REGULATION OF MOUNTAINS

Author: MECHA LOPEZ PEDRO.
Year: 2003.
University: POLITÉCNICA DE MADRID [www.upm.es].
Place of defense: ETSI MONTES.
Place of preparation: ETSI MONTES.

Summary: The aim of the thesis is to establish models ecológicos-selvicolas territory applied to forest management in the slope meridonal of the Sierra de Ayllón. The first part was built classification of the territory in response to variable ecological abioticas, physiographic, climatic and litologicas, called territorial classification. The second part has developed a grading scale of the territory in response to biotic ecological variables depending on the species plant, called seasonal classification. In the third part, they have created a model of ecological landscapes in the area of study called classification of the landscape. In the quarter, have been tested and validated all these models, analyzing forest management accomplished by establishing recommendations for the future management of the forest area studied.

Author: MARTÍNEZ CHAMORRO ENRIQUE.
Year: 2004.
University: SANTIAGO DE COMPOSTELA [www.usc.es].
Place of defense: ESCUELA POLITÉCNICA SUPERIOR DE LUGO.
Place of preparation: ESCUELA POLITÉCNICA SUPERIOR.

Summary: The work carries out a review of the activities of reforestation and treatments selvícolasde plantations of Pinus sylvestris L. In Galicia, defining the various activities aplicadasy determining the evolution of the surface pobladacomo consecuenciade activity repobladora and the incidence of forest fires. A complete revision of the forestry of the kind in northwest Españaabarca the rest of the introductory paragraph. Seconstruye a growth model static basadoen a network of permanent plots distributed in Galicia, mainly in the provinces of Lugo and Ourense. It details the work of cataloging realizadosy the clasificacionesde feet depending on their ramosidad or presenciade ahorquillamiento. It shows the plots used procedentesdel National Forest Inventory. Curves are built quality station by e ~ method predicciónde parameters and considering as age reference 30 years. Based on the fundamental presentadasse presents equations tables production for two levels of density or types of forestry, correspondientesa a certain application of clareos and clear or virtual absence of the same. There were five tables for the qualities of 6, 8, 10, 12 and 14 m high dominant. Seconstruyen tables forestry reference into two categories: forestry and forestry minimum cost of producing high-quality wood. In the first instance it is estimated mortality acquired at different ages alleged non-making clareas, and the first clear postponed until an intervention semisitemática allow extraction of 70 mc per ha. In the second case interventions intense clarea pruning and allow increased dimensionesde feet short in the end. We discuss the implications of both schemes face to turn short end, which can be seen between 70 and 90 years depending on the results obtained. It discusses methods of management plicadosy that may have an interest future enmarcándolos the need for sustainable management of the masses. Se analiza la comercialización de la madera de la especie en Galicia, en particular las subastas y adjudicaciones directas realizadasen los últimos 15 años, indicándose los precios medios en función del motivo de la corta, así como las dimensiones medias de los productos aprovechados. These results, coupled with good característicasque wood has shown clear in particular tests carried out by other authors, let herald a significant potential for timber production quality in these masses.

Author: OSORIO VÉLEZ LUIS FERNANDO.
Year: 2004.
University: VALLADOLID [www.uva.es].
Place of defense: Escuela técnica superior de ingenierías agrarias.
Place of preparation: ESCUELA TÉCNICA SUPERIOR DE INGENIERÍAS AGRARIAS.

Summary: THIS WORK HAS THESIS INTENDED TO FURNISH THE STUDY OF THE DYNAMICS OF THE MASSES OF RELEVANT PINUS PINASTER THREE ISSUES: (1) ANALYSIS OF FOREST MANAGEMENT; (2) CONDITIONS CLIMATE AT THE MASSES TO DEVELOP THE FOREST AND (3 ) EXISTING RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN THE SET OF VARIABLES OF MONTE STRUCTURAL MEASURES TO DIVERSITY, focused DOING IN THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE SPECIES.

Author: BALBOA MURIAS MIGUEL.
Year: 2004.
University: SANTIAGO DE COMPOSTELA [www.usc.es].
Place of defense: ESCUELA POLITÉCNICA SUPERIOR DE LUGO.
Place of preparation: ESCUELA POLITÉCNICA SUPERIOR.

Summary: At present, Pinus pinaster, Ecualyptus glubulus and Quercus robur are, in this order, species that occupy a larger wooded area in Galicia. Different interests industrial, energy and environmental have reasoned that analysis of the potential uses of forest biomass is becoming an increasing prominence. Under this perspective, it is necessary to develop criteria for sustainable management of forest systems, especially with regard to fast-growing species are characterized by an intensive use. The main objective was to determine the nutritional characterization of forest systems of the three species, and evaluate the impact of different operations selvícolas and use fractions tree on the nutritional stability of the same. From study of 16 masses and the destructive sampling of 231 trees were modelizó biomass tree and found the nutritional distribution of these systems. The integration of different models of the growth and development of forest stands with the consideration of predictive models biomass allowed himself to simulate the evolution of the nutritional dynamics of the masses of Eucalyptus globulus and Pinus Pinaster under different regimes selvícolas and use. After two field trials where different alternatives were raised handling remnants tree short, assessed the influence of the use of thicker sections of the remains short on various aspects of the assessment hidrogeoquímico and microbiological processes and environmental conditions soil. The results showed a significant accumulation of nutrients in the tree crown fractions. We checked the high values of annual extraction of nutrients in Eucalyptus globulus systems and the relative frugality of Pinus pinaster. It noted that the advantages from the point of view of the economy mean nutrient regimes clear strengths in the masses of pine, as well as the withdrawal of important nutrients associated with the normal use of wood and bark, and which is particularly relevant in the eucaliptales. These limitations allowed to consider that, without an adequate program selvícola, operations arising from the intensive extraction of most of the fractions tree may involve reducing the reserves of soil nutrients in the long term. Management schemes being carried out at present can lead to a reduction in soil fertility affecting forest productivity. In relation to the influence of management remains short on the stock hidrogeoquímico and soil microbiology, it was found that the use of thick branches, leaving a mulch well developed a significant proportion of fine fractions cup, ensures control surface runoff and microbial activity comparable to the case that all fractions remained untapped field. It was concluded that the sustainable use of biomass tree must be done through a management selvícola to ensure the preservation of the productive capacity of the soil, reducing the costs of nutritional forestry. This operation can pass to limit the use of the remains thicker short to land more productive, mecanizables and with less risk of erosion, prevent the withdrawal of ramillos and leaves behind and 8 l aprove 2f0 chamiento, perform fertilization with P, Ca , Mg, K, in quantities to offset withdrawals use, especially in cases arising in the debarking mountain, and to promote the restoration of natural nutrients, promoting schemes selvícolas raised lower densities that considered at present.

Author: LUGO SALINAS LEONARDO RAMÓN.
Year: 2005.
University: VALENCIA [www.uv.es].
Place of defense: JARDÍN BOTÁNICO DE LA UNIVERSIDAD DE VALENCIA.
Place of preparation: CENTRO DE INVESTIGACIONES SOBRE DESERTIFICACIÓN (CIDE).

Summary: In this investigation, studying environmental factors, fisiografía-suelos-vegetación and its relationship with the traditional system of cultivation, developed by ethnicity Piaroa. The analysis is done from the problem of environmental degradation as a result of the changes made to this traditional system of land use, over the past decades. Indigenous communities, the subject of this study are located in areas Raudalito agouti and Coromoto of Cuao, in the northern part of the Forest Reserve Sipapo, Amazonas state, Venezuela. It integrates research lines that generate the basic knowledge to understand the sensitivity of the system, in response to the disruptions caused by the establishment of "Conucos." To address this problem, the work is divided into 5 chapters or paragraphs. In Chapter I presents the environmental variables in the area, as are the bioclimatology, geomorphology, vegetation, water resources and so on. In Chapter II looks at the relations between the topography and soils (genesis, morphology, and classification). In Chapter III examines in detail the floristic composition and structure of vegetation, and establishing relations between the topography and soils, using the physiographic analysis and the method fitosociológico amended through a fitoíndice that integrates IVI values with the rating fitosociológica sigmatísta. In Chapter IV assesses the current state of cultivation and sensitivity of the system (Elasticity - Resilencia), based dynamism of vegetation and land use. Finally, it presents Chapter V, which sets out some general considerations for the study area. The results obtained allow to conclude the study area, among other things, that the soils are part of a highly evolved system pedogenético and Geochemically impoverished, poverty is expressed in all profiles assessed by a high acidity, loss of base cations ( Ca +2, Mg +2, K +, Na +), increased cation acids (Al +3, H +2) and the concentration of minerals sub-type 1:1. This situation that was presented in all soil horizons, regardless of the position in the landscape, therefore, assumes the existence of chemical thresholds pedogenesis on very old geologic materials associated with a major flow dynamics of surface and subsurface. The above characteristics originate in vegetation certain adjustments related to its structure, such as: the development of a diverse forest, Variable height (12 to 25 m), with low values in basal area (21 m2/ha) and high density of trees (2051 trees / ha). For the most part, concentrated in the category diameter between 2.5 and 10 cm dap, as the 74% of individuals had diameters in this category. Another adjustment related to the characteristics Oligotrophic of this forest ecosystem, noted in the compartment of the roots, which are developed to form a dense and continuous layer in the form of a mat on the surface of mineral soil. The mat of roots, involves organic mulch, thereby reducing the loss of nutrients resulting from the decomposition of organic matter. This result was interpreted as a mechanism 8 that useful be6 izan species for the capture and retention of nutrients, minimizing losses by leaching, thus maintaining a closed cycle of the same ecosystem. The method of analyzing vegetation proposed, defined species, which by their presence and perseverance, were classified as: Characteristics, or Indicators Faithful, as well as accompanying high ecological, for each condition fisiográfica-edáfica. Also found by the CEC, that the 35% of the variability of flowers in the place was explained by the selected attributes soil. With regard to the System of Agriculture for migrants, it is considered that the process of settlement of indigenous communities, without proper spatial planning, and a lack of technical and scientific knowledge threatens the sustainability of it, because the period recovery of the vegetation is very short (less than 10 years), and the plots are laid down in any situation, regardless of the supply of environmental resources (topography, soil and so on.). This forces the natives of the area to make cleaner burning and more frequent, for the maintenance of the plots, increasing the erosion process and the loss of top soil horizons ore. As a result, reduces the elasticity and resilience (resilience) of vegetation and soils; making, the system is increasingly sensitive to this type of disturbance, and vegetation succession regressive step towards, ie stadiums less productive, as savannahs. It is not intended in this investigation to reach definitive conclusions about the use and management of resources in indigenous communities Raudal agouti, Coromoto of Cuao and spout Venom, in the northern sector of the Forest Reserve Sipapo, because this is part of a process temporary very dynamic space, but intends to learn the functioning of the ecosystem and thereby create the foundation for proper planning of the territory, starting from the handling of their fragility and sensitivity resulting from disruptions caused by the establishment of the plots. Keywords: Orinoco, Sipapo, Relationship Suelo-Vegetación, Physiography, Agriculture Migration, Conucos, Resilencia and Elasticity, Sensitivity.

Author: Pascual Castaño I. Cristina.
Year: 2005.
University: POLITÉCNICA DE MADRID [www.upm.es].
Place of defense: Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros de Montes.
Place of preparation: Escuela Técnica de Ingenieros de Montes.

Summary: The study of the forest structure is defined as the spatial distribution of the size, age and species of vegetation, both living or dead, is a basic element for the development of sustainable forest management strategies. The data from LIDAR sensor that provide direct access to the height of the vegetation cover, are emerging as a primary tool for study and characterization. In this regard, it has sought to deepen the identification and characterization of the structure of a pine forest of Cercedilla information from the laser altimeter and other sources of low-cost and easily accessible as Landsat imagery. First, it has developed a methodology for more space correspondence between field data and image LIDAR when there are difficulties in the use of GPS receivers. This proposal has been based on the accurate measurement of the topography of the land with total station, with the use of GPS positioning submétrico and procedures for prospecting in mathematics at the matrix of LIDAR data obtained topographical measurements in the field. Moreover, it has established a methodology to be classified into 5 types of pine structure through an analysis of the Cluster LIDAR data. The types of units or structure have presented a correspondence on the ground and have been characterized by measuring its attributes forest area. Besides the 5 classes of structure has been confirmed statistically by implementing various indices derived from LIDAR data with extensive use in studies of the ground cover. Finally, it has addressed the relationship between the variables LIDAR average height and the height standard deviation, which are considered of interest because they synthesize information from the forest structure and Landsat imagery. The variability of the height LIDAR has presented very low correlation with the spectral indices. By contrast the average height LIDAR has shown a high degree of correlation with the first component of the ACP, the index NDVI and the moisture component of the transformation Tasseled Cap.