AGRICULTURAL MECHANIZATION

Author: MUÑOZ CISTERNAS RICARDO MAXIMILIANO.
Year: 2003.
University: LLEIDA [www.udl.es].
Place of defense: DERECHO Y ECONOMÍA.
Place of preparation: UNIVERSIDAD DE LLEIDA, ESPAÑA.

Summary: The tractor has been one of the most significant technological innovations in modern agriculture and has been identified as a symbol of progressive agriculture. The objective of this paper is to contribute to a greater understanding of the process of diffusion and adoption tract in Catalonia, in a farming family markedly. This has efocado the adoption of agricultural tractor as a phenomenon of growth could be explained by the behavior and effect horizontal channels of communication agrarian social system (ie, interpersonal influences). It traces the path of the temporary adoption and seeking those factors are estimated to contribute to the explanation of growth in the adoption of agricultural tractor in Catalonia. In this regard, Chapter I, outlined the elements that provide theoretical support to work. It is also noted the general question of the study and plan the work. Since the theoretical principles of diffusion and technology are making the bed concept, in chapter II is a selective review of the theoretical and methodological aspects, in particular, the diffusion models, followed by an overview of the use of these models the field of agriculture. Chapter III quest towards tractorización, review empirical findings that use different methodology to other models of delivery, but they can make implications and scope that we seem related to our study. The process tractorización should not be described without condierar some structural elements of the scene in dode manifests the dissemination and adoption of the tractor, such as farms in Catalonia, as shown in Chapter IV, evolve over time, both in quantity and quality, feature in our interest, states the nature and tension market potential adopters of agricultural tractor. In this chapter, and answers are verified our assumptions and questions for study. It is organized into three sections. The first shows the evolution of some magnitude agrarian scene illustrating the process tractorización. As the agricultural tractor is a technological innovation which means making the replacement replacement of animal traction, is a brief d escripción phenomenon and indicates that this process of replacement of draft animals by mechanical traction in the field added, it is not detected in immediately with the advent of the tractor. In the second, it makes use of a method that identifies as a domain specific classes of total surface which are distributed farms in Catalonia and travel behavior making two indicators that have been called propensity propensity relative and actual or total to adopt the agricultural tractor and realcionan with other explanatory factors such as size of exploitation. The propensity actual holdings to take the tractor can be explained by a multiple regression model that responds in a highly significant endogenous variables which reported adopters of the tractor happened when the takeoff of the adoption process. In addition, it verifies that the rate of crecmiento negative holdings is inversely related to the propensity to adopt the agricultural tractor. As an empirical contribution relates the propensity to take on the cross-counties of Catalonia, comparing valuations on some indices in relation to mechanization and the adoption of the tractor. Also, through the goodness of the method of analysis of this section, an attempt was made to determine the saturation level of the adoption of the tractor and ofre 8 cemos a 474 to nuance and extension of the outcome. Then, using a logistic model, determines the curve of adoption of agricultural tractor, specifies the characteristics of the adjustment and prediction, and; says is the amount of growth of adoption, which is useful for the next and last section, which is where it produces a dynamic model of diffusion, which show the factors that explain the rate of adoption of agricultural tractor in Catalonia.

Author: CASTRO GARCÍA SERGIO.
Year: 2004.
University: CÓRDOBA [www.uco.es].
Place of defense: ESCUELA TÉCNICA SUPERIOR DE ING AGRÓNOMOS Y DE MONTES.
Place of preparation: ESCUELA TÉCNICA SUPERIOR DE ING. AGRÓNOMOS Y DE MONTE.

Summary: In the olive grove being imposed intensive plantations and the use of vibrators type Orbital. For the development and improvement of these vibrators log is required, knowledge of the dynamic properties of the head vibrated, olive and the group formed by both. This paper aims at the analysis of the dynamic characteristics of these elements to improve efficiency in the shedding of the fruit and reduce potential damage to the tree. The dynamic characterization has been carried out through the use of techniques such as Moral Analysis based on experimental data to determine the natural frequency of modal parameters, damping factor and modes of vibration. This analysis has revealed the dynamic behavior via the olive tree, representing a plantation intensive and the group formed by the head vibrated and the tree. It has employed a team consisting of a vibration excitation system (electromagnetic vibrator and hammer impact), electronic sensors and acceleration of strength and a system for recording and analysis of dynamic signals. Trials with diferenctes head vibrated have shown the importance of the modes of vibration during the transitional periods of vibration. The identification of natural frequencies along with the determination of the frequencies of operation of the vibrator has been instrumental in the design of the head, avoiding situations resonance, and thus, potential damage to the bark of the trunk. Tests have been conducted harvesting olives in green. The results obtained with each head vibrated as a percentage of downing fruit and acceleration transmitted to the olive tree along with the dynamic characterization of the tree and the force required to vibration, have helped improve the operating conditions of the orbital vibrators. The optimum frequency range for the excitation of olive trees in a plantation intensive drawn between 26 and 30 Hz. Within this range, values near 27 Hz requires the application of minors forces to produce vibration olive.

Author: KOURABA KARIM.
Year: 2004.
University: CÓRDOBA [www.uco.es].
Place of defense: E.T.S.I. AGRONOMOS Y MONTES.
Place of preparation: E.T.S.I. AGRONOMOS Y MONTES.

Summary: The overall objective of this thesis is the analysis and optimization of time spent on the vibration of the trunks of trees through vibrators. It focuses on determining the optimum period for vibration and in evaluating the effectiveness of demolition and how it will vibration, over the period of collection. Trials have been conducted during campaigns 2002-2003 and 2003-2004, six farms in traditional olive grove ( "Picual" and "Hojiblanca"), in the province of Cordoba. We have used continuous vibration during 1OY 20 s vibration double (5 +5) s (10 +10) s. We have measured the varietal characteristics (Force Retention of Fruit -FRF- index Maturation -IM- and weight olives -P-) before and after applying the vibration, and the geometric characteristics Percent Shooting down (RB) olive. For the registration process falling olives using a digital video camera based on a chassis designed for that purpose. The processing of images is performed using a computer equipped with an image acquisition card and a software specific type acquisition and analysis. We have studied the influence of the variables Variety olive, date and time of collection and how to conduct vibration on the OP and the time (T) needed to topple a certain percentage of olives. And the relationships between the varietal characteristics, geometry and vibration. Among the findings, stresses that the optimal time for the demolition of 90% of the olives likely to be demolished, decreases over the period of collection and RB increases, there are marked differences between the dates of initial campaign and intermedias-finales obtained in the latter values similar means of PD and T; OP obtained with two vibration of 10 s is greater than with a continuous vibration of 20 s; FRF presents the greatest values in the olives that remain after the vibration (vibration), unlike the P and the íM; the geometrical characteristics of trunk diameter and height of the cross are correlated with the PDy T.

Author: GUTIERREZ SAN JOSE PABLO.
Year: 2005.
University: POLITÉCNICA DE MADRID [www.upm.es].
Place of defense: E.T.S. INGENIOS AGRONOMOS.
Place of preparation: E.T.S.I AGRONOMOS.

Summary: The cultivation of citrus, which was introduced in Spain in two main periods X-XI centuries yen the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, Yen is now one of the main crops in the country. Spain is one of the most important world producers. The cultivation of citrus essentially extends over three autonomous communities Valencia, Andalusia and Murcia. The challenges of citricultura are currently improving the production efficiency and quality of the fruits as well as improving the structure of holdings. Losses along the production is estimated at 8%, which can be added losses low quality posed by 5%. The two diseases produce more losses are podredumbres blue and green, caused by Penicillium italicum and P. Digitatum. The economic losses caused by these fungi are authors as much as 20%. The aim of the thesis is to determine the factors that affect the appearance of podredumbres and well cone measure and establish a tool for decision support in the enterprise citrus cultivation. The fungi of the genus Penicillium need avenues of entry for the place in the fruit. The first barrier against the entry of pathogens is the exocarpo, flavedo. The rupture of this barrier can come produced by different types of fisiopatías or mechanical damage in the collection. Another element of flavedo implicated in the appearance of entry ways are the glands of essential oils because they had compounds implícados in germination of conidia (nootkatona) contamination of the fruit by spores of the fungus can occur at different times: field , warehouse, during the distribution chain. The development of P. Digitatum P italícum is amended by the climatic conditions in the field (temperature and humidity) and the conditions on camera. If you want an improvement in the quality of production processes is a necessary improvement in decision-making which involves developing systems for decision support. This requires defining elements as: activity, purpose, plan nominal rules of preference, indicators and management strategies. To create a model initial decision support helpful is the use of logistic models that allow linking the probability of not rotten rotten indicators of the conditions of harvesting. For trials used a total of 16748 fruit in two campaigns with different varieties of hanging tub (CV Marisol, Clemenules CV), hybrids (hp Fortune) and orange (Valencia Late hp). We two large groups of experiments. The first was to assess the various impacts on the collection, in the phases of detachment and collection, through an electronic fruit IS 100. This impacts were classified according to the area of impact and the drop of fruit. It also assessed the impacts produced in the dump of capazos in the field boxes. The second group of experiments was designed to determine the impact of different factors on the emergence of podredumbres. It found the incidence of rotten collection for different conditions depending on such factors as (range, farm, turgencia, type of collection). In experiments with fruit-mail concluded that for heights drop below 1.5 meters were not observed significant differences between launches and falls impacts on fruit-free fruit. To dump the capazos in boxes field, only the fruits located at the top impacts suffered over 50 g. Nor were observed di 8 Conference 1a54 s on the impacts to two types of dump, a soft and a more abrupt similar to the field conditions. In the first year of experiments for determining factors emergence of podredumbres was reported as significant variables force extravasation of essential oils, the rate of albedo, the average impact on the collection, the percentage of damage to fruit and the rate of fungus (original index linking the relative importance of P digitatum on all rotten due to Penicillium). Experiments obtained in the second campaign indicated the existence of a relationship of proportionality between the percentage of visible damage and rotten, and that depending on the type of farm establishing different groups for which that relationship changes. A variable that explains partially belonging to one other group is the percentage of fruit damaged by the stalk of other fruits in total spoiled fruit. With all the data model is a first design decision support comprising a rule of preference and a conditional adjustment. The cultivation of citrus, which was introduced in Spain in two main periods X-XI centuries yen the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, the yen today is one of the main crops in the country. Spain is one of the most important world producers. The cultivation of citrus essentially extends over three autonomous communities Valencia, Andalusia and Murcia. The challenges of citricultura are currently improving the production efficiency and quality of the fruits as well as improving the structure of holdings. Losses along the production is estimated at 8%, which can be added losses low quality posed by 5%. The two diseases produce more losses are podredumbres blue and green, caused by Penicillium italicum and P. Digitatum. The economic losses caused by these fungi are authors as much as 20%. The aim of the thesis is to determine the factors that affect the appearance of podredumbres and well cone measure and establish a tool for decision support in the enterprise citrus cultivation. The fungi of the genus Penicillium need avenues of entry for the place in the fruit. The first barrier against the entry of pathogens is the exocarpo, flavedo. The rupture of this barrier can come produced by different types of fisiopatias or mechanical damage in the collection. Another element of flavedo implicated in the appearance of entry ways are the glands of essential oils because they had compounds involved in the germination of conidia (nootkatona) contamination of the fruit by spores of the fungus can occur at different times: field , warehouse, during the distribution chain. The development of P. Digitatum P italicum is amended by the climatic conditions in the field (temperature and humidity) and the conditions on camera. If you want an improvement in the quality of production processes is a necessary improvement in decision-making which involves developing systems for decision support. This requires defining elements as: activity, purpose, plan nominal rules of preference, indicators and management strategies. To create a model initial decision support helpful is the use of logistic models that allow linking the probability of not rotten rotten indicators of the conditions of harvesting. For trials used a total of 16748 fruit in two campaigns with different varieties of Clementine (hp Marisol, Clemenules hp), hybrids (hp Fortune) and orange (Valencia Late hp). We two large groups of experiments. The first was to assess the various impacts on the collection, in the phases of detachment and collection, through an electronic fruit IS 100. This impacts were classified according to the area of impact and the drop of fruit. It also assessed the impacts produced in the dump of capazos in the field boxes. The second group of experiments was designed to determine the impact of different factors on the emergence of podredumbres. It found the incidence of rotten collection for different conditions depending on such factors as (range, farm, turgencia, type of collection). In experiments with fruit-mail concluded that for heights ca ída less than 1.5 meters were not observed significant differences between launches and falls impacts on fruit-free fruit. To dump the capazos in boxes field, only the fruits located at the top impacts suffered over 50 g. Nor were observed differences in the two types of impacts to dump, a soft and a more abrupt similar to the field conditions. In the first year of experiments for determining factors emergence of podredumbres was reported as significant variables force extravasation of essential oils, the rate of albedo, the average impact on the collection, the percentage of damage to fruit and the rate of fungus (original index linking the relative importance of P digitatum on all rotten due to Penicillium). Experiments obtained in the second campaign indicated the existence of a relationship of proportionality between the percentage of visible damage and rotten, and that depending on! Type of farm establishing different groups for which that relationship changes. A variable that explains partially belonging to one other group is the percentage of fruit damaged by the stalk of other fruits in total spoiled fruit. With all the data model is a first design decision support comprising a rule of preference and a conditional adjustment.

Author: ZARAGOZA ADRIAENSENS SALVADOR.
Year: 2006.
University: POLITÉCNICA DE VALENCIA [www.upv.es].
Place of defense: Universidad Politécnica de Valencia.
Place of preparation: Universidad Politécnica de Valencia.

Summary: It has been compiled and all the material selected bibliography possible on citrus, since it is aware of its existence until the dawn of the twentieth century, when it starts major expansion of its commercial cultivation. The knowledge provided by the numerous authors consulted from the antigà ¼ age have been exposed and chronologically ordered, have been discussed and criticized, and it has been argued, when it is feasible, the reasons why it believed in a certain way. Based on all this information has developed an approach to the history of citricultura, which has tried whatever the situation in Spain and the rest of the world. All this has enabled reveal, the places of origin of citrus, the dispersion in the world of the most important species, the use of the fruit over time, the changes that have suffered the names of the main species, the supposed source of new species and varieties, species and varieties known in every era and the relationship between ancient and modern varieties. We also were shown multiplication systems employed in the course of time, the trend in the use of patterns and cultivation techniques outdoors and in greenhouses or orangeries, pests, diseases and other problems. Lastly have shown that the knowledge was on the anatomy, physiology and genetics, as well as business and the interest generated citrus in the world and especially in Spain.

Author: MANGADO EDERRA JESÚS MARIA.
Year: 2006.
University: PÚBLICA DE NAVARRA [www.unavarra.es].
Place of defense: ESCUELA TÉCNICA SUPERIOR DE INGENIEROS AGRONÓMOS.
Place of preparation: UNIVERSIDAD PÚBLICA DE NAVARRA.

Summary: Royal Decree 1215/1997 states that all mobile work teams, including tractors, should limit the risks for overturning the team. The overturning tractor is the main cause of death den agriculture. To limit these risks, tractors must be certified as a security structure to overturn ROPS, using the standardized test by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development OECD, as established by the Directive 2003/37/CEE. In Spain, it is mandatory the use of ROPS for most tractors since 1980. However, at present it is estimated that there are about 270,000 tractors without ROPS. Therefore, the hypothesis of this dissertation is that it is possible to limit the risks to the overturning of tractors without ROPS through the design of a ROPS, which can be fitted to most models of tractors at the time were approved without such protection. It has designed a protective structure of four poles that can be clamped to the rear axle of different models of tractors T1, have developed a model of computation and a computer program called Estrema to provide estimates of these structures. It has been designed using a ROPS program Estrema for the model tractor Massey Fergusson 178 Ebro, as it is one of the most frequent lack of ROPS. The tractor equipped with ROPS was tested at the Agricultural Mechanics Station, the only station allowed trials in Spain par wing approval of tractors and it exceeded evidence of approval static tests defined in the Code 4 of the OECD. Based on the results obtained, was improved and redesigned the structure to adapt the program Estrema the new design. It became to build and mount a ROPS on the tractor to conduct a pilot test of overturning real. After overturning it became clear that no part of the structure invaded the security zone of tractorista, and therefore, the result of the experiment was positive. The program Estrema has been properly validated and ROPS designed with the program are able to overcome the trials officers established in the Code 4 of the OECD for protection structures agricultural and forestry tractors. Having demonstrated that the design and program are adequate and with the objective of extending the method to a greater number of tractors are designed an arc rear and a front arch protection overturning tractor Straits. SE have developed computational models and related computer programes to calculate both arches of protection, using procedures similar to those used in the ROPS for tractors T1.