SANTIAGO DE COMPOSTELA [www.usc.es].
Place of defense: ESCUELA POLITÉCNICA SUPERIOR DE LUGO.
Place of preparation: ESCUELA POLITÉCNICA SUPERIOR DE LUGO.

Summary: The rebollares, forests Quercus pyrenaica Willd. Are a valuable natural heritage played important roles conservation of soil and water, biodiversity and natural landscape, contributing to an economic satisfaction of the people from such activities as hunting, tourism, logging, .., why they justificala a study on these rebollares. Given that the global studies conducted on this species in Galicia are non-existent so far, we have a job at birth which describes these masses, trying to raise awareness of their importance through its ecological characterization, defining qualities station study of the technological ability of wood and the properties of its mechanical and physical. Have been inventoried different masses rebollo (Quercus pyrenaica Willd.) Distributed throughout the Galician geography, analyze and characterize, in the first chapter of this work, the types of soils on those who settle these formations, as well as its major properties, using, for this, a total of 30 parameters soil. The second chapter examines the species from an ecological point of view and dendrométrico; we have done a parametric characterization of biotopes currently occupied by the species, which has led to the identification of habitats physiographic, climatic and soil, central and marginal of Q.pyrenaica in Galicia and assess the status of their masses from the point of view selvícola. In the third chapter includes curves quality for the species in Galicia, a crucial tool for estimating production and as a basis for building practical tools for managing forests. These curves were developed from analysis of 56 tree trunks kind, through which four have been calculated differences algebraic equations in generalized (GADA). In the fourth chapter presents the results of the physical characterization of wood from the identification of a number of parameters (physical) such as volumetric contraction of the wood fiber, but specific moisture from the green wood, hardness,. . developed in comparison with the results obtained for different species of the genus Quercus in northwestern Spain, in particular, Quercus petraea, Qu.robur and Q.pyrenaica, drawn conclusions related to the different behavior observed in the three species. Finally, in the fifth chapter discusses the dependence between certain physical and mechanical properties of wood rebollo with respect to the distance from the center of the tree and affects them as variable elevation referring to sea level.

Author: CUBERA GONZÁLEZ ELENA.
Year: 2005.
University: EXTREMADURA [www.unex.es].
Place of defense: UNIVERSIDAD DE EXTREMADURA.
Place of preparation: CENTRO UNIVERSITARIO DE PLANSENCIA.

Summary: The rangeland ecosystems are open grassland with scattered trees presence of quercíneas as the main component, located in the southwest of the Iberian Peninsula. Objectives of this study was to explore the special distribution of soil moisture in the arid rangelands central Spanish, in order to determine the influence of oak (Quercus ilex) in the dynamics of soil and water consumption patterns of water tree, especially during the long summer drought, as well as to determine the nature of interactions árbol-herbácea in consumption of water in the soil. We studied the effect of three structures caused by vegetation management practices -dehesa cultivated dehesa pastoreada and invaded dehesa of matorral-, in the dynamics of water in the soil and water of the state oaks, trying to describe the possible relations facilitation or competition between different layers of vegetation. In addition, we explored the effect of fertilization as a practice associated with the crop in the pastures. We studied the effect of the density of woodland in the dynamics of soil and water in the state water (hydro potential), photosynthetic activity and flow transpiratorio of Q.ilex in pastures with different levels of water availability (precipitation and depth of soil). It was aimed at determining the importance of the structure of a hill in the operation of open woodland, and establish a scientific basis for estimating the optimal density of the tree planting density of the wooded optimum dehesa. We studied the distribution root Q.ilex and herbaceous vegetation in the pastures of central Spanish to assess the relationship of competition and complementarity between crops and leafy. In addition, we studied the influence of the soil heterogeneity in the growth of seedlings Q.ilex in a greenhouse during the first year of growth, with respect to the factors, moisture, nitrogen content and level comparison of the soil. The oaks consume water in the soil beyond its glass. This fact is evident because the soil continues desecándose around the cup, even in depth, when the herbaceous already been dried. The extensive root system of the oak, with a maximum distance estimated more than 30 m from the trunk, you can consume almost evenly water stored at different distances from the trunk, with a clear beneficial for the maintenance of a state water right, it During the dry season. The oak a clear dependence on the soil water located more than 2 m deep. This is possible thanks to the development of a deep root system, whose maximum depth is estimated more than 5 m. The herbaceous concentrating their root system in the first 30 cm of soil, decreasing exponentially with depth up to 100 cm. In the first 30 cm, the density of fine roots of herbaceous was much greater than that of the oaks. While most of the range there are significant limitations water, the wooded and grassy consume water from different layers of soil, which helps to avoid competition for this resource. The management practices of the dehesa influence the dynamics of water on the floor, having earned significant differences in soil moisture plots with crop and pasture, with respect to the sale matorralizadas. Cultivating dehesa able to moderate slope allows greater water recharge soil as a result of changes in the short term of soil properties, which influence their infiltration and rehumectación. Despite the oat shows a dense root system and more profound than the herbaceous spontaneous, cultivation of the range for this grain does not imply a factor of additional competition for water with the trees, on which already carries the grass. The dehesa invaded scrubland shows driest soils because of increased water consumption by the various species of shrub compared with 8 herbaceous c4f s. This is better far from the tree, under the first meter deep suggesting that he might be using scrub water is not available to the tree, due to the lower density of the tree root in the area. The oaks show potential values of water very favorable over the summer, regardless of vegetation companion. The large volume of soil explored, including seven times the projected area of the cup, can be achieved, possibly, such potentials. The flow transpiratorio and potential water Q.ilex show a strong dependence of the density of trees with values more favorable to less densely wooded. Rinse the wooded traditionally practiced in the range is a useful mechanism that contributes to endure the summer drought to trees remaining. The effect of the density is accentuated in wooded pastures less annual precipitation. In semi-arid environments, the current density of woodland is very low in relation to the availability of soil water, with around a 40% coverage for optimal tree full use of this resource. The root growth of seedlings Q.ilex in soil conditions heterogeneous sample different answers depending on the moisture content, level of nitrogen and soil compaction. The density and depth of the root system is independent experiencing water seedlings, but if the root system is divided into two compartments with different contents of wet, the root system is developed preferably in the most humid. Seedlings of Q.ilex are sensitive to light soil compaction during the first year of growth. In compacted layers slow growth of root system, reaching depths at the end of the growing period. The decrease in the rate of growth of the root system is of extreme importance in the state of seedling as during the winter and spring should grow enough to reach deep layers of moist, enabling them to survive the long summer drought. The nitrogen fertilization affects the growth of the seedling as a whole, both positively, in the case of a nutrient solution with 112 mg L-1 N, and negatively in the case of a fertilization úrea with 1 g L-1 of N. This influence is independent of the location of the layer fertilized. Very low levels of fertilizer with urea (0.1 g L-1 N) also adversely affect the growth of seedlings, which could have a significant impact on the regeneration of new plants in areas heavily pastoreadas.