IRRIGATION

Author: DOLTRA BREGÓN JORDI.
Year: 2003.
University: LLEIDA [www.udl.es].
Place of defense: INGENIEROS AGRONOMOS.
Place of preparation: INSTITUT DE RECERCA I TECNOLOGÍA AGROALIMENTÁRIES (IRTA).

Summary: In adults apple "Golden Delicious", grown in pots and in a commercial plot, assessed the sensitivity of different indicators or water bioindicators for the determination of water stress on the plant and as an aid to irrigation management, during the years 1998 and 1999. There were using LVDT sensors on a continuous and real-time variations in the diameter of the trunk VDT and fruit VDF, from which obtained the maximum daily MCD contraction, the daily growth rate CDs and growth fruit CF. Also, measures were undertaken sap flow FS using the pulse heat uncompensated PCNC, water potential of the trunk (t), including the potential water before sunrise (a) and the potential water at noon (m) , and stomatal conductance (gs). We applied, over the tests, treatments and control of deficit irrigation in a position to gampo and cycles of severe stress in pots. The year 1999 was controlled water potential of the soil (s), with sensors Watermark ®, and identified production and quality parameters of each of the treatments. The MCD has been well correlated with perspiration, the m gs, expressing variability acceptable, appearing as the most appropriate indicator of water between the studied for the management of irrigation in a planting apple adults in the climatic conditions of the study area. In our experiments, it esableció an MCD of 0.35 mm threshold for the development of water stress, and an adjustment stomatal. Additionally, the measures already in continuous real time presents the advantage that it can act with the greatest advance in the correction and adaptation of irrigation to changes in the status of the water plant. The integration of VDT, FS and the values of potential water facilitates the construction of a simple model and quantity of water running from manzao, both daily and scale estacinal, allowing estimation parameters that are not directly measurable as resistance The capacitance hydraulic axial trunk and radial water flow. The model provides a wealth of interesting information for the physiological knowledge of Apple and improved agronomic practices gaps as risk management or varietal selection. The aplicaicón of water stress tardió slightly reduced production to reduce the average weight of the fruit, without affecting the optimal class market (size 80-85 mm). The quality of the fruit was not significantly altered, with the rate even higher quality in the treatment of stress. Thus, a moderate water stress during the growth phase of the fruit can be a practical strategies to be considered in water saving, while likely to incremetnar quality of the fruit.

Author: PLANA ARNALDOS VIRGILIO.
Year: 2003.
University: POLITÉCNICA DE CARTAGENA [www.upct.es].
Place of defense: INGENIEROS AGRÓNOMOS.
Place of preparation: ESCUELA TÉCNICA SUPERIOR DE INGENIERÍA AGRONÓMICA.

Summary: The Murcia region, with 12,000 hectares of crop albariquoque, with a 51% contribution to the domestic industry, the economic sector is therefore of great importance. Due to the demands of the crop edafoclimáticas forcing their location in areas where water scarcity is becoming one of the limiting factors of productivity, it is so for many years has been working on the most effective use of irrigation water, the possibility of using poor rains through different soil management avoid escorretías. Since the soil parameters behave like regionalized variables have been able to establish in some areas experimental plot in the middle of features that can be measured and sampled, as they represent the behavior of soil half the entire area pilot. We have tested three soil management (monitoring, minicuencas and ahoyado) to build rainwater the escorretía and foster infiltración.Con to know the behavior of the soil has been conducted a study of the characteristics of its hydrodynamic superficie.De different parameters studied concludes that the management of soil avoided largely escorretía and will be conducive to infiltration, avoiding therefore, the loss of fertile land and getting a water-saving irrigation. The management of soil minicuencas and ahoyado were able to capture, on average, 86 and 57% respectively of the rains, which resulted in a saving of irrigation water at around 10% over the soil management control. Regarding irrigation treatments were tested three treatments [100% Etc., (TO) reduction of irrigation to 40% of a Etc. except in the second phase of rapid growth of the fruit (T-1) and the same as but previous treatment during the first period posrecolección the risk drops to 70% of ETC (T-2)]. The results show that water savings achieved were 16 and 24% for the T-1 and T 2 respectively, without compromising the quality and quantity of the harvest. It has conducted a survey of the different events of rain and runoff that have originated. It proposes different mathematical models that relate runoff production volumes download rain and intensities, explaining to the 91% of those generation, for the three management soil tested. With regard to relations water, there have been changes in leaf water potential before dawn and noon covered in leaves (or xylem of the stem). Latter has proved better correlated with the soil water content, so it can be considered as a good indicator of water shortage in apricot. The roots of apricot on a drip regó are located almost exclusively in the first 70cm, with an average value of 90% in the first 50cm deep, in general terms for the three treatments suelo.Europe managing soil control, the roots are distributed more clustered around the area affected by the regó, ne if losmanejos ahoyado and minicuencas, where the roots extended to areas further away from the issuer, allowing expolorar greater surface soil capable of stay moist duranat 8 and more you 294 empo, as a result of lluvias.Los rates frucificación, laproducción total and the number of fruit per tree, showed no significant difference or the effect of soil management and irrigation treatment at all the years studied.

Author: MEDINA MINUESA JOSE LUIS.
Year: 2004.
University: CÓRDOBA [www.uco.es].
Place of defense: E.T.S.I. AGRONOMOS Y MONTES.
Place of preparation: E.T.S.I. AGRONOMOS Y MONTES.

Summary: The optimization of irrigation water as well as aspects related to the environmental cost and opportunity that led to their misuse, are a major concern of society today. On the other hand, new optimization techniques based on heuristic methods are proving to be a useful and valid tool for solving many problems. This thesis has developed an optimization model, based on simulated annealing heuristic technique, which allows to obtain an optimal scheduling of risks throughout the campaign irrigation, allowing the valuation of the terms of stock hídrido resulting from each implementation so it can be more or less criminalized misuse is made of irrigation. This has been refined and adjusted the SWAP model simulation of the development of crops and movement of water into the soil in the area Regable of Genil-Cabra, community Puente Genil (Córdoba). This model has been part of the optimization algorithm generated, which consists of a module generating pseudorandom irrigation schedules, a module for data entry and user interface and an optimization module. In addition has been made a sensitivity analysis of the parameters related to the simulated annealing as well as all the costs involved. The technique of simulated annealing has been configured as a viable alternative optimization in the implementation of irrigation water. The inclusion of environmental costs stemming from obtaining water from deep percolation and runoff has resulted in a decrease in the total volume applied and a decline in production. The failure to consider the environmental value of these two parameters of the water balance is not necessarily cause in all cases a reduction in the overall benefit. With the model developed can be improved in the management and efficiency in the management of irrigation water in line with the Framework Directive Water Policy of the European Union, especially in environmental issues related to sustainable use of this resource. The empello this tool pursues overcrowding of economic benefit in the implementation of irrigation using a new methodology, which has been widely contrasted in other areas of science, simultaneously allowing the operator to incorporate the principles of cost recovery of water-related services, including environmental costs, as set out in Article 9 of the directive.

Author: MORENO HIDALGO MIGUEL ANGEL.
Year: 2004.
University: CASTILLA-LA MANCHA [www.uclm.es].
Place of defense: E.T.S. DE INGENIEROS AGRONOMOS.
Place of preparation: E.T.S. DE INGENIEROS AGRONOMOS.

Summary: This paper deals with the study of pressurized irrigation networks working on demand. This has been measured in the irrigable area of Tarazona de la Mancha (Albacete) hydraulic data (pressure and flow) and the electrical parameters (current, voltage and power factor) of two irrigation networks operating at the demand. This irrigable area is representative of the region and one of the few that actually works to demand. The thesis has been structured into five chapters that analyze the management and use of water by farmers, the calculation of the flow by circulating online networking irrigation demand, the development and calibration of the hydraulic model of a network of irrigation and analysis of the efficiency and quality energy pumping stations. The results were that farmers are not doing an adequate programming risks in this area irrigable. The method of forecasting Clement flow underestimate the flow in a 35-40%, while the method of curves Random Demand Daily proposed conforms to the flow measured. The results of the calibration of the model through optimization techniques showed coefficients of losses cargo Hazen-Williams for PVC 117 on the 140 recommended and fiber for 100 on the 135 recommended. The energy savings achieved in the pumping station studied through changes in its regulation is a 16.2%. You must install filters applied to harmonics in variable speed drives to avoid problems for the functioning of the pumping station.

Author: VALLESQUINO LAGUNA PEDRO.
Year: 2004.
University: CÓRDOBA [www.uco.es].
Place of defense: E.T.S.I. AGRONOMOS Y MONTES.
Place of preparation: E.T.S.I. AGRONOMOS Y MONTES.

Summary: In this paper we have reviewed and analyzed the calculation methods most commonly used in the hydraulic simulate the behavior of branches irrigation. After this work we have seen that there is no single approach, comparable to the method SBS in terms of results and applicability, which serves to reduce the amount of computation required when pretendeobteneruna solution accurate. In response to the situation described in this Doctoral Thesis has developed a new scheme for calculation of successive approximations, which can be applicable to the various types of branches irrigation. It is characteristic of the algorithm created that flows cast and circulating the factors of friction coefficients and local losses associated with the various segments that make up a branch, are treated with discrete variable and thus achieving a more realistic approach to the problem arises. To verify the goodness of the new model has conducted a pilot process with various branches in which settled the eyedroppers Netafim not compensante of 4 1Ih, DC Helical (proprietary), Netafim autocompensante of 4 IIh And the sprinkler VYR-35. This work can be highlighted that the theoretical predictions given by the algorithm itself, or by calculating "Step by Step" (SBS) are virtually equivalent, and that the differences of the two methods with respect to the observed values are less than 2.9% And 5.7 %, respectively, when it comes to estimating the height of pressure in front of the caudal branch or downloaded for a given issuer. In comparison method between SBS and other models altemativos, as several variants of Anwar or EGL, it is clear that these approaches give estimates quite successful in many of the cases, aunqueno mejoresa the method propuestoen cualquierade variants. With regard to the robustness of the new algorithm can be stated that it is particularly sensitive to input parameters such as the slope of the ramp and the height of pressure at the entrance to the first issuer. His awareness-and Cd (equation download), D (diameter of the branch) or Qr (residual volume) is dependent on the variable output analyzed and the amount of wastewater flow (a higher value of Qr more sensitivity). The inftuencia other input parameters as T (temperature), I (spacing between issuers), f (friction factor), K (n ® No ") and K (N ® No loss coefficients) (local), Ic (length the cane) and dc (diameter of the cane) is less important if we take into account the simulations carried out.

Author: SIDAHI GABRI OMAR.
Year: 2004.
University: ALMERÍA [www.ual.es].
Place of defense: ESCUELA POLITECNICA SUPERIOR.
Place of preparation: ESCUELA POLITECNICA SUPERIOR.

Summary: Morocco is a country of Mediterranean climate, with very limited water resources. During the last half-century have existed various forms of organization and management of irrigation, unified model into one Act was passed 2 / 84, this law aims to involve farmers in areas of management and maintenance, and to remedy the inoperatividad model management. The scarcity of the resource and the isolation of the irrigable area of low moulouya the rest of the country, not posibilitn external inputs through transfer, this coupled with the deterioration of infrastructure and stagnation in the generational change, being estredicho continuity of irrigation. The llanuera of Bouarg addition to the common problems of the site, is facing a break-up and dispersal of the operation, due to its proximity to the city of Nador, which competes withthe agriculture in land use. The situation may worsen in the future, once transferred powers if no problems have been resolved partner structural and clarified the responsibilities of the different actors and ordered the territory.

Author: PALAU SALVADOR GUILLERMO.
Year: 2004.
University: POLITÉCNICA DE VALENCIA [www.upv.es].
Place of defense: ESCUELA TÉCNICA SUPERIOR DE IGENIEROS AGRÓNOMOS.
Place of preparation: UNIVERSIDAD POLITÉCNICA DE VALENCIA.

Summary: In this thesis deals with the characterization of hydrodynamic devices irrigation techniques using computational fluid (CFD). We have applied to the case of issuers of localized irrigation and hydraulic control valves, which are used in the facility to control the flow and pressure respectively. In all cases, there has been an experimental characterization hydrodynamics and with the experimental data obtained, it has been proved the right choice of models trubulencia and, in turn, has served to validate the mathematical models used. In the case of issuers of localized irrigation, the study has focused on obtaining models that represent the behavior of the fluid in it (through the labyrinth that produces loss of cargo to the water gets to the outside world without power ) and models that represent losses that occur localized load by reducing the section useful to the side when they are inserted. The regime found is a laminar to trubulento smooth and therefore Reynolds with numerous small in both cases. However, if the control valve, turbulence and the Reynolds numbers found are high and therefore must mathematical model used to simulate this behavior. The mathematical model ultimately chosen to simulate the control valve has been validated with experimental data in the test characterization. The simulation has been used to the behavior of the fluid within the valve d and from their analysis, redesign the prototype of the same, obtaining in this way a geometry that improves the hydrodynamic behavior of the valve, reducing its dead zones inside, the loss of load, the turbulence in the original narrowing produced by the piston and even a reduction in its size. In turn, it looks so simple cavitation occurring inthe internal dela valve, even taking into account that when a flow biphasic (liquid phase coexisting with vapor phase) mathematical models do not comply with such accuracy to reality as in the previous cases

Author: LOPEZ LOPEZ JOSE JAVIER.
Year: 2004.
University: ALMERÍA [www.ual.es].
Place of defense: USCUELA POLITECNICA DE LA UNIVERSIDAD DE ALMERIA.
Place of preparation: UNIVERSIDAD DE CORDOBA.

Summary: The implant of an irrigation network is not a problem direct, specific questions about their remaining hydraulic behavior. Knowledge flow and pressure is essential for the design, operation and evaluation of energy consumption in pumping stations. In fact the irrigation network is a system that is crossed by a stream, the system precludes a resistance in its path to be determined, and the flow rate must be boosted by an energy to be optimized. The main objectives are:-analysis of the behavior of the redtanto in-flow pressures as infer a pattern or patterns of consumption in the campaign-watering determine the optimal sequencing of pumps implanted in a pumping station-deduct the adequacy of statistical methodologies for calculating flow

Author: MENDOZA HERNÁNDEZ JOSÉ HIPÓLITO RODOLFO.
Year: 2005.
University: POLITÉCNICA DE CARTAGENA [www.upct.es].
Place of defense: ESCUELA TÉCNICA SUPERIOR DE INGENIERÍA AGRONÓMICA.
Place of preparation: ESCUELA TÉCNICA DE INGENIERÍA AGRONÓMICA.

Summary: Demand for grapes mass apirenas, high productivity has increased in recent years. However, the increasing water scarcity and the high cost of irrigation, mainly in arid areas, are forcing direct more attention to irrigation precision in order to maximize the efficiency of water use. Therefore, has increased interest in adopting new strategies, devices and irrigation techniques in the productive sector Murcia. This study aims to assess the response of the table grape cv. Exceeding scheduling irrigation with capacitive sensors and strategy irrigation Desecación Partial Root (DPR) as alternatives to the current practice of scheduling irrigation based ETc. The tests were carried out on a commercial farm table grape cv. Senior greenhouse localized irrigation with two dropper of 4 1.h-1 per tree. The farm is located in the Municipal conclude Eagles were tele-monitorizó the state's water continuous suelo-planta during Campaign 2002, 2003 and 2004. The three irrigation treatments were as follows: * Treatment Control, CT, which consisted of scheduling irrigation according to the usual practices on the farm, based on ETc. * Treatment adjusted, CA, based on information obtained with capacitive sensors stock's water wet bulb. * Treatment Desecación Partial Root, DPR, which was to remove the risk of alternating periods of 10-14 days on both sides of the plant during phonological of cuaje to veraison. The experimental plots were equipped with capacitive sensors, type FDR, located in the wet bulb with sensors at different depths in the area of maximum root density. The data from soil moisture, air and plants were acquired via radio and in real time, complemented by other measures carried out in situ. The results showed that treatment of minor irrigation DPR produced biomass to reduce the vigor of the variety but also decreased the yield which translates into economic losses that make unviable the introduction of this technique from the economic point of view. Treatment TA showed behavior similar to CT, despite the fact that BP was a saving of 1900 m3. Ha-1 of water meant the use of capacitive sensors, compared with 5500 m3.ha-1 that normally used in the Murcia region. This is because the stock water and the soil moisture profile help determine dosage and frequency tailored to the needs of the growing water. The scheduling irrigation more efficient parral based on capacitive sensors is a model of localized irrigation precision that allows for saving water while maintaining a high level of production and commercial quality.

Author: GONZALEZ CEBOLLADA CESAR.
Year: 2005.
University: ZARAGOZA [www.unizar.es].
Place of defense: ESCUELA POLITECNICA SUPERIOR DE HUESCA.
Place of preparation: ESCUELA POLITÉCNICA SUPERIOR DE HUESCA.

Summary: In this thesis is prensentan a series of theoretical and procedural improvements pra sizing optimal network presurizdas irrigation by means of economic Series. In addition, it provides a method for sizing network that uses the technique of back recursive (sizing recursive). On the other hand, presents a method of solving the problem with a hydraulic consumption en route dependent pressure fed at both ends, through an integrodiferencial.

Author: LOPEZ HERNÁNDEZ MANUEL.
Year: 2006.
University: CÓRDOBA [www.uco.es].
Place of defense: CAMPUS DE RABANALES.
Place of preparation: CAMPUS DE RABANALES.

Summary: The optimized management of water resources is becoming increasingly important in today's society. It is estimated that water consumption in agriculture accounts for about 80% of total consumption, its optimization is a core objective of environmental policy at present. This thesis begins with a diagnosis of the current automated management of irrigation. We identify problems and unmet basic functions. Following the conceptual definition System "ideal", which will evaluate technologies that allow the integration of the basic solution. They develop innovative, not existing on the market, to complement its functionality. The pilot test shows the technical feasibility. Commercial viability is reached after the re-engineering and industrial design in demonstration projects, for a system based on the new information technologies and communications which are adapted to the needs of regante. This project, supported by the international network of R & D oriented market EUREKA has been developed methodologically by reference to the model of process R & D of Kline and adopted by the Spanish norm UNE 166002.

Author: VALIN SANJIAO MARIA ISABEL.
Year: 2006.
University: SANTIAGO DE COMPOSTELA [www.usc.es].
Place of defense: ESCUELA POLITECNICA SUPERIOR.
Place of preparation: ESCUELA POLITÉCNICA SUPERIOR.

Summary: The pivot systems are characterized by a high degree of automation and high values of uniformity of distribution and efficiency of implementation, when the system is well designed and well managed. During campaigns watering the years 2000-2001-2002 were made a total of 12 field evaluations. The results reveal a level of design problems: high operating pressure on issuers, bad choice of the canyon in the distal limb and replacement of faulty rotary sprinklers by broadcasters. Problems related to poor maintenance and management system. In this thesis presents the program DEPIVOT, a tool whose objective is the design of systems pívote and calculation of indicators of quality of existing irrigation systems. The program has been developed in Visual Basic 6.0 by including a database Acess 2003. The program consists of: 1 - The module design agronomic, which calculates the dose and the flow of crude input to the system in terms of soil and crop. 2 - The module design hydraulic where an estimated loss of cargo in each tranche chosen from the database and the variation of pressure on the side. 3-module design of the card issuer, which calculates the pressure and flow rate for each of the sections and identifies the sender best suited for each of them. 4 - The module calculation of the surface run-off, comparing the curve and the curve of rainfall infiltration. 5-module assessment systems already in place, calculating indicators Uniformity Distribution (UD), and coefficient of Uniformity (CU). For the evaluation of systems in operation it is necessary to collect field data in real working conditions.

Author: ORTIZ ROMERO JOSE NICOLAS.
Year: 2006.
University: CASTILLA-LA MANCHA [www.uclm.es].
Place of defense: E.T.S. DE INGENIEROS AGRONOMOS DE ALBACETE.
Place of preparation: ESCUELA TECNICA SUPERIOR DE INGENIEROS AGRONOMOS DE ALBACETE.

Summary: In areas with severe constraints of water, as the region of Castilla-La Mancha, where the main source of water for irrigation is underground, sustainable agriculture must be raised to cope with the situation of use of limited water resources. Under these circumstances it is necessary to use potentially efficient irrigation systems, such as drip irrigation and spray. Within the latter, the pivot irrigation system can be a very interesting alternative, but it is necessary to identify the behavior of the main types of issuers in the market, for this irrigation system, in addition to its height above the ground, to find the combination that best suits the working conditions in the area. The overall objective of this thesis is to characterize Doctoral the process of implementing water (surface and in the soil profile) with two types of issuers and two heights on the ground in pivot systems, and its effect on growth, yield and quality in the cultivation of sugar beet. To that end, experiments were conducted for three consecutive years (2004 to 2006) in a plot of 18 has watered with a system of central pivot irrigation located at the Training Center of Agri-environment Albacete and geographically located at a latitude of 38 ° 56 ' 52''N, a length of 1 ° 53 '59''W and a height of 729.43 meters. The average annual rainfall in the area is 360 mm, and the evaporative demand of the atmosphere is 1400 mm. Each campaign is seeded fourth of the area that could irrigate the system, which corresponds approximately to 4.5 ha. Within the sector, which would establish the crop, was selected the strip of land that visually outside topographically more homogeneous and continue a radius of the pivot. The planting was done so that the rows continue the direction of the strip, and was the area where controls were installed sensors Watermark ®, to measure the voltage moisture in the soil, tubes and sensors EnviroScan ® Diviner ®, to measure the volumetric content of moisture in the soil, as well as to evaluate the risks rain. The pivot system, there are two types of new issuers, a type Rotator ® within three years of experimentation, and one fixed plate type LEN ®, in 2004, and type D3000 ®, in the years 2005 and 2006, reaching every one of them to heights of 1 and 2.5 m to the ground. Different combinations of sprinkler and height resulting in four distinct sections. During the years of experimentation were carried out 60 evaluations of irrigation, and both before and after them, was measured moisture in the soil; with these measurements was calculated uniformity of application of water, evaporation losses and drag, and the uniformity of water in the soil. To analyze the growth of the crop, were sampled 10 plants contiguous by experimental treatment, with a frequency of two weeks. To quantify the production were sampled four strips of 6 rows and 30 m long by leg, determined by the performance stretch as the average of four stripes. Likewise, were sampled four plots of 10 m2 per treatment to obtain the yield of sugar and parameters of industrial quality. The results show that with the issuers of turntable (EPG), to achieve a more uniform application of water in irrigation individual, especially when placed at 1 m in height, with values average 92 and 88% for the CU and UD, respectively. The cumulative risk, though still higher values in the EPG, there is a marked improvement in the issuers of fixed plate (EPF). L 8 as pérdi da0 das by evaporation and drag (EAP) were significantly higher in the EPF 2.5 regard to EPG 1, with figures of 8 and 13.65% for the night and daytime watering, in the same order; meantime the lowest values were recorded in the EPG 1, with figures of 3.33 and 8.17% for irrigation night and daytime, respectively. The coefficient of consistency and uniformity of water distribution in the soil after watering (CUsd and UDsd) recorded higher values, and with less fluctuations, regarding the UC and UD; not, in the EPG, where, generally, uniformity of water was applied to greater uniformity in the soil, indicating that the very desuniformidad implementation of the EPF contributes to moisture in the soil homogenice after irrigation. Values half maximum growth rates: absolute velocity of the crop, growth velocity relative rate of net assimilation rate and harvest has been between 40 and 50 g m-2 d-1, 92 and 160 mg g - 1 m-2 d-1, 11 and 15 g m-2 d-1, 70 and 76%, respectively, with no significant differences between treatment within each index. The lesser and greater efficiency in the use of radiation (RUE) for the total dry matter content was 1.97 (EPF 2.5) and 2.48 g MJ-1 (EPG 1), while RUE for performance sugar was 1.15 (EPF 2.5) and 1.27 g MJ-1 (EPG 1). The performance of root, daring significant difference in the year 2004 and 2005, the first year between EPG1 (135.0 t ha-1) and EPF 2.5 (120.9 t ha-1), and the second year between EPF (higher yields to rise to 2.5 m, 117.1 t ha-1) and EPGs 2.5 (103.8 t ha-1). In relation to the polarization (% sugar), the only year where there was no statistical difference was in 2006, with higher values in the EPG 2.5 (16.20%) compared to issuers placed at 1 m (14.7 % in the EPF and 15.1% in the EPG). The yield of sugar (t ha-1), no significant between-treatment resulted in the three campaigns, with average figures of between 18.1 t ha-1 (EPG 2.5) and 19.2 t ha-1 (EPG 1 ). The water use efficiency (WUE) for the fresh and dry weight of the root, as well as sugar, ranged from 17.12 to 18.90, 3.29 to 3.61 and 2.71 to 3 , 02 kg m-3, respectively, with the lowest and highest value to the EPF 2.5 and EPG 2.5, in the same order, but no significant differences between treatments. Según los resultados del balance de humedad, los valores de Kc que parecen más adecuados para realizar una programación del riego, podrían variar entre 0,30 y 0,35 en la etapa inicial (desde siembra hasta 10 hojas), entre 0,60 y 0.80 in the period between 10 leaves and total coverage of soil, between 0.95 and 1.05 at the stage of thickening of the root, and in the final phase values down from 0.70 to 0.50.