CULTIVATION OF FRUITS

Author: LENTHERIC IRENE.
Year: 2003.
University: LLEIDA [www.udl.es].
Place of defense: INGENIEROS AGRÓNOMOS.
Place of preparation: UDL-IRTA.

Summary: The Conference pear, stored on Controlled Atmosphere, can develop a disease called physiological Heart Pardo. This fisiopatía characterized by the heart browning of fruit and the subsequent emergence of caves in the flesh. These symptoms are mainly related to high levels of CO2 in the chamber frigoconservación. There are other factors that predispose to the onset of the disease such as ripening fruit handling of the plot and treatment field. Nevertheless, still unknown biochemical factors involved in the onset of this disorder. The objective of this dissertation is to understand these factors and, to this end, part of the hypothesis: "The Heart Pardo is the result of an oxidative stress that is generated during the stay in Controlled Atmosphere and causing the collapse cell." This hypothesis has been confirmed in this thesis done: * A comparative study of the system in antioxidativo fruits sensitive and resistant to disease. * The study of the system antioxidativo the fruits of the principles of the principle of conservation period Controlled Atmosphere, a period which proved decisive for prevener the incidence of fisiopatía. * Studying the empowerment of antioxidant system of the fruit through shock treatments of CO2 prior to the entry into the camera. The results presented in this thesis confirm our hypothesis. This research highlights the key role played by the ascorbic acid in the development of the disease. All factors that reduce the ascorbic acid content, such as a date or a late harvest conservation to high levels of CO2, causing the emergence Heart Pardo in the range Conference. Changes of ascorbic acid are the result of an oxidative stress that leads to the accumulation of hydrogen peroxide and the oxidation of ascorbic acid in the very short term. In the longer term, these biochemical changes result in an increased state of peroxidation of membrane, a cellular breakdown, and finally the onset of symptoms. All systems that reduce the response to stress also limit the incidence of heart Pardo. Clashes CO2 is one of the systems whose validity is demonstrated in this paper. To conclude the thesis, presents a synthesis article that describes the various factors that determine the onset of the disease. It finally provides a series of recommendations to reduce the incidence of heart Pardo in the pear Conference.

Author: NÚÑEZ TOVAR RAMÓN.
Year: 2003.
University: LLEIDA [www.udl.es].
Place of defense: INGENIEROS AGRONOMOS.
Place of preparation: ESCOLA TÉCNICA SUPERIOR D'ENGINYERIA AGRÁRIA.

Summary: The experience has been done comparing six systems training with the peach variety "Merrill O'Henry ®" grafted on a pattern GF-305 for nine years, in order to assess different aspects of management, production efficiency, production, quality, attracting lus, incidence of pests, diseases and economic returns of the different training systems. The plantation is located on the estate of Gimenells of the Experiment Station Lleida-IRTA. The results indicated that the density of planting influenced heavily on the strength of the tree and determines the speed to go into production in peach. Accumulated production in the ninth year planted the Ypsilon and the Axis were the most productive, as the higher density. But the system Tatura introduced greater production that Palmeta with lower density. With regard to production efficiency accumulated systems that submitted the highest value were Tatura, the Vessel and Palmeta, while systems with higher density obtained a lower value. In terms of quality of the fruit, soluble solids, firmness and acidity; no significant differences in the various systems: in terms calibers commercial systems that showed increased percentages were the Double And the Palmeta and Glass, while the Ypsilon, the Axis and Tatura extracted lower values. Systems that were intercepted more light, Tatura, the Ypsilon and Vessel; while the Palmeta, and the Dual Axis AND submitted the lowest percentages. The water potential was a very important parameter to measure the effect of the load on the systems. The system introduced higher incidence of pests and diseases was the Tatura yet minor damage were the Axis and Palmeta, and the form and density favored phytosanitary practices. Regarding costs at planting, systems of higher density necesitarion more investment, but systems Palmeta and Tatura increased costs due to the support structure required for their production. Systems that demanded more costs in winter pruning and thinning; were higher density, whereas the Tatura by the structure was the most expensive in these two activities and while systems Palmeta and Double And it was the most economical. As for the collection system that introduced the higher costs was the Ypsilon and more economical were Palmeta and Double Y. It is also noteworthy that the Palmeta was the most efficient in furta collected per hour. With regard to the total cost to the eighth year of the major activities such as winter pruning, thinning, pruning and harvesting green; systems that submitted the higher cost were the Ypsilon, the Tatura and Axis; while the Palmeta And Double and lower investment requirements. It also found that systems showed greater sensitivity to the effect of price changes: those who were the higher costs and lower production. According to the economic analysis, the system which was introduced by the higher profitability was the eighth year the Axis, after being the Palmeta, the Ypsilon and Vessel that showed almost similar values, instead Tatura and Double And were minor financial rewards.

Author: VELÁZQUEZ OTERO M. ROCÍO.
Year: 2003.
University: EXTREMADURA [www.unex.es].
Place of defense: ESCUELA DE INGENIERÍAS AGRARIAS.
Place of preparation: ESCUELA DE INGENIERÍA AGRARÍAS.

Summary: The cultivation of cherry (Prunus avium L.) extends in the Jerte Valley, the oldest Extremadura region in which it was developed and became a production with economic relevance, since active areas between 400 and 1200 m altitude . The profitability of the crop expansion was prompted more farmland in the valley higher altitude, even in excess of 1000 m, the growing influence of --- --- in the production of the crop and many hidden aspects that affect the assessment of dtaso, thermal thresholds temporary 106, profitability varieties, the type of -- and so on. These condicionates production will be addressed in the project and will apply different models to the study of resistance to fruit in certain varieties of cherry "native" and "foreign", given its importance in the growing area.

Author: Petri Serrano César.
Year: 2004.
University: MURCIA [www.um.es].
Place of defense: Facultad de Biología.
Place of preparation: Universidad de Murcia.

Summary: In economic terms, apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) is one of the most important species within the fruit of bone. However, the emergence and spread of the virus in the sharka (Plum Pox Virus, PPV) threatens to reduce the size of this crop in Europe. Several improvement programs in France, Greece, Italy and Spain are trying to introduce resistance Sharka, by improving traditional, using as sources of resistance varieties, which in most cases are autoincompatibles. The ultimate goal of these programs is to improve the breeding of new varieties autocompatibles resistant Sharka and with good quality and agronomic for commercial use in the Mediterranean regions. The genetic transformation could enable the production of improved varieties of discreetly (eg resistance to a particular herbicide toxicity compared to insects) in a relatively short time. With this technology can be improved varieties of great interest agronomic, economic and consequently introducing genes that confer an advantage without changing any other character of the individual. Once introduced the trait of interest (assuming stability in the expression of the transgene) since the usual pattern of spread of the commercial varieties is the vegetative (through graft) can produce an unlimited amount of plant material in the line transformed. Moreover, the fact that most of the production is based on a few varieties in the case of many species such as pear, apple, cherry-tree and citrus ago that the impact of the variety can be transformed much higher. For the implementation of most of these techniques for the genetic improvement plant requires a de novo efficient regeneration of plants from cell and tissue culture. Only a few years ago the regeneration of species of fruit wood was considered difficult or impossible. However, there are currently numerous scientific papers in which he realizes the successful regeneration of plants from adult material varieties established. This thesis has been optimized protocol regeneration from adult material of the varieties' Helena 'and' Canine ', previously developed in our laboratory, increasing the rate of regeneration more than 200% in the case of the variety' Helena '. Through the study of various factors that affect the transformation of adult material, has been established for the first time a protocol efficiently by Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation of a variety of commercial apricot. The design of a strategy for selecting phased paromomicina has allowed the regeneration of seedlings transformed with marker genes nptII and sgfp or gus, with the highest efficiencies that have been published so far to transform adult material in Prunus species of the genus, although the low viability of processed buds reduced the final number of plants obtained. The protocol established this theory lays the groundwork to make the inroducción gene of interest agronomic and commercial change in a discreet manner elite varieties accepted and established in the market.

Author: HUESO MARTIN JUAN JOSE.
Year: 2004.
University: ALMERÍA [www.ual.es].
Place of defense: ESCUELA POLITECNICA SUPERIOR.
Place of preparation: ESCUELA POLITECNICA SUPERIOR.

Summary: Two strategies have been implemented in deficit irrigation níspero Japanese (Eriobotya japonica Lindl) cv. "Algerie" over three campaigns with the purpose of advancing flowering and harvesting and improve the profitability of the crop. The first strategy, irrigation deficit constant (RDCte), consisted of a reduction in water needs of growing 20%, applied throughout the growing season. The second strategy, controlled irrigation deficit (DRC), consisted of a reduction in water needs of 40%, applied since mid-May, just after the harvest at the beginning of the vegetative growth, until the end of August, one month before the start of flowering. DRC generated sufficient water stress pair advance flowering, for two or three weeks depending on the campaign, which resulted in an increase of up to 25% compared to control early harvest fully irrigated. This breakthrough was an improvement in the price of fruit up 0.21 E.KG-1 and not adversely affect either the production or the quality of the harvest obtained. RDCte was less effective, showing a significant advance of flowering only one of the three campaigns and with a response in early harvest varies. The use of deficit irrigation strategies has resulted in a saving of water from 1450 m3.ha-1.año-1, improved efficiency in water use up to 50% and not conditioned to a significant degree or the size nor the tree growth.

Author: SÁNCHEZ PÉREZ RAQUEL.
Year: 2005.
University: MURCIA [www.um.es].
Place of defense: CENTRO DE DAFOLOGIA Y BIOLOGIA.
Place of preparation: CENTRO DE EDAFOLOGÍA Y BIOLOGÍA APLICADA DEL SEGURA (CEBAS-CSIC).

Summary: The almond [Prunus dulcis (Miller) DAWebb] is a fruit of great economic importance to Spain, the second largest producer globally. Despite the huge area devoted to this crop, domestic production is low due to low return on farms. This low productivity is a result of certain factors such as drought, frost during flowering and fruiting problems, mainly associated with the incompatibility flora. Faced with this situation, improvement programs almond primarily aim variety of flowering late autocompatibles and maintain the quality and productive capacity of traditional varieties. The improvement is tas traditional varieties is a long and costly process, and the development and application of molecular markers associated with agronomic characters, opened a new door for improving the efficiency of processes selective. In this work we have evaluated the main agronomic characters in a descendant of 167 individuals from the French national team R1000 and the Spanish variety Fainting Largueta for 4 years, in order to characterize and study the transmission of these characters to the offspring. The flowering season presented a bimodal distribution and the rest character of the tree presented a quantitative distribution. The incompatibility floral flavor of the seeds were the only two characters qualitative. From the point of view of molecular characterization, methods studied to separate fragments DAN generated by CRP, automatic sequencer and polyacrylamide electrophoresis were the most sensitive, while the agarose METAPhor ® electrophoresis was unable to distinguish fragments with less than 5pb difference. In parallel with the agronomic, there has been a genetic linkage map of the population with 56 SSRs polymorphic, selected from among 136 studied. The 56 loci mapped have been distributed in 8 groups ligamiento covering a total of 400 cM. Subsequently has done an analysis of QTLs for agronomic characteristics evaluated, finding QTLs flowering season, time of sprouting, intensive production, shell weight, weight of the almendar, hardness of the shell and seeds doubles, and genes older incompatibility floral taste of the seed. The SSR UDP96-003, BPPCT011, UDP96-013 and PceGA025 are linked to the flowering season, time of sprouting, hardness of the shell and flavor of the seeds respectively. To study the bitter taste of the seed has saturated the group ligamiento 5 on the map R1000 x Fainting Largueta with 15 microsatellites, found that 3 of them (EPDCU2584, BPPCT037 and PceGA025) were heterozygous for both parents, as well as character bitter taste. In these microsatellites there is a combination of alleles in the population mapped so that we can identify those individuals phenotype bitter. Because of recombination between these markers and any of the gene of interest, the assisted selection markers in these improvement programs should be based on a previous study of the parents with a high degree of segregation and of a sample of descendants with the so associating a genotype of a marker to a given phenotype. On the other hand, there has been an analysis of 5 candidate genes involved in the metabolism of cianogénesis with almond, finding that none of these candidate genes co-segregaron with the flavor of similla with almond. Lastly, 8 the diseñ 3ac or primer CEBASf, specific allele autocompatible Semi, has allowed the selection early marker assisted by the descendants autocompatibles through multiple PCR, technique currently used so routine in the Program Improvement Almond of CEBAS - CSIC in Murcia.

Author: ORIHUEL IRANZO BENITO.
Year: 2005.
University: POLITÉCNICA DE VALENCIA [www.upv.es].
Place of defense: Dep. Produccion Vegetal.
Place of preparation: Universidad Politécnica de Valencia.

Summary: The purpose of this Ph.D. thesis has been to understand the post-harvest physiology of khaki cv. "Bright Red" related to its cold storage and lengthen your period of marketing. The persimmon "Bright Red" suffers a loss of firmness extraordinarily rapid, which call collapse, combined with virtually any type of cold storage, transfer the fruit to ambient temperatures. This fact makes it unfeasible any outreach strategy or lengthening of the marketing of the so-called "Persimon Red Shining" based on its cold storage. In this paper we show how the so-called collapse of persimmon "Bright Red" is a manifestation of the damage suffered by cold storage in refrigerator. The collapse post-almacenamiento refrigerator occurs when storage has realizlado to 1 and 10Â ° C, but not if the storage is done at the temperature sure 14.5 Â ° C. The khaki cv. "Bright Red" suffers damage by cold at temperatures below a critical temperature located between 10 and 14.5 Â ° C. The desastringentación of persimmon "Bright Red" has no effect on the evolution of the firmness of flesh, along any of the experimental process to which we have submitted to khaki "Bright Red." When transferred the persimmon "Bright Red" since temperatures 1Â ° C at ambient temperatures, there is an explosion post-almacenamiento refrigerator in the production of ethylene, from not detectable to 0.60 nl / g.hr. This fact and the high sensitivity of persimmon "Bright Red" to allow ethylene understand the biology of the damage by cold in the khaki "Bright Red." This Doctoral Thesis has established itself as the effects of cold damage in khaki "Bright Red" takes place via the above explosion in ethylene production. The persimmon "Bright Red" also suffers necrosamiento in pulta along its Post. We have established the involvement of impacts on the appearance of this disorder. Also, the desastringentación with co2 can encourage this alteeración educating persimmon pulp "Bright Red" to develop higher levels of necrosamiento. The treatment of fruit with 1,000 ppb 1-metilciclopropeno (1-MCP) has successfully mitigated the damage by cold that occurs at 1Â ° C. The effect of 1-MCP in cold damage is not carried directly, but as a result of the action of ethylene produced in the transfer from low temperature to room temperature.

Author: MELGAR JIMENEZ JUAN CARLOS.
Year: 2005.
University: CÓRDOBA [www.uco.es].
Place of defense: E.T.S.I. AGRONOMOS Y MONTES.
Place of preparation: E.T.S.I. AGRONOMOS Y MONTES.

Summary: The olive tree is grown mainly in arid regions where, in many instances, the availability of good quality water is low. Therefore, in the Mediterranean basin is increasingly common use of saline water irrigation pair of olive grove. The aim of the thesis was to develop techniques for the use of saline water in the olive grove that enable optimal development of the crop. At the same time, we studied the effect of salinity to interact with a variety of environmental factors such as the presence of Ca2 + in the irrigation water, the CO2 concentration or high solar radiation. There was a field test in the long term to be applied in the three doses of irrigation water to three values of electrical conductivity (0.5 and 10 dS m-1). In parallel, various trials were established in the greenhouse and umbráculo to study the effect of using different doses of Ca2 + (0,2.5, 10 and 40mM CaCl2 in an irrigation water saline (75 mM NaCl), and other trials in it was studied the effect of elevated concentrations of CO2 (700 ppm concentration twice the environment) on tolerance to salinity of the olive tree, and dela solar radiation as a high oxidative stress acting in a complementary manner to salt stress. Outcomes showed as the adoption of certain techniques such as protein Ca2 + irrigation water, using a drip irrigation system, water intake until the tree falls on the Sabbath or winter rains washing produce enough salt, and the use of a tolerant plant material and adult, may allow use water with a high salt content for a long time without affecting the agronomic characteristics of the olive grove.

Author: Kodad Ossama.
Year: 2005.
University: LLEIDA [www.udl.es].
Place of defense: Dep.t d'hortofrut. botanica i jardineria.
Place of preparation: ETS d'Enginyeria Agrària de Lleida.

Summary: We have studied various aspects morphological, physiological, productive and qualitative in a population of selections auto-compatibles of almond (Prunus amygdalus Batsch) program of breeding CITA of Aragon. The evaluation of morphological characters allowed ratify genetic variability and environmental on his expression, allowing consider the morphology of the tree as an achievable goal in a breeding program. The floral density and the ability florífera dependent on genotype and environmental conditions. The characteristics floríferas depend on the media fruiting, being a balanced fruiting branches on the year and May ramilletes best for a speedy entry into production and increased surface productivity. The great variability genotypic and environmental advocates cuajado his selection by indirect selection for other characters, such as floral density, the quality of flower and autogamy due to the overflowing obtained were very erratic, which is also independent of the floral morphology. The response of genotypes to frost in field and laboratory confirmed the existence of sources of tolerance to frost. The incorporation of potential valuation methods such as chlorophyll fluorescence, determining the biochemical components of the buds and tracking its evolution seasonal could increase the chances of selecting new material tolerant to frost. The characters of the pome fruit and have a great variability and are influenced by the supports of the fruit, being slightly smaller in size fruits from ramilletes May compared to those from branches of the year, while maintaining the form. The chemical components of the pip rely mainly on genotype, except for the concentration tocopherol, influenced by environmental conditions, especially high temperatures. The ability anti-radicalaria of testa suggests its ability to maintain the quality of the pip. The strong similarities observed in the physical-chemical characteristics of the pip using multidimensional analysis between parent and their offspring ratified the need to choose the parent depending on the objectives to be achieved. For the first time, have found chemical compounds as selection criteria, which opens up new horizons for improving the quality of pip considering their different uses. The absence of significant correlations between chemical compounds and the physical characteristics of the pip indicated the possibility of upgrading to the chemical composition of the pip without altering the progress made in terms of physical quality. Comparing the self-pollination with cross-pollination has shown that the growth of the tubes polínicos, cuajado, and the physicochemical characteristics of the present values pip lower after the self-pollination, by highlighting its potential depressing effect on these characters. This indicates that the selections autogamous may present a potential depressing effect by blood in their productive potential, which should be taken into account in its assessment and in the election of the parent. We have identified various phenotypic correlations between the characters of agronomic interest, commercial and industrial, allowing for the joint selection of some of them, reducing the cost and time of its assessment, while facilitating the establishment of the basic objectives for each set of characters correlated to increase the efficiency of process improvement. Finally, all of these have been implemented as selection criteria in the study population, which has identified three selections as future varieties for their high agronomic qualities as well as the potential for business and industry and ultimately for consumers .

Author: ZARROUK OLFA.
Year: 2006.
University: LLEIDA [www.udl.es].
Place of defense: ESCUELA TECNICA SUPERIOR DE INGENIERIA AGRARIA UDL.
Place of preparation: ESTACION EXPERIMENTAL DE AULA DEI CSIC ZARAGOZA.

Summary: The use of different species as patterns for stone fruit, with the great dynamism and the rapid turnaround variety of these species, requires to determine as early as possible, the behavior pattern -variedad regarding the compatibility of graft. The incompatibility pattern -variedad is a serious problem, since trees in full production can break the union or ~ ambién present serious anomalies vegetative and lack of crecimíento, what would the loss of planting fruit and damage económícos attendant. In the present work was conceived as prímer goal determine the degree of compatibílidad presenting a series of patterns belonging to the genus Prunus for use with varías fruit species bone: peach and nectarína [Prunus persíca (L.) Batsch], apricot (Prunus L. armeniaca) and plum (Prunus domestica L., Prunus salicina Lindl.). Its second aim was raised testing three methods for the early diagnosis of incompatibílidad graft: histological study, activity of peroxidases and profile izo-enzimático of peroxidases,. The final goal was the study of the relationship pattern -variedad in the case of compatibility and incompatibility of graft, in addition to the study of the effect of the incompatibility traslocada on some physiological parameters of the tree. The study of the degree of compatibility was done, first, through the visual diagnosis of possible cases of incompatibility 'traslocada' during the first period of vegetative variety grafted in the nursery. The study of the type incompatibility 'localized', was performed later medíante review of the structure intema the graft union, after the closed longitudinal them. To do so, many were analyzed combinations patrón-variedad, with trees of different ages from nursery pilot, the Experimental Station of Aula Dei (CSIC). We found differences in expression of different types of incompatibility. While the incompatibility 'traslocada' spoke exclusively with peach varieties, the incompatibility 'localized' was presented with a variety of the three species in the study. However, in the case of peach, the incompatibility 'localized' could be a result of physiological abnormalities of the incompatibility 'traslocada'. This study also allowed classify patterns of different groups according to their compatibility with varieties grafted and individual behavior for each of them. Among the patterns evaluated, plums slow growing presented, overall, a good performance from the point of view of consistency, and versatility with the three species studied. By contrast, the fast-growing plums showed a higher frequency of graft incompatibility with peach and apricot. The histological study of the binding site for compatible and incompatible combinations, revealed the possibility of diagnosing the incompatibility to 5 months of graft in the three fruit species studied. The most significant characteristics of the expression of that inconsistency were cambial disorganization, lack of differentiation in their vascular tissue, accumulation of phenols in the cambial cells and vascular tissue degeneration. Also, the study of the activity of peroxidases in the area of graft, in a period of dormancy and vegetative development, showed an increase in the activity of these enzymes in incompatible combinations and for different species studied. The profile of iso-enzimas of peroxidases of plant material, not grafted revealed a band common among peach varieties and patterns compatible with those varieties and, on the other hand, his absence from the profile patterns incompatible. E ~ ~ to suppose the means? Ion these enzymes in the process of developing the incompat 8 ibilidad 664. This result was not observed with the other species studied (albancoquero and plum). The incompatibility traslocada caused abnormal distribution of carbohydrates and a nutritional deficiency in the tree. There was an abnormal accumulation of sorbitol and sucrose, as well as a deficiency in macro, and Mn and Cu in the grafted variety, as well as the decrease of starch from the roots. This nutritional deficiency could be a result of the disruption in the distribution of carbohydrates in the tree. Moreover, the pattern had tambíén a significant effect on the mineral nutrition, vigor and productivity of the variety ínjertada, in the case of good compatibility patrón-variedad. The good real? Ion patrón-varie ~ ad from the p ~ n ~ or view de.su compatibility, as well as presenting a more appropriate nutritional balance, seems to be on determining the vigor and productivity of the variety Injertada.

Author: BOUHADIDA MARIEM.
Year: 2006.
University: ZARAGOZA [www.unizar.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS.
Place of preparation: ESTACIÓN EXPERIMENTAL DE AULA DEI (CSIC-ZARAGOZA).

Summary: The genus Prunus belongs to the family of Rosaceous (subfamily Prunoideae) and includes many species. This genus includes stone fruit species of great economic importance as apricot, almond, plum, cherry, peach, as well as ornamentals. The large number of existing species Prunus significantly increases the chances of interspecific hybridization between them, thereby making it difficult proper botanical classification. Moreover, the improvement programs in stone fruit patterns are based on the production of interspecific hybrids, with the goal of collecting in the same individual characteristics of each species of interest. The genetic improvement programs depend on the correct characterization of plant material for the control and efficient use of patterns and varieties of Prunus fruit. The Peach (P. persica) is one of the most technically advanced and more fruit spread throughout the world. The peach is the species with greater dynamism within the varietal fruit of the genus Prunus. The proper identification and characterization of the cultivars is important for the improvement and certification as well as for the protection of the rights of breeders in the world. In Spain, traditionally cultivated varieties have been replaced by new selections improvement programs, drastically reducing diversity in peach. The molecular characterization of local germplasm using molecular markers is needed to catalog and conserve plant genetic resources and biodiversity available in this species. In this paper, have been marked 30 cultivars of peach from the same area of cultivation in Aragon (19 of the 30 cultivars are supposed clones of the same variety: `Miraflores'), using 20 markers microsatellites (SSRs) developed in peach. All markers amplified an average of 2.3 alleles per locus, and allowed the identification of 16 genotypes of the 30 surveyed, while 14 clones' Miraflores' showed the same genetic profile for all loci. Moreover, has been characterized a set of 94 cultivars of peach belonging to the Spanish genebank, reference national peach, which includes 64 cultivars local Spaniards and 30 cultivars from improvement programs. We chose 15 markers SSRs, selected for their high level of polymorphism in peach. There was an average of 6.7 alleles per locus with all markers, thus demonstrating a high genetic diversity among the 94 cultivars studied. There has been a greater genetic distance between peaches meat tough and peaches meat soft, and mostly among peaches Spanish meat lasts and the rest of the cultivars. With only 8 of 15 SSRs used in this work, can be distinguished correctly all cultivars studied. In this study, have been marked by markers SSRs and PCR RFLP, species and patterns (interspecific hybrids) Prunus, based on DNA analysis and nuclear cloroplástico respectively. It took place, with twenty SSRs, the characterization of 44 patterns Prunus classified into three groups: hybrids peach and almond x peach, plums fast-growing and slow-growing plums. The SSRs used, have shown a high level of polymorphism and amplified 16 alleles per locus, allowing for full identification of all employers surveyed. Finally, the PCR technique has been used to RFLP DNA analysis cloroplástico of 84 accessions of Prunus (hybrid ínterespecíficos and Prunus species). This technique has been based on this study, 8 in c 54c ombinación of additions through universal primers (DT, HK, K1K2) and digestions with restriction enzymes (AIuI, Hinfl, and Taql). The polymorphism generated in the size of the restriction fragments, has enabled the detection of 33 haplotypes for 84 accessions studied. The accessions sharing the same haplotípo have maternal relationships among themselves, which has led in some cases to verify the identity of the parents kill the hybrid ínterespecíficos. In this paper, we discuss the phylogenetic relationships among the species Prunus studied, based on an analysis of the 33 haplotypes found, allowing some hypotheses botanical confirm earlier.

Author: MIEDES VICENTE EVA.
Year: 2006.
University: VALENCIA [www.uv.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE FARMACIA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE FARMACIA.

Summary: The overall objective of this work was based on Doctoral Thesis characterization physiological, biochemical and molecular enzyme xiloglucano endotransglucosilasa / hydrolase. To that end, we used plants tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) as a model system of the variety Money Maker and Canary and transgenic plants sobre-expresaban and had suppressed the expression of SlXTH1. First, we set out to explore the participation of XET in plant growth, expansion and cell elongation. Subsequently, the second objective partial relied on to clarify the involvement of XET on growth and softening of the fruit. In addition, it assessed the role of enzymes involved in the metabolism of the cell wall of fruits during infection by a fungal pathogen and in particular the involvement of XET. And finally, we study the possible regulation of XTHs by ethylene. The most significant findings were as follows: 1. The gene made two changes in the gene SlXTH1 in Solanum lycopersicum L. Caused an increase and decrease in the gene expression of this isoenzyme that was consistent, in general terms, with the increase or decrease of activity XET. This is the first time that has been described transgenic plants that have increased levels of expression of a gene from the XTH and show an increase in activity XET. 2. In seedlings, overexpression of the gene SlXTH1 increased primarily activity XET soluble, caused irreversible changes and permanent links from the xiloglucano with the rest of the components, changes that possibly were responsible for an increase in the extensibility the areas of greatest elongation of hipocótilos, and the alteration of the phenotype, with the thinnest seedlings, but the same height. This suggests that XET is involved in growth, and more specifically, the isoenzyme coding for the gene SlXTH1. 3. In plants of the line has decreased gene expression SlXTH1, we found changes in the phenotype, so that these plants were more slender and weighed less, but no change in growth in height. The expression of SlXTH1 and activity XET total was particularly important in vascular tissues. Our results suggest that the gene SlXTH1 could be involved in the differentiation of vascular bundles. 4. The fruits of plants sobre-expresaron gene SlXTH1 have a higher molecular mass of xiloglucano and were more drives, presumably by the changes found in the structure of xiloglucano caused by the activity XET, suggesting that this enzyme is key to maintaining the structure of xiloglucano and the cell wall. Therefore, the XET play a dual role in the temporary fruit. On the one hand, during development, contributing with their high enzyme levels, maintaining the strength of the fruits and, on the other hand, maturation and post-maduración, where the scaling back of their enzyme levels prevents it from maintaining the structure, with the consequent softening of the fruit. 5. The response to abiotic stress (water, salt and heat) of the plants that had suppressed the expression of the gene SlXTH1 was a slower growth, suggesting the involvement of the gene SlXTH1 on amendments to the xiloglucano, which presumably cause differences in the structure of the cell wall to alter the response to such stress. 6. The response from the fruits of biotic stress (fungal infection), the gene expression of all SlXTHs studied and activity XET fell. Therefore, if the activity XET is inhibited during infection, the role of maintainer structure xiloglucano is canceled, causing the fruit softening and the advance of fungal infection. In this case, it suggests that there is a regulation of fungal origin at the molecular level of the genes SlXTHs. Ethylene exogenous 8 applied 4df to fruits, induced an increase in the expression of all SlXTHs studied, while the activity XET total declined in all cases. Therefore, the reduction in gene expression of SlXTHs during the processes of maturation and fungal infection, it seems to be due to increased endogenous ethylene. So, we can not explain what physiological implications have increased the expression of genes SlXTHs caused by exogenous ethylene, which is necessary to further investigate the processes of regulation of this enzyme.