ANIMAL BREEDING

Author: González Recio Oscar.
Year: 2005.
University: POLITÉCNICA DE MADRID [www.upm.es].
Place of defense: E.T.S. de I. Agrónomos.
Place of preparation: E.T.S. de I. Agrónomos.

Summary: The selection in recent decades in favor of milk production has led to an overall deterioration of the functional characteristics. Stocks generate higher revenues per animal but higher costs (Jones et al., 1994). Moreover, the production level is no longer the leading cause of waste, as it is now, people have high Holstein productions. Bascom and Young (1998) attributed to fertility the leading cause of waste, with 18% of the total waste, and the second reason is a low-level production (16%) and the third the mamitis (15%), while members and aplomos occupy ninth place with a 6% of animals discarded. The selection by fertility raises several issues. One is the antagonism between production and fertility. This opposition hinders improvement of fertility since production historically has had a big role in the selection index for its direct relationship to profitability. Furthermore heritabilities higher than fertility, facilitating genetic progress. Another drawback of fertility falls to the statistical treatment of the characters that the measure. These problems are based on statistical data censored and / or characters categorical. In the first case include records of cows that are not known either complete or who have never obtained gestation, and therefore it is necessary to assume their values. For example, if a cow is discarded after 2 inseminations without obtaining pregnancy, we know that this cow would have required at least three inseminations to get pregnant (point of censure = 2 inseminations), and that its open days were higher in the interval between the birth and the second insemination (point of censure for days open = date of the second insemination). Moreover, the open days as the number of inseminations no normal distributions, which is inconvenient to use traditional statistical methods. In relation to the characters or categorical thresholds, as the rate of non-return (YES / NO), or the number of inseminations (1, 2, 3, â |), are characters that are measured in two or few classes. These characters, therefore, do not follow normal distributions, and neither respected the definition of linear models (Gianola, 1982). Existen, además, otros problemas que pasan por la falta de consenso en cuanto a los criterios para medir la fertilidad (puesto que existe una gran influencia del ambiente en la fertilidad), o la carencia de programas de recogida de datos reproductivos en algunos países o geographical areas within the same country. It would be useful to increase the accuracy of the assessments by genetic fertility, as well as to establish a basis for the analysis and selection of fertility to maximize the profitability of farms taking into account the reproductive ability. This requires that these problems are addressed in a scientific investigation. The objective of this thesis was to determine the foundation and tools to select for fertility in dairy cattle in Spain. It studied the costs and reproductive factors influencing them, as well as characters and statistical tools more suitable for the analysis of the fertility of the female characters, and that define it. For this study was to lactations from dairy herds in control of the Basque Country and Navarra to September 2003, as well as their records inseminations until December 2001. These data were transferred by the regional associations of EFRIFE and AFNA. For the calculation of the costs and revenues were used economic data means the year 1999, including milk prices, calf, doses of semen, hormone treatments, labor costs veterinarians and fixed costs. These data were provided by the centers management Basque Country. Characters fertility analyzed were: The calving interval (PI), the open days (DA), the time between birth and the first insemination (PPIA), the interval between the first and last ins 8 eminació 760 n (IPU) The number of inseminations per period of service (INS), the pregnancy rate for 56 (90) days (P56, P90), and the success of the first insemination. This thesis is divided into five chapters. The first one was conducted an economic study of fertility, exploring its costs depending on the number of inseminations, and the relationship between fertility and profitability. The second chapter of the thesis explored the relationship between the genetic characteristics of different fertility, proposing the characters more appropriate to include in a fertility rate depending on the availability or lack of reproductive control. Later, in the third and fourth chapter comparing different techniques to analyze the number of inseminations and open days, respectively, according to data censored for the two characters and taking into account the categorical nature of the number of inseminations. Finally, in chapter five, which investigated the relationship between production and fertility to weigh an appropriate selection of these two objectives in an index, so as to maximize economic gains on holdings.

Author: FERNÁNDEZ DIEZ BEGOÑA.
Year: 2005.
University: LEÓN [www.unileon.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE VETERINARIA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE VETERINARIA.

Summary: The objectives of this research work were: 1) study the chemical composition of the beet pulp and capability of the NIRS technology to predict the contents of the different fractions analytical; 2) evaluate the effect of adding the flesh vinaza beet on voluntary ingestion, preferences and use digestive and 3) to compare the response and characteristics of the products obtained from animals fed with rations that include beet pulp with or without Vinaza. To achieve the first goal, collected 73 samples of beet pulp, which determined the contents of the different fractions analytical following traditional methods of the AOAC (2003) and were collected spectra in the near infrared. The samples studied had a relatively variable chemical composition. The NIRS technology enabled estimate with a high degree of accuracy the dry matter content, but not the neutral detergent fiber, soluble fiber or protein crude beet pulp. To achieve the second objective, four tests. The first studied the effect of the inclusion of three levels of vinaza in pulp (0, 7 and 13% on MS) on the voluntary ingestion, the evolution of body weight and plasma concentrations of anions and cations. Ingestion of pulp with a 13% vinaza was significantly higher during the first two weeks of the trial period. The plasma concentration of nitrates was significantly increased by increasing the content of vinaza in the flesh. In the second test, the animals were allowed to choose between the consumption of pulp without vinaza or two pulp content vinaza (7 or 13% on MS). The animals selected pulp containing the highest proportion of Vinaza. The third test was raised with the aim of studying the activity degradativa in sheep fed with beet pulp vinaza without or with a 13% vinaza and kinetics of degradation in the rumen of these foods. Consumption of beet pulp with vinaza significantly increased the rate of degradation of the MS, PB and the NDF, both when the pulp incubated included as vinaza not included. The consumption of pulp with vinaza did not affect the parameters indicative of rumen fermentation such as pH, the concentration of ammonia and volatile fatty acids. The fourth test was raised with the aim of studying in vivo digestibility of the food and the rate of passage of the solid phase, and the excretion of urinary metabolites nitrogen. The inclusion of vinaza in pulp increased digestibility of the NDF and the PB. To achieve the ultimate goal was conducted two tests. The first studied the effect of the inclusion of beet pulp vinaza without or with a 13% vinaza in the feed of sheep in bait on the intake, the digestive use, the acid-base status and plasma concentrations of anions and cations and characteristics of the carcass and meat. The feed consumption tended to decrease to include pulp in the same and therefore, as did the average daily gain. The inclusion of pulp in the feed increased the hardness of meat and the proportion of saturated fatty acids of the intramuscular fat. The last test was conducted with the objective of studying the effect of the inclusion of beet pulp, without vinaza or with a 13% of this product in the feed of sheep lactating, on the intake of food production and composition of milk. The inclusion of pulp in the feed did not affect either the feed intake, or the production and composition of milk.

Author: PRADO PLANA SUSANA.
Year: 2006.
University: SANTIAGO DE COMPOSTELA [www.usc.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE BIOLOGÍA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE BIOLOGÍA.

Summary: The cultivation of bivalve molluscs is an area of great economic and social importance in Galicia. At present, the depletion of the banks has become a natural breeding grounds in the only source of native seed, especially when it comes to oyster (Ostrea edulis) and clams (Ruditapes decussatus, venerupis pullastra, and the species R. alochthonous philip). However, these facilities are faced with episodes of mass mortalities, resulting in many cases of bacterial infections, which hinder the smooth supply and involve economic losses. The water treatment of genetic crops through various physical and chemical processes has proved insufficient, leading to further problems such as calving, resistance, the economic cost or lifted a ban on their use by the current legislation. That is why in recent years seeking alternative solutions, among them the use of probiotic bacteria. In this work we have been following the problems associated with different Galicians hatcheries, which have enabled us to identify a clear bacteria responsible for three episodes of larval mortality. The experiments demonstrate that they are capable of causing serious mortalities in cultures of larval oysters flat within the first 48 hours. In all cases have proven bacteria belonging to the genus Vibrio. The pathogen 145.98 has been identified as Vibrio neptunius, is the first description of this species as pathogenic. However, the genotypic and phenotypic characterization of the isolated 203 and 638 points to its description as a new species within the genus. In the search for potential bacteria probiótica facilitate control of the towns of vibrios in the crops were tested amid solid 520 isolates obtained from the different compartments of genetic breeding, versus four strains witness (3 vibrios and a coconut Gram positive). Was selected strain 154 per show maximum activity against all of them. This strain has a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity that includes pathogens aquaculture, mainly from Vibrio gender, and clinical strains of origin. It demonstrated its inhibitory activity in vitro, both in solid medium and in seawater. In vivo studies confirmed their ability to control growing populations of vibrios in the water and larval crop cultivation of microalgae used as feed for farmed. It also proved to be effective in combating bacterial infections, either arising from natural or induced in the laboratory, where used as a preventive measure. This strain, along with other isolated like she (639, 694 and 847) have been assigned to clear the kind Roseobacter gallaeciensis recently reclassified under the new gender Phaeobacter. This creation of a new genus is supported by studies carried out in this report, but not the case with its division into two species, which should be the subject of further studies. The strain 154 is a suitable candidate for use as a probiotic in larval marine crops, preventing the proliferation of opportunistic pathogens.