ANIMAL PRODUCTION

Author: BALLESTER DEVIS M..
Year: 2004.
University: AUTÓNOMA DE BARCELONA.
Place of defense: FACULTAT DE VETERINÀRIA.
Place of preparation: UNIDAD DE GENÉTICA, FACULTAD DE VETERINARIA.

Summary: The ultimate goal of our work is to obtain recombinant proteins of interest drug in the milk of transgenic animal production. for specifics and effectively to the mammary gland of the animals transgéncios. All buildings have previously been tested in mice to be an animal model cheaper as it has a lower cost of maintenance and its reproductive cycle and generation interval is shorter with regard to animal production. In this paper we have used a cassette containing 410 bp expression of proximal promoter region and 2.5 kb region 3 'flanqueante gene of BetaLG goats to direct the expression of the two subunits (alpha and beta) of the Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) of the human mammary gland of transgenic mice. There have been 4 transgenic lines that are capable of expressing both transgenes in their gláncula breast. Moreover, in obtaining transgenic mice for the transgene of betaLG goats, in order to test the regulatory regions of the gene, there was a conspicuous phenotype in mice homozygous for the line tg56, in the present work has been characterized the site of this transgene integration, which caused a mutation in the gene insertion of the Fosfolipasa C-beta1 (PLC-beta1) mouse. It has also developed a new protocol based on real-time quantitative PCR to determine the number of copies of the transgene integrated in different transgenic lines. This method can be used on all lines transgéncias containing expression cassettes belonging to genes ruminant species. Finally we have identified and characterized a total of 15 polymorphisms in the gene betaLG goats, 9 of which are located in the proximal promoter region, in order to find mutations in the regulatory regions that can be importantantes in the expression of gene.

Author: SARRIÉS MARTÍNEZ M. VICTORIA.
Year: 2004.
University: PÚBLICA DE NAVARRA.
Place of defense: ESCUELA TÉCNICA SUPERIOR DE INGENIEROS AGRÓNOMOS.
Place of preparation: UNIVERSIDAD PÚBLICA DE NAVARRA.

Summary: Overall, the study of the Doctoral Thesis has been to determine the parameters related to the quality of the carcass and meat in foals and potras race Burguete aptitude meat reared on two different production systems to characterize the nature of the channel and the meat of these animals intended for human consumption. Fifty-six were employed foals to race Burguete (35 males and 21 females) from holdings in northern Navarra. The first group consisted of 25 animals (13 males and 12 females) and the second with 31 (20 males and 11 females). The foals are slaughtered at an age of 16 and 24 months respectively. Initially the foals are raised with their mothers in the grass. Animals in the first group were destetaron at age 7-8 months and then were fattened with concentrated during 7-8 months. The animals belonging to the second group, remained longer in the pasture with their mothers (16-17 months) and then were completed with concentrated during 7-8 months. The parameters that were evaluated in the channel were as follows: hot carcass weight, pR, conformation, degree of FAT, color of the channel. It took as a rabble dimensions of the channel length, perimeter of the leg length of the leg, spine length and depth of the chest. It took the longissimus dorsi muscle of the average channel left between the 6th and 12th costila matured 4 days to determine the parameters: chemical analysis, sensory profile, color and texture profile of fatty acids. The channels of the foals to race Burguete show a trend toward tones amarilos and red and are characterized by their high performance (increased 63%). Meat from foals to race Burguete is seen as a low-fat product with a certain sweetness, has a dark red and his tenderness is acceptable to 40día maturation. Production systems that are used at present causing great variability in the shape and extent of FAT. The foals of 16 and 24 months were classified between Class E and B respectively, and were included among the class 3 and 4 of the degree of FAT. The highest fat content intramuscu1aren the foals for 24 months did little to differentiate the sensory profile of the meat in terms of production systems. Foal meat from animals of 24 months had a lower content phospholipids showed less saturated fatty acid content, it proved to possess higher acid content fats monounsaturados and presented similar acid content with fat poliunsaturados compared the foals reared up to 16 months of age. Regarding the profile of fatty acids in the subcutaneous depot, the foals of 24 months showed higher values of saturated poliunsaturados and fewer monounsaturados compared with those of 16 months. The sex of the test animals showed little significant effect on both the parameters of the channel as in the flesh. The high variability of the results presented in this report Doctoral Thesis shows that it would be advisable to achieve greater standardization of the management of foals to obtain more homogeneous meat.

Author: ASTORGA CONTRERAS NICOLÁS MAURICIO.
Year: 2004.
University: LAS PALMAS DE GRAN CANARIA.
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS BÁSICAS.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS BÁSICAS.

Summary: One of the problems that directly affect the profitability of the companies producing gold, is the aparici6n systematic physical deformities, where the most important because of the frequency with which they are presented, are those associated with the shape of the spine. The reasons for these abnormalities are multifactorial, ranging from the nutrition of fish, the conditions attached to growing up genetic factors. Despite the knowledge acquired, the problem of deformities of fish in intensive farming persists, which makes clear the importance of it. The optimization of the management practices in intensive farming have contributed significantly in the minimizaci6n the frequency of deformities column, however, this optimization has not yet considered the relations of kinship in a lot of players and / or the individual contribution of the same in the offspring. The present work has been rated the importance of genetic factors in determining the skeletal deformities and quality of the making of golden, genealogy controlled by descendants with the development of physical and genetic markers. This has been used offspring of selection scheme for stress tolerance containment of the European project (FAIR-R-CT95-0152) and have made crossings players with different phenotypes of deformity (lordosis and triple deformed, LEC) , family background and degrees of consangunidad (0%, 12.5%, 25%) pilot-scale, considering environmental constraints nutrition (vitamins A and C), and evaluating the offspring at various stages of development and growth, according to the classification criteria industry's golden. Furthermore, it has been studied asociaci6n family of a triple deformity column (LEC) in a sample of fish from an industrial lot. Considering the fish under a dichotomous classification of healthy or sick, yielded an estimated heritability of the expected 85%. In the case of lordosis, association was found between deformity and the family structure (P less than O 05). In relation to the quality of entry, there was no effect of phenotype and degree of consanguinity of players in the diameter of the egg. Fertility showed a significant negative impact and control only at the junction of fish lordóticos with normal background lordosis. There were no significant effects for viable eggs or no eggs fertilized eggs and deformed, except for the crossing of players with triple deformity LEC. The rates of larval survival and hatching to 4Â ° day were very homogenous placed between and among type of crossing into putting. The incidence of deformed larvae at different ages, always declined with age. At the age of 194 days, the fish showed normal column more weight, length ycompacidad that fish deformed fish Within normal bladder natatoria, there was no significant association between the incidence of deformed and the type of players by grade crossing deformity and blood (P greater than 0.05). The heterocigosidad half was similar in breeding and descendants (0957 Â ± 0.08 and 0969 Â ± 0.09, respectively). A lot of players under Industrial putting Mass, was rebuilt genealogy for a sample of fish descendants with the triple deformity column LEÇ and found association of the deformed fish in the family structure and the scoreboard SaGT26. Fish not grown with diets supplemented with vitamin C had lower growth over control, and fish nomales significantly heavier than fish deformed (6.93 Â ± 0.42 g, P less than 0.05). In addition, fish without vitamin C supplementation presen 8 taron ma 37d yor incidence of deformed that the control diet, in which there was a significant excess of deformed fish in the breeding crosses normal (C) ycon inbreeding of 25% (HC) .

Author: CARDOZO SALAZAR PAUL WILLIAM.
Year: 2004.
University: AUTÓNOMA DE BARCELONA.
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE VETERINARIA.
Place of preparation: ESCUELA DE POSTGRADO.

Summary: In the study in vitro and in vivo evaluated the effects of plant extracts on the characteristics of rumen microbial fermentation. We measured the concentrations of volatile fatty acids (VFA), long peptides (PepL), small peptide and AA (PepP + AA), ammonia N, L-lactato, number of protozoa, ingestion of dry matter (IMS) and consumption water. In Experiment 1, rated 15 mg / kg of the mixture of all the extracts (MIX), and 7.5 mg / kg of garlic extracts (RIG), cinnamon (INC), cassava (YUC), anise (ANI) oregano (ROE) or paprika (PAC) in a system of double fermentation continuous flow (8 days of adaptation and 3 sampling). The adjustment period was higher acetate and propionate was lower (d 2 to 6) in CIN, RAG, ANI and ROE compared to the CTR. However, these differences disappeared after 6 days. The INC and YUC increased PepL, RAG and ANI increased PepP + AA, ANI increased and decreased RAG N ammonia. In Experiment 2, the same extracts and three pure compounds (anetol, ATL; cinnamaldehido, HR and eugenol EUG) evaluated five doses (0,0.3, 3, 30 and 300 mg / L) in two pH levels (5.5 and 7.0) in in vitro rumen fluid from terneros.Las high doses of all plant extracts inhibited the VFA and N total ammonia. At pH 7.0, the effects of the extracts of the plant were not favorable paralos objectives of the system fattening. By contrast, at pH 5.5, EUG, RAG, PAC, HR and YUC increased total VFA, following a low regard acetate: propionate in ROE, RAG, PAC, HR, YUC. In Experiment 3, we assessed 30g / d extract of alfalfa (AEX; 10% and 1.5% malato saponins), a mixture of 180 mg / d of HR and 90m g / d EUG (ICE), and a combination both treatments (MIX) in the 360 kg Holstein calves and fitted with a trocar in the rumen. Compared with the CTR, ICN and AEX fell IMS, water consumption, Entodinium spp, the AEX rose relationship acetate: propionate, reduced Entodinium spp and Isotrichus spp. In in vitro rumen fluid CIE, AEX and MIX, ICN and MIX reduced degradation of crude protein (BDP) of soybeans and corn at 4h incubation. However, there was no effect at 24h incubation. In Experiment 4, rated 2g / d of anise extract (ANI; 10% anetol), 1 g / d extract of capsicum (PAC; 155 capsaicin), and a mixture of 0.6 g / d of HR and 0.3g / d EUG (ICD) in holstein calves of 450 kg fitted with a trocar in the rumen. Compared with the CTR, The PAC raised IMS, water consumption, PepP + AA, and reduced acetate, AVG chain branched (AGVCR) and PepL. The ICD reduced water consumption, acetate, AVGCR, L-lactato, No. ammonia and Entodinium spp and Isotrichus spp., And increase the propionate and PepP + AA, and reduced acetate, AVG chain branched (AGVCR) and PepL. The ICD reduced water consumption, ace tato, AVCCR, L-lactato, No. ammonia and Entodinium spp and Isotrichus pp. And increase the propionta and PepP + AA. The ANI fell relationship acetate: propionate, AVGCR, No. ammonia and Entodinium spp. In the in vitro test, ANI, PAC and ICD reduced the BDP of soybeans 4h after hatching, and only ANI reduced the BDP of soybean 24 hours after hatching. The results indicate that the plant extracts may vary depending on the effects of diet and environment rumen, and that the ICD, ANI and CAP can be useful as modifiers of rumen fermentation systems bait in intensive calves.

Author: BLANES VIDAL VICTORIA.
Year: 2005.
University: POLITÉCNICA DE VALENCIA.
Place of defense: UNIVERSIDD POLITÉCNICA DE VALENCIA.
Place of preparation: UNIVERSIDAD POLITÉCNICA DE VALENCIA.

Summary: Environmental conditions of the farms influence on the productive efficiency of the animals and their welfare, as well as gaseous emissions, dust and smells from the farms. They may also have an effect on the health of personnel working on the farm. Environmental conditions are defined by interior temperature, humidity, air speed and air quality (concentration of oxygen, carbon dioxide, armoniaco, methane and other gases, dust and microorganisms) within the farm. The overall objective of this thesis is to study specific issues related to the environmental conditions inside the farms and their control systems, with the aim of improving animal production systems, from the point of view of emissions and air conditioning of the farms. The thesis consists of five research papers that the following topics: * Validation of an indirect method to estimate the flow ventilation farms by conducting final heat, moisture and carbon dioxide, taking into account the variation daily the activity of the animals. * Development of a team measuring environmental parameters (temperature and air speed), in commercial poultry farms located in warmer climates. * Evaluation of the differential pressure as a parameter to control ventilation in poultry meat trade, and its ability to provide an adequate air speed in the animal environment. * Identification of the factors that influence gas emissions (ammonia and methane) in a housing pig fattening. * Development and Validation of a flow chamber and a procedure for measuring emissions armoniaco in dairy farms.

Author: MARTÍNEZ LLORENS SILVIA.
Year: 2005.
University: POLITÉCNICA DE VALENCIA.
Place of defense: UNIVERSIDAD POLITÉCNICA DE VALENCIA.
Place of preparation: UNIVERSIDAD POLITÉCNICA DE VALENCIA.

Summary: The purpose of this was to determine Doctoral Thesis on the optimal level of substitution of fish meal and fish oil from other sources protein alternatives extruded feed for gold (Sparus aurata L.). It conducted three trials replacement of fishmeal by protein sources (soybean cake or blood products) and not replacing fish oil for soybean oil. In Experiment 1, we used gold with an average weight of 15 grams and were fed to society with extruded feed with a 20, 30, 40 and 50% of soybeans, considering two phases of growth, during 309 days, evaluating their impact on growth, development nutritional, economic parameters and sensory changes. In Experiment 2, assessed the effect on growth, nutritional efficiency, and economic parameters and sensory changes in the partial replacement of fish oil for soybean oil in feed with 4 replacement levels (0, 24, 48 and 72% ) in gold with an average weight of 14 grams initial. In experiment 3, two parallel tests to determine the effect on the fattening stage (164 days and preengorde (242 days) of 3 replacement levels (0.5 and 10%) of blood meal or homoglobina in gold with a starting weight of 179 and 33 grams, respectively. Experiment 4, with a golden initial weight of 242 grams were fed for 134 days with seven feed, in which six of this fish meal was replaced with soy flour a 0, 15, 30, 45, 60 and 75% and one in which I think was revised to 100% of a mixture of vegetable meal, followed by a period of 26 days in which all fish are re-alimentaron with I think based fishmeal. findings were that can reemplezar up to 45% of fishmeal by soybean cake in feed for fattening golden without negative effects on growth and efficiency nutritious and economic parameters, and up to 30% in preengorde and up to 10% by blood meal, but not recommended for the complete replacement of fishmeal plant sources. substitution of fish oil for soybean oil was feasible. however these substitutions produced significant differences sensory .

Author: GÓMEZ PEÑARANDA JOSÉ ADER.
Year: 2006.
University: POLITÉCNICA DE VALENCIA.
Place of defense: Dep. Ciencia Animal.
Place of preparation: Universidad Politécnica de Valencia.

Summary: This Doctoral Thesis, was raised in order to respond to problems on food are presented in the production of gold Sparus aurata through experimental testing that studied the effect of the strategies, frequencies and power rates, the growth, efficiency and nutritious economic parameters. In the First Test, assessed the effect of four food systems (on-demand ad libitum, automatic flat rate and satiety) on growth and nutrient utilization in a fish initial average weight of 117 and 148 g, for 153 days . In the second test, the rate was calculated optimal feeding for increased economic efficiency in two commercial feed from different rates (80, 90, 100, 110 and 120%) the rate of food recommended by the manufacturer, using fish an initial average weight of 354 and 365 g for 63 days experimental. The third test, studied the influence of the frequency of weekly food to satiety (5, 6 and 7 days) and fast (14 days) on the growth and nutrient utilization, in a golden initial average weight of 18 grams, during an experimental period of 262 days. The fourth Test, evaluated the ability of gold (44 g) to regulate food intake, being fed the same feed and alternating two different energy level, twice a day for 224 days. The gold was able to adapt to a feeding at set hours without the self-regulation of food intake was an advantage. The rate of optimal nutrition for maximum growth was always larger than the optimum to minimize the conversion rate, so for determining the optimal rate of food had to evaluate the economic growth and the cost of feed used.

Author: JIMENEZ BADILLO MARIA DEL ROSARIO.
Year: 2006.
University: ZARAGOZA.
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE VETERINARIA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE VETERINARIA.

Summary: The objective of the study was to contribute to the characterization of the Serrana breed, in particular, on the meat production aspects. For this purpose, two studies were carried out. In first one evaluated the sex effect (male, female), litter size (simple, double, triple), mother´s age (1, 2, 3, 4 and =5 years old), birth season (Spring, Summer, Autumn and Winter) and birth year (2001, 2002, 2003) over the weight at birth, adjusted weights at 30 days and 60 days, average daily weight gain from birth up to 30 days of age and average daily weight gain from birth up to 60 days of age . The results showed that the male kids, those born as a result of a simple parturition and those from older females were heavier at birth, at 30 and 60 days of age and had better average weight gain from birth to 30 days and from birth up to 60 days of age. Differences were also observed as an effect of the birth season. The second study was carried out in 60 Transmontano kids carcasses (31 males and 29 females) in view of determining the sex and carcass weight effect over some conformation measurements (leg and carcass lengths, rump and thorax width, rump perimeter, compacity indexes), on longissimus muscle thickness measurements (A, B and area), fat thickness measurements (C, J, EGE2, EGE3, EGE4), regional composition (proposed joints of the Estação Zootécnica Nacional de Bragança), tissue composition (muscle, bone and fat) and on the meat pH and colour. With the tissue composition the muscle/bone and muscle/fat ratios were obtained. Furthermore a study on the relative growth of the carcass joints and its tissue composition, by means of the Huxley exponential equation on its logarithmic transformation (Log y = Log a + b Log x) was undertaken. Finally, prediction equations of the carcass composition were estimated by using both conformation and the longissimus dorsi measurements. An analysis of linear association was carried out and those measurements which were significant were included in the linear regression model applying a stepwise regression method. The results showed that the sex did not exert an influence on the carcass conformation measurements, as well as on the meat pH and colour, but there were some differences on the carcass regional and tissue composition, being the proportion of joints, which contains more fat, higher in females than in males. The carcass weight effect did influence the carcass yield, the conformation, longissimus muscle thickness, fat thickness measurements, and regional and tissue compositions. Generally, it can be indicated that the values of all measurements increased with the increment of the carcass weight. Furthermore, it was seen that the pH was higher in the lighter carcasses than in the 6 kg and 8 kg carcasses. The red index and the saturation were higher in 8 kg carcasses than in the lighter carcasses. The allometry study indicated that limbs were precocious in growth in relation to the rest of the carcass and that the tissue that presented a more precocious growth was the bone, whereas the muscle showed an isometric growth and the fat a later growth. The farm live weight was the best variable to predict the tissue composition. The precision increased slightly when the model further included the hot carcass weight.

Author: MARCO JIMÉNEZ FRANCISCO.
Year: 2006.
University: POLITÉCNICA DE VALENCIA.
Place of defense: Departamento Ciencia Animal.
Place of preparation: Universidad Politécnica de Valencia.

Summary: With the work of this thesis, to assess different reproductive technologies for application in the preservation of the breed Guirra, through the creation of a bank of semen and embryos. To create a bank of semen from all stallions available at this time we studied the effect of the method of recovery seminal (artificial vagina, VA and electroeyaculación, EE) on the production of semen and sperm quality fresh and crioconservado and on the composition of the seminal plasma. The parameters of fresh semen quality were evaluated; volume, concentration, production, microscopic analysis (normal and abnormal sperm acrosomal) and kinetic parameters of sperm motility, selected through a system CASA. From seminal plasma was analyzed, the concentration of sodium, potassium ratio sodium / potassium, and total protein concentration by espectofotometría and profile through protein gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and two-dimensional electrophoresis (2D-PAGE). The results showed that ES is not effective in all cases, for a 80% of eyaculados, reduced sperm concentration and slightly increases the concentration of Na + seminal plasma, but there were no differences in the quality seminal fresh. The quality sperm post-descongelación was evaluated by determining motility through CASA, the state acrosoma (through staining FITC-PNA/IP) and degree of training (with certain staining M540/Yo-pro1), both stains evaluated by flow cytometry . Sperm from eyaculados obtained with EE showed a higher percentage of stability and functionality membrane (larger number of live cells not trained, live with acrosoma intact and alive with acrosoma reacted).

Author: CERISUELO GARCIA ALBA.
Year: 2006.
University: AUTÓNOMA DE BARCELONA.
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE VETERINARIA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE VETERINARIA.

Summary: The main objective of this project doctoral dissertation was a study of the effects of increased levels of food in pregnant sows between days 45 and 85 of gestation, in the development of muscle fibers dela progeny in utero, their yields and various postnatal quality parameters of the carcass and meat. In addition, the effects of this food strategy in the management of body reserves and the productive and reproductive performance of sows after three consecutive cycles under treatment were evaluated. In order to carry out these goals a single experiment was conducted from an initial sample of 103 sows Large White x Landrace genetics CIPs, between 0 and 4 births. These sows were divided into two experimental treatments, control (C, n = 49) and supplemented (S, n = 54). The sows were fed with control levels of 2.5-3.0 kg / day to feed commercial (12.1 MJ ME / kg and 0.62% lysine half), following the normal pattern of food from the farm during the period of gestation. Sows supplemented received a bonus of 50% and 75% of the same feed for pigs nulliparous, respectively, between days 45 and 85 of gestation. The same treatment was aplciado for three consecutive cycles. In cycles 2 and 3, a total of 30 and 20 sows nulliparous were incorporated into the study. The male piglets (castrated) from the cycles 1 and 3 were controlled during the transition and fattening until slaughter (Chapter 4). These piglets were divided into two groups at birth (Conctrol C Suplementado, S) relating to the treatment received by their mothers during the middle of gestation. At the beginning of the transitional period, piglets were divided into 5 groups of weight (G) for treatment: G1 includes piglets heavier and G5 the demenor weight. The same distribution was maintained until slaughter. Yields productive of these animals were evaluated in phases transicón (n = 958. Cycle 1 = 461 and cycle 3 = 497) and feeding (n = 636, Cycle 1 = 377 and cycle 3 = 259). Various parameters carcass quality and meat were evaluated in aniamles Group 4 (G4, n = 90) for sacrifice. The study of the different characteristics of the muscle fibers of the progeny (total number of muscle fibers, area middle and type of fiber) was carried out using the reaction histochemistry miosina-ATPasa after hatching samples at different pH (n = 70 ), tmabién in piglets of the G4. The piglets born to mothers supplemented had higher growth and consumption in the media cycle 1 (P less 0.05) and a higher conversion efficiency in the cycle 3 (P less 0.05) during the transition period. However, no difference was found etnre tratameitnos in yields productive at the stage of bait in either cycles studied (cycle 1 and Cycle 3). The increase in the level of power during the middle of gestation had no impact on the quality parameters of the channel for slaughter. However, if provoked differences in some aspects of the final quality of meat from pigs S submitted a amyor pH to 24 hours after slaughter (pH24) in the músuclo semimembranosus and lower luminosity (L *) determined in a cross section thoracis longissimus muscle, as compared to the meat of pigs Cy so conssitente inthe cilcos 1 and 3 (P less 0.05). The experimental treatment also caused differences in histological features of the fibers musuclares. The piglets born to mothers supplemented developed fewer muscle fibers but with a larger size in the two cycles studied (P less 0.15). The relationship between the number of fibers musuclares secondary karma 8 l number dcd fiber musuclares primaries was constant between treatments. In the adult animal, the fewer ifbras muscle presented the group of pigs S was reflected in a mnero number of type IIB fibers (p less 0.05) greater area (P menro 0.10. Transverse area) with regard to animals born mothers C. Compared to mothers, body weight (BW) and the levels of rese rvas corporal [espesro backfat (BF mm); depth loin (LD, mm) and note body condition (BCS)] were measured in different times of the reproductive cycle (40 days of gestation, 85 days of pregnancy, childbirth and lactation alos 18 days) in the three cycles studied. At the time of childbirth as well as the 18 days of lactation were recorded in the number of piglets and their individual weight. Yields productive for the sow after weaning is determianron using indices such as the rate of births and intervao destete-cubrición (Chapter 5). Taken together, in contrast to the group of sows fed the standard routine of feeding farm (C), S sows were able to accumulate BF at the end of three cycles of extra food. Moreover, the two groups of sows and LD BW won at the end of three cycles of supplementation. The bristles on his first delivery were able to accumulate fatty tissue, but tissue lipid, in response to increased levels of food in the pipeline for three consecutive cycles, while sows multiparous (greater 2 births) spent this extra energy input mainly . In conclusion, an increase in the level of power applied during the middle of gestation in the present study showed no clear effect on the yields of productive progeny. However, the implementation of this diet resulted in histologic differences in the development of muscle fibers in utero and an improvement in some aspects of the quality of meat studied (meat less acidic and darker) 24 hours after sacrifice. Additionally, this strategy nutritional conducted in ecerdas correctametne fed resulted in an increase dle level of body reserves after three cycles of supplementation. This increase in reserves in the bristles S impacted positively bristles where suplmentación started in its first reproductive cycle (nulliparous in the cycle 1), while giving rise to adverse effects in multiparous bristles because of a possible negative impact on the development of the mammary gland. Finally, both the number of birth as gstiónd and body reserves during pregnancy exerted a strong effect on the handling of body reserves during the period of lactation, as well as the productive and reproductive performance of sows.