ANIMAL NUTRITION

Author: MENOYO LUQUE DAVID.
Year: 2003.
University: COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID [www.ucm.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE VETERINARIA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE VETERINARIA.

Summary: For fish production, and especially the carnivorous species such as Atlantic salmon, can be further developed in a sustainable way and with a relationship calidad-coste adjusted to the reality of the markets, it is necessary to find alternatives to the use of oils and meals fish feed intended for food. The present thesis examines the effects that occur on the parameters of production, the metabolism of salmon and quality of the final product, by replacing fish oil for vegetable oils in their food.

Author: NUÑEZ TRUJILLO JESUS JAVIER.
Year: 2003.
University: EXTREMADURA [www.unex.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE VETERINARIA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE VETERINARIA.

Summary: This thesis addresses for the first time the use of artificial intelligence techniques (neural networks and genetic algorithms) in the analysis of the forage productivity of Mediterranean scrub. The results show that it is possible (with more than 98% reliability in many cases) to predict: biomass jarrajera of the 22 main species of shrubs that are part of the diet of deer (cervus elaphus L.) in Extremadura, thanks these models can be addressed with great reliability capacity load of Mediterranean ecosystems under exploitation hunting.

Author: VILLAVERDE HARO CECILIA LUISA.
Year: 2004.
University: AUTÓNOMA DE BARCELONA [www.uab.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAT DE VETERINARIO.
Place of preparation: ESCUELA DE POSTGRADO.

Summary: The main objective of this thesis is the memory of evaluating the interaction between polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamin E dietary body on the deposition of fatty acids and alfa-tocoferol in broiler chickens. Two experiments were designed. Both were based on increasing levels of acetate alfa-tocoferol (0100200 and 400 mg / kg) and polyunsaturated fatty acids in animal feed. In the first test, the gradient of poliinsaturación was obtained by replacing a saturated fat (tallow) with a mixture of acietes unsaturated (flaxseed and fish oils), while maintaining the level of fat added constant (9%). In the second part, the gradient is created by increasing the level of inclusion of the added fat (2,4,6 and 8%), using a mixture of linseed oil and fish. We used a total of 192 broilers females in each experiment. During the trial period, were conducted 2 balance sheets to determine the apparent metabolizable energy, the apparent absorption of organic matter, crude fat, fatty acids and alfa-tocoferol, and the percentage of hydrolysis of acetate alfa-tocoferol. At the end of each study (44 and 40 days of age, respectively), half of the animals were killed by lethal injection and the other half were killed in a slaughterhouse trade. The first was preserved intact (including blood and feathers) and the latter was despiezaron obtained abdominal fat and liver. Fatty acids are quantified and alfa-tocoferol in the whole body. Alfa-tocoferol also found in the liver. It also analyzed the chemical composition and energy content of crude whole chicken. The increase in the degree of poliinsaturación dietary maintaining the level of fat constant (test 1) took effect on energy metablizable parente of feed. Animals ingierieron feed more saturated took less apparent absorption of organic matter, crude fat and fatty acids, thereby reducing the apparent metabolizable energy of this feed. Despite the lower catchment intestnal of fat and energy treatment with 9% tallow, animals fed with the feed had a higher fat content cave, fatty acids and total gross energy in your body. The protein content and ash was not affected by treatment. On the contrary, increase poliisanturación diet by increasing the level of fat (test 2) had no effect on the chemical composition and energy content of the chicken. The weight of abdominal fat was lower in diets compared with the more unsaturated saturated (test 1), but there was no difference in this parameter depending on the level of inclusion of the added fat. The polyunsaturated fatty acids can not be synthesized by the animal, and are deposited directly from the diet. The increase their intake resulted in linear increases its concentration on the entire body of chickens in both experiments. The saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids in the body come from the diet as endogenous synthesis. The contribution of endogenous synthesis in the body of fatty acid concentration was estimated using the combined data of the two tests. This varies between 17.7% (when there is a 10% fat in the feed) to 35.3% (when the feed does not provide fatty acids) in elcaso of saturated fatty acids, and between 7.0% and 52.7% in the case of monounsaturated. The inclusion of acetate alfa-tocoferol until dose of 400 mg / kg had no marked effect on the content and fatty acid profile of the chicken. The values of apparent absorption of alfa-tocoferel in broilers ranged between 11 and about 50%, with an average value of 42.1% under our experimental conditions. There was no difference in est. 8 os calo 7d3 res when comparing the two age groups (20 and 39 days of age). The inclusion of tallow to 9% in the feed adversely affected the abosrción appears alfa-tocoferol and the percentage of hydrolysis of acetate alfa-tocoferol. Moreover, increases in the level of added fat-rich fatty acids poliinaturados had no effect on these parameters. High levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the diet did not affect the abosrción apparent alfa-tocoferol, but reduced the concentration of alfa-tocoferol not esterified in feces, suggesting an expense in the gastrointestinal tract to protect polyunsaturated fatty acids versus peroxidation lipid. The tank afla-tocoferoal in the liver was less in animals fed with feed more unsaturated compared with animals fed with the feed saturated (test 1) and animals fed with the feed low in fat, despite the apparent lower absorption the alfa-tocoferol in saturated diet and lack of difference in this parameter according to the level of fat in the feed. The differences in the concentration of alfa-tocoferol only were significant in treatment with high doses of acetate alfa-tocoferol (200 and 400 mg / kg).

Author: BUSQUET SOLÉ MARTA.
Year: 2004.
University: AUTÓNOMA DE BARCELONA [www.uab.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAT DE VETERINARIA.
Place of preparation: ESCUELA DE POSTGRADO.

Summary: In total we have examined the effects of 12 plant extracts themselves (extract fenugreco and cassava, and the essential oils of garlic, anise, tea tree, casia, cloves, juniper, dill, ginger, oregano and peppers) and 6 metabolites secondary purified (anetol, carvacrol, carvone, cinamaldehído, eugenol and benzyl salicylate) on rumen microbial fermentation. Experiment 1 and Experiment 2 were conducted in continuous crop flow dual (2 periods of 9 days 7 days of adaptation and 2 days of sampling). The dosing of additives in both experiments was 2.2 mg / L of liquid culture. During the days of adaptation, clove oil (experiment 1) decreased the proportion of acetate and increased the proportion of butyrate, and cinamaldehído (experiment 2) decreased the proportion of acetate. However, these effects were not maintained during the days of sampling, suggesting that the rumen microorganisms could adapt to the presence of additives. The experiment 3, consisted of a study of dose responses in which they evaluated the effects of different doses of 18 excerpts in cultured 24 hours. The oil of garlic increased the proportion of propionate (30300 and 3000 mg / L) and butiraro (300 and 3000 mg / L) and decreased the proportion of acetate (30300 and 3000 mg / L). Compounds like cinamaldehído and eugenol increased the proportion of propionate (3000 mg / L) and decreased concentration of N ammonia (300 and 3000 mg / L). The aim of the experiment 4 was to assess the impact and to determine the mechanism of action of garlic oil and cinamaldehído on a system of crop continuous (3 periods replicated in 9 days). A 31.2 mg / L, cinamaldehído decreased the proportion of acetate and propionate ratio increased, while at 312 mg / L also decreased the proportion of acetate but increased the proportion of butiraro. At 312 mg / L, oil decreased the proportion of acetate and propionate increased ratios and butiraro, in a manner similar to the effects observed in experiment 3. The experiment 5 was conducted to determine the effects of different constituents of garlic oil on rumen fermentation, and confirm the ability antimetanogénica oil garlic. The first study consisted of a test dose response in which he evaluated the effects of 4 concentrations different (3.30300 and 3000 mg / L) of garlic oil, the disulfide alilo, sulphide alilo, alicina and mercaptano of alilo on fermentation microbina rumen in cultured 24 hours. It was noted that the disulfide alilo and mercaptano of alilo increased the proportion of propionic and butiraro, and decreased the proportion of acetate, while sulphide alilo and alicina produced little effect compared to control. The second study analyzed the effects of garlic oil, the disulfide alilo and mercaptano of alilo on a system of crop continuous (3 periods replicated in 8 days). The three additives showed effects similar to those observed in the first study, although the garlic oil showed the most marked. The last study was conducted in cultured 17 hours in which assessed the effects of 300 mg / L of garlic oil, the disulfide alilo and mercaptano of alilo on the production of gas and methane. The three additives produced a decline in the production of methane from 73.6%, 68.5% and 19.5% for oil garlic, disulfide alilo and mercaptano of alilo respectively.

Author: ROTGER CERDÀ AINA.
Year: 2004.
University: AUTÓNOMA DE BARCELONA [www.uab.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE VETERINARIA.
Place of preparation: ESCUELA DE POSTGRADO.

Summary: The system of beef production in Spain is very specific. The system is totally disconnected from the earth, young animals slaughtered and fed throughout the fattening based feed concentrates rich in grains, producing the characteristic pink meat. In recent years, interest has gained the inclusion of grain legumes in these diets, with the problem that these supplements are relatively low in these conditions characterized food, as the degradability of protein supplements can be reduced diets concentrated. Moreover, barley and maize grains are widely used and although they have different speeds of rumen degradation of starch, there have been few efforts to synchronize their degradation of protein sources with similar characteristics so as to maximize the efficiency of rumen fermentation. As part of the lack of information on rumen fermentation of young calves fed diets concentrated we ask the following objectives:-To characterize rumen fermentation and degradability of the plant protein supplements throughout fattening. B-To study the effects of synchronization of rumen degradability of starch barley and maize with two protein sources on the fermentation tuminal and products on the parameters and behavior of ingestion. In the first experiment with a repeated measures design evolved as we study rumen fermentation and degradation of the protein 4 supplements vegetables (two pulses and two products from the extraction of oil) in 6 calves growing between 80 and 250 kg concentrated fed diets with different proportions of fiber. A diet containing 12% of barley straw and the other a 30% dehydrated alfalfa, and both were isoenergéticas and isoproteic. We note that although both diets cellulolytic activity, estimated through the rumen dela NDF degradation of a sample of alfalfa hay incubated in situ, it was very low, was slightly higher in the diet that was greater proportion of forage. The diet with a 30% dehydrated alfalfa also introduced greater rumen degradability of the two grain legumes (peas, lupine) incubated in situ. With age increased the total intake of carbohydrates is not fibrous and fermentation became more amilolítica and proteolytic increasing the concentration of VFA total, the proportion of propionic and degradability effective protein supplements incubated with the exception of flour soybeans. These same diets were administered in the second experiment to 4 calves 300 kg bodyweight, assigned to a cross-over design to study the effect of the level of dietary fiber on rumen fermentation and degradation of proteins in 7 protein supplements vegetable in the final stages of fattening. The profile of rumen fermentation was not affected by the level of fiber in the diet, being a profile basically amilolítico. The degradation dela NDF alfalfa hay was also very low (25.5%) and the degradation of grain legumes was lower than the values provided by the reference systems, the values being provided by the reference systems, with values obtained more suited to these conditions. The values of degradation meal and soybean meal sunflower were similar to those provided by the reference tables, without being affected by the level of dietary fiber. To study the timing of the rumen degradability between sources of energy and protein combine barley and maize with two protein sources, soy flour and sunflower meal, which showed different speed degradation in the rumen Experiments 1 and 2 . Of these combinations was a diet synchronized for a rapid fermentation (Cebada-girasol), a diet for a synchronized f 8 ermentac 72d ion slow (maíz-soja) and two allowances desincronizadas with a component of rapid fermentation and a slow fermentation (cabada - Soybean and maíz-girasol). The 4 diets was isoproteic and isoenergéticas and with a forage: concentrate around 10:90. In vitro, with the system of dual continuous flow fermenters look potentiation of rumen fermentation due to the timing, without being affected by the pH rumen that remained constant at 6.2 or fluctuating, 12h to 5.8 and 12h to 6.4, simulating a chronic acidosis, often in such diets. The type of carbohydrate intake affected, being greatest in treatments containing corn. Animals receiving diet synchronized for a rapid fermentation (cebada-girasol) reduced their intake and rumiaron longer forage without suffering problems of rumen acidosis.

Author: GARCÍA MANZANILLA EDGAR.
Year: 2004.
University: AUTÓNOMA DE BARCELONA [www.uab.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE VETERINARIA.
Place of preparation: ESCUELA DE POSTGRADO.

Summary: In this thesis assesses the effects of inclusion in the feed additive based on plant extracts XTRACT on production yields and certain physiological parameters of newly weaned piglet. It conducted three experiments in vivo and in vitro four trials. In vitro experiments were, briefly: 1-Influence of the level and source of protein on the effects of XTRACT. In this experiment is studied the effect of 200 ppm XTRACT on three different diets depending on the level and percentage of protein. The XTRACT produces changes in digestibility, epithelium and microbial populations, and these changes were particularly pronounced for the low-protein diets. 2 - Combined effect of XTRACT i formic acid. In this experiment is studied the effect of two doses of XTRACT (150 and 300 ppm) in combination with 0.5% formic acid. Both XTRACT as acid changes in gastric emptying and as a result there are changes in the pH of the stomach and intestinal microbiota in the subsequent sections. 3-Comparing the XTRACT with an antibiotic, avilamycin, and burirato sodium. In this experiment is carried out an exhaustive study of the effects of the three additives (avil: 400 ppm, But: 0.3%, XT: 300 ppm) to establish differences in the patterns of action. The three additives produce improved yields but described the physiological changes are different in each case. The improvement produced by avilamycin and sodium butyrate are associated with an increase in the biodiversity of the intestinal microbiota. In in vitro tests are studying the effect of different doses of XT, its components and formic acid on the production of gas and the growth of some stocks microbinas in inocula of stomach, jejunum and blind. The effects of all substances tested were always higher in jejunum. The XTRACT does not show inhibitory effects to 10,000 ppm inclusion in jejunum. The carbacrol and cinamaldehido were showing a more marked antimicrobial effect from 1000 ppm (jejunum).

Author: SAYED ALY TAMER EL.
Year: 2004.
University: POLITÉCNICA DE VALENCIA [www.upv.es].
Place of defense: E.T.S.I. AGRÓNOMOS.
Place of preparation: CIENCIA ANIMAL.

Summary: The objective of this work was to determine the doctoral thesis optimum level of protein and lipid in extruded feed for the growth and development of nutritional Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and study the effect of different strategies as food and feed rates food frequency on this species. It performed five trials, the first was to study the optimum level of protein and lipid of feed, while the other four tests were conducted to study the effect of different food strategies. In Tests II and III, were tested different rates of food to study their effects regard to food "to satiety." In Tests IV and V, the frequency food was studied through fasting for 1 or 2 days / week and for 1, 2 or 3 days / week, respectively. After this period of restricted food, fish re-alimentaron for a short period to study the compensatory growth of this species. Thus, it was found that the optimum level of protein feed was 40% for PB tilapias under 40g. While higher weights for the optimum level was 35% and the level lípidico best was 10% and 15% EE, respectively. Feeding "satiety" is not necessary for the tilapias, the lower rates are recommended as each size fish. Feeding fish 6 days a week growth is not disadvantaged, especially in the case of larger tilapias, regarding juveniles, the number of days would be optimal from 5, always with a final phase of re - food.

Author: PEREZ MARIN DOLORES.
Year: 2004.
University: CÓRDOBA [www.uco.es].
Place of defense: E TECNICA SUPERIOR INGENIERO AGRONOMOS Y MONTES.
Place of preparation: E TECNICA SUPERIOR INGENIERO AGRONOMOS Y MONTES.

Summary: The overall objective of this PhD thesis was the development and evaluation of a methodology of analytical control quickly, cheaply, not contaminantey accurate based on the application of NIRS Technology, traceability and certification for the quality of compound feed. Based on this, developed the methodology for conducting the contrast of different forms of NIRS analysis of compound feed, referring to the mode of presentation (ground versus intact) for the prediction of chemical composition and the composition of ingredients feed compounds. The possibility of knowing whether the anáHsis NIRS feed as original filing (pellets crumbs, flour, etc.). Feasible great importance therefore possibility of increasing the speed of controlesy expedite latoma decisions. It also developed NIRS predictive models for the qualitative detection of prohibited ingredients in feed, using discriminant analysis using regression. Moreover, the application was evaluated in calibration methods nonlinear adjustment, as the algorithm LOCAL Shenk of different topologies and artificial neural networks to forecast the percentage of inclusion of the ingredients used in the formulation of a given feed. This strategy pursued improving the predictive ability of the equations obtained by traditional methods of development calibracionesNIRS global contrastandolos resultadosobtenidossobre the same collective. Finally, we designed a protocol cloning and transfer calibrations prediction ingredients in feed analyzed in the form intact entreequipos localizadosen laboratories different evaluating various possibilities. The results show that NIRS technology can be configured as an instant analysis technique for the large-scale manufacturing industry compound feed and inspection bodies, enabling them to tighten control of procesoen real time, as well as comply with the legislaciónvigenteen this matter.

Author: GARCÍA GONZÁLEZ RUBÉN.
Year: 2005.
University: LEÓN [www.unileon.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE VETERINARIA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE VETERINARIA.

Summary: The objectives of the work performed were to identify plants that might contain secondary metabolites of interest in the modulation of rumen fermentation, and the characterization of its effects in the rumen, testing in vitro and in vivo. The addition of essential oils of various medicinal plants in vitro, in concentrations of 500 and 800 ppm, caused a significant decrease in the activity of microorganimos ruminal fermentation, inhibiéndola in the case of thyme and oregano. The use of additives such as extracts of several medicinal plants, found an increase in the formation of end products of fermentation, although this effect could be due to the presence of glycerin in the extract, rather than a stimulating action on the fermentative activity . Of the 167 medicinal plants studied, only with the bulb of garlic,'s crust frángula and the root of rhubarb was a modulatory effect on rumen fermentation, stressing the inhibition of metanogénesis caused by the rhubarb and frángula. The addition of rhubarb root caused significant changes in the pattern of rumen fermentation, which includes a reduced production of methane and a change in the profile of the volatile fatty acids, reducing the ratio of acetic / propionic. These effects were persistent and independent of the type of substrate fermented. The magnitude of the effects was directly related to the dose of rhubarb used. Concentrations of rhubarb in the culture medium greater than 1 g / l identified an inhibitory effect on rumen fermentation, with a minor degradation of the substrate incubated. The effects on the production of methane could be due to inhibition of the activity of arqueobacterias metanogénicas. Adding crust frángula determined changes in the rumen fermentation similar to the rhubarb, but lower intensity. This fact seems to indicate a lower concentration of the active ingredients in frángula in the rhubarb. The effects of rhubarb and the frángula on productions of methane and propianato were similar to those observed in response to the addition of monensin sodium. However, the effects on other parameters of fermentation seemed to indicate that that was not the same mechanism of action. The use of rhubarb and frángula as additives in evidence in vivo with sheep led to changes in the profile of fermentation in the rumen, without affecting the digestibility of the food. The presence of these additives alter the palatability of the food, without actually produced a significant decrease in voluntary ingestion.

Author: MARTÍNEZ PUIG DANIEL.
Year: 2005.
University: AUTÓNOMA DE BARCELONA [www.uab.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE VETERINARIA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE VETERINARIA.

Summary: This thesis aims to assess the overall main digestive and metabolic consequences of resistant starch consumption in growing pigs. To achieve this goal three experiments were designed. In the first of them used a total of 12 pigs divided into 2 groups, which were fed diets with two different type of starch added (25%), being in a maize (diet AM), and raw potato (diet ACP) on the other, as examples of digestible starch and starch resistant type II. The rations were given experimental form of restricted (to 90% of the estimated voluntary ingestion) for a period of 38 days, which led to the animals until an approximate weight of 54 kg. The second experiment was conducted simultaneously at first. We used 6 pigs divided into 2 groups and fed them diets that were used in the first test pilot. After receiving the experimental diets for a period of 28 days, the animals were canulados in saphenous vein and femoral artery, and received a continuous infusion of 1-13C acetate and 6,6-D2 glucose, in order to explore possible changes the pace of development in peripheral blood glucose and acetate, as well as in plasma glucose and insulin posprandial. The third test was used 16 pigs also divided into 2 groups and fed 2 diets: one containing corn starch (AM) and the other raw potato starch (GPA). In this test animals were fed ad libitum for 14 weeks with the aim of studying the impact of resistant starch intake over a long period of time. During the first 8 weeks diets containing 25% starch and added during the 6 following the percentage rose to 35%. Replies from the digestive tract In all tests the administration of resistant starch resulted in a decrease in initial digestibility total organic matter (OM), which is not compensated until after 38 and 45 days of adaptation, in the first and third test respectively . The decrease in digestibility of the MO was not a result of increased fecal excretion of starch, as in the first pilot controls (9 and 11 days) the fecal excretion of starch was evenly between treatments. The digestibility of the MO was partly explained by an increase in fecal excretion of microbial protein. In the first test, it was observed that the greatest excretion of N via faeces (14.6 vs. 9.8 g / d, P <0.05) was offset by a menorexcreción N via urine (15.2 vs. 20.5 g / d, P> 0.05). Moreover, in the third test was determined that the decrease in digestibility of the MO was also partly explained by increased fecal excretion of neutral detergent fiber (101.3 vs. 76.7 g / d, P <0.05). Both in the first and in the third test the ileal digestibility delalmidón was lower (P <0.05) in the diet containing ACP regarding ladieta containing AM (75% vs.. 95% on average). The increased flow of almidónal digestive tract later in the diet resulted in a GPA hypertrophy delintestino thick, determined by a higher weight and length of the colon (P <0.05). In the first test, the fermentation of starch in proximal colon estuvoasociada to an increase in the concentration of bases púricas (BP) and ácidosgrasos volatile (VFA). In the third test, with animalessacrificados with greater weight (93kg), while the fermentation almidóntambién was located in the proximal colon, was not associated with incrementosen concentration local BP or VFA. However, if that is observaroncambios in fermentation pattern regarding diet AM, determinadospor an increase in the production of butyrate. In the third test laproporción of butyrate in the digesta of proximal colon was a 80% superioren treatment ACP respect to AM (P <0.05), while in the primeraprueba only there had been a difference of 40% between treatments (P> 0.05). These results indicate that entr 8 and the 5524 and 14 weeks, there was an adaptation of the intestinal flora to the substrate, resulting in a decrease in proliferation and bacterial activity due to the selection of flora amilolítica more efficient, which was marked by the production of butyrate. Thus, after 14 weeks, animals fed diets ACP presented a phylogenetic profile of the intestinal flora different from those fed the diet AM, and tended to have increased biodiversity (P = 0.07). Among the consequences of the increase in the production of butyrate, observed in animals finishing (test 3) include reducing the number

Author: ANGUITA FREIXA MONTSERRAT.
Year: 2005.
University: AUTÓNOMA DE BARCELONA [www.uab.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE VETERINARIA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAT DE VETERINÀRIA.

Author: CHAVEZ RODRIGUEZ LAURO ROGELIO.
Year: 2005.
University: EXTREMADURA [www.unex.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE VETERINARIA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE VETERINARIA.

Author: BOUATTOUR MOHAMED AMINE.
Year: 2006.
University: AUTÓNOMA DE BARCELONA [www.uab.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE VETERINARIA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE VETERINARIA DE BARCELONA.

Summary: This Doctoral Thesis was conducted with the main objective of studying the possibility of improving the nutritional quality of the milk of sheep and goats, and in particular the concentration of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) by incorporating various sources of lipids plant to the ration. At CLA assigned several beneficial effects on human health, and include properties anticancerígenas, antidiabetes and antiobesidad. The experimental part of this thesis consists of 4 chapters, with 5 experiments conducted using a total of 110 sheep and 24 dairy goats to meet the objectives pilot. The first chapter was undertaken to investigate the effects of supplementation with Whole Flax Seeds (WLS) or Flax Oil (LSO) on the production and composition of milk, as well as the profile of fatty acids (FA) of milk and cheese . Concentrations of AG medium chain saturated and AG were lower, and the AG and long-chain unsaturated higher in the milk of treatments with flax. Acid? -linolénico Rose more with the seed that with oil, while CLA (acid ruménico, AR) rose more oil than with the seed. At the same time, the acid trans-11 vaccénico (TVA) rose only with the oil. In general, the composition AG cheese cured (60 days to maturity) was similar to that of milk for the experimental treatment. In the second experimental work using 24 sheep breeding Lacaune to study the effects of using whole seeds of safflower (WSF) on the production and composition of milk, as well as their profile AG, in particular CLA. The milk produced by the group WSF, the concentrations of long chain AG and unsaturated AG were higher, while those of AG short-chain saturated and AG were lower. The concentrations of CLA (RA) and TVA in milk were higher in the group WSF. In the third chapter, two experiments with the aim of studying the effects of inclusion of soy oil (SBO) and a complex of enzymes fibrolíticas (E) on the digestibility of nutrients from the ration and production and composition of milk. When SBO was used alone, had no impact on digestibilidades MS, MO and NDF. Treatment E increased digestibilidades MS, MO and NDF. However, when used together (SBO + E) soybean oil annulled the improvements offered by E. In the experiment milking, concentrations of oleic acid, TVA, linoleic and CLA were higher as a result of oil, with answers most evident in that race Lacaune Manchega. The addition of enzymes increased milk production. The fourth chapter consisted of an experiment conducted with 24 goats Murciano-Granadinas with the aim of studying the effects of supplementation with SBO on the production and composition of milk, and its profile AG, especially CLA and TVA. The concentration of short-chain AG and average milk declined, while that of long chain AG rose. SBO AG reduced the ratio of saturated / unsaturated and the index atherogenicity. Compared to control, concentrations of CLA in milk and TVA were triplicadas the effect of soy oil. In conclusion, lipids vegetable increased CLA (RA) and acid trans-11 vaccénico obtained the largest increases with the use of vegetable oils, especially soybean oil in breeding Lacaune sheep or goats Murciano-Granadinas . By contrast, whole flax seed allowed a greater increase in the acid? -linolénico, Type n-3. At the dose used, soybean oil did not affect the digestibility of the fiber, but annulled the positive effect of enzymes found on the digestibility.

Author: KELI ABDELHAFID.
Year: 2006.
University: ZARAGOZA [www.unizar.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE VETERINARIA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE VETERINARIA.

Summary: In this report has dealt with the study of n-alkanes as internal markers for estimating the composition of the diet, intake, digestibility and the speed of traffic in sheep, as well as exploring spectrometry near infrared (NIRS) as a technical alternative. In a first experiment validated the use of the methodology of n-alkanes, in response to the type of sampling feces (daily production or extraction punctual), in sheep fed with different proportions of alfalfa and raigrás (Lolium rigidum). It also discussed the usefulness of the technique NIRS as an alternative or complementary approach to the alcanos. The fecal concentrations of n-alkanes were similar with both sampling methods, while recoveries were not affected by the type of diet offered, but by the type of sampling feces. The fecal recovery of C29, C31 and C33 was complete, which endorses its usefulness in studies digestibility and digestive flows. The fecal recovery of C31 and C32 was not the same, affecting an important consideration to the reliability of estimates of intake and digestibility made. The methodology NIRS was useful for predicting the composition of the diet and the concentration of fecal most of the alcanos natural, but not that of the alcanos dosed. The predictive equations obtained from the spectra of the samples isolated from feces were better than those obtained from sampling of the total daily production. In a second trial, we studied the recovery duodenal of n-alkanes, and the effect of different proportions of alfalfa hay and raigrás (Lolium rigidum) in the diet on the partition of the disappearance of hydrocarbons in the complex reticulorumen-omaso - abomasum or compartments post-ruminales. It also studied the contribution of alcanos bacterial duodenal flow of the same. The digestibilidades apparent MO and NDF, and duodenal flow of MS, MO, NDF and microbial nitrogen, and efficient synthesis of the latter, were not affected by the type of diet, but it was the contribution to microbial flow Nitrogen duodenum. The recovery duodenal of alcanos was not affected by diet consumed, and was complete in cases of hydrocarbons that had high concentrations in the intake. The flora rumen introduced significant concentrations of alcanos, with its contribution to the flow of duodenal they vary according to the diet consumed. As in the first experiment, considering recoveries of C31 and C32 was needed to improve the accuracy of estimates of intake and digestibility (C31). In a third experiment investigating the disappearance of the partition of n-alkanes in the different sections located between the duodenum and rectum of sheep, and the usefulness of the C36 tailored as a marker of transit. Both for studying the kinetics of transit in the appreciation of the flow of digesta two patterns were used to perform the calibration of analytical lines: one developed using different matrices produced (MX) and another made with distilled water, regardless of the type the study sample (DW). The kinetic characteristics of the transit were not affected by the type of pattern used for the calibration, but if the marker used. Thus, the C36 introduced an average retention total in excess of Cr and Yb, flows were affected by the type of pattern used for the calibration, having obtained similar values for both markers when used MX but not with the DW . The recoveries of n-alkanes obtained using fecal samples from the ampoule rectal Ios after the slaughter of animals, or fecal daily production were similar, with the values of C29, C31 and C33 of 100%, as in the first experiment. The recovery abomasal of alcanos chain pair was complete, although the alcanos odd only reached 85%. The estimate of the composition of the diet was very similar ind 8 ependien 524 temente rate fecal sample used, while the use of a correction factor to recovery fecal C31 and C32 increased accuracy of the estimated intake in both cases. In the case of digestibility, and given that the recovery fecal C31 was complete, the introduction of this correction factor was not necessary. A fourth experiment was observed in vitro in the absence both synthesis and metabolism of n-alkanes by rumen bacteria, although it should be noted that the recovery of alcanos marked with 14C incubated was incomplete, probably due to losses during the process of physical manipulation.

Author: Terré Trullà Marta.
Year: 2006.
University: AUTÓNOMA DE BARCELONA [www.uab.es].
Place of defense: Facultad de Veterinaria.
Place of preparation: Facultad de Veterinaria.

Summary: Four studies were conducted to evaluate the effect of a diet rich in infant formula during infancy to enhance the growth of calves recría during this period. Calves who received a food rich in infant formula in infancy, grew more, but ate less feed initiation that calves were bred with a conventional diet. But after weaning both treatments ate and grew the same way. Moreover, the fact raising calves in the group and with a high level of infant formula during lactation not stimulated the consumption of feed compared with calves reared and fed individually with a high level of infant formula. In addition, the indexes productive growth and the emergence of health problems were similar in calves reared as a group or individually. In general, calves reared in group oral behaviors increased with purpose

Author: MARTINEZ JAUREGUI BERTA.
Year: 2006.
University: OVIEDO [www.uniovi.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE BIOLOGÍA.
Place of preparation: DEPARTAMENTO DE BIOLOGÍA DE ORGANISMOS Y SISTEMAS.

Summary: The Doctoral Thesis has been done on the farm pilot "Carbayal" located in an area of mid-mountain at the council of Illano (west of Asturias), under the leadership of Koldo Osoro Otaduy and Rafael Aguirre Celaya. Both doctors work in the scientific area of Animal Production Systems Service Regional Food Research and Development (SERIDA). Over the Doctoral Thesis describes three different experiments conducted vegetation brezal-tojal, which applied different strategies for handling small ruminants (sheep and goats). We studied the effects of managing different races and stocking densities of carpino on the dynamics plant populations of grasshoppers and butterflies, also exploring the sustainability of these management ranchers in terms of animal production. In addition, we studied the dynamic plant brezal-tojal in areas burned or unburned under grazing with sheep and goats. The results showed that there is greater control of woody vegetation with grazing goats that with the sheep. This reduction of woody is accompanied by a greater abundance of herbaceous plants, which could help reduce the intensity of the fires so highly prevalent in these areas. This thesis shows that the effects of grazing goats on brezales-tatales depend on factors such as stocking and race. Thus, grazing goats Cachemiras reducing coverage, height and biomass dela vegetation is less significant than that of goats Celtibéricas (larger). These changes in the composition of the deck are also reflected in the composition of the populations of grasshoppers. The butterflies, bull side, are not affected either positively or negatively by the changes produced by grazing on vegetation in the short term. An analysis of returns shows that animals goats Cachemiras are the best maintained by the live weight at the end of the grazing season, while the Celtibéricas experiencing a gradual increase in weight loss over the entire grazing season . This confirms the theory that are needed adjacent pasture improved to keep yields positive animals in this mountain vegetation.

Author: Mungói Mário António Teófilo.
Year: 2006.
University: AUTÓNOMA DE BARCELONA [www.uab.es].
Place of defense: Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona.
Place of preparation: Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona.

Summary: To evaluate the use of malato as an additive in feed for fattening lambs, two experimental work. The first one was conducted two experiments to evaluate the effects of malato (Rumalato, 160 g / kg malato sodium and 840 g / kg malato calcium) and the source of starch in lambs in bait intesivo. The first one was conducted two experiments to evaluate the effects of malato (Rumalato, 160 g / kg malato sodium and 840 g / kg malato calcium) and the source of starch in lambs in intensive bait. In the first experiment used 73 lambs race Ripollesa distributed in 8 homogeneous lots (2 per treatment) jpara assess the impact on growth and characteristics ruminal slaughter. Lambs were fed ad libitum with barley straw and concentrated granules, which vairó according to the addendum or not malato (0 or 2 g / kg) and the main source of starch (or a mixture of wheat and barley cassava). The malato increased (P 0.05) intake of dry matter (DM), and average daily gain (GMD) of weight, but had no effect (P 0.05) index conversation (CI). Malato starch interactions were observed (P 0.05) in various parameters such as: eating conentrado, MO, PB, GMD, age at slaughter, surface absorption rumen, width of papils and wall thickness rumen. Overall, the effect was more malato with withthe cassava wheat and barley. (same tratameientos pilot as above) on the digestabilidad of nturietnes, pH and consistency of the feces, and blances energy and nitrogen. The malato did not affect the total intake (including straw) MS, GMD, or IC (P 0.05), increased (P less 0.01) ingestion total of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and reduced (P0.02) digestibilidades the MS, MO and acid detergent fiber (ADF), but without affecting the balance sheets of energy and nitrogen. Malato starch interactions were observed (P 0.05) in the Ingesting concentrated, MO, and malato starch, as well as the N ingested, fecal, digestible and retained. In concluison, the results of this preliminary study indicate that malato (2g/kg concentrate) increased the GMD, especially in wheat-based diets, but did not improve IC, the surface absorption rumen, or digestibility and balance nutrients. In the second work experimetnal were conducted tmabién 2 experiments to evaluate the effects of dose crecinetes (0. 3. 6 and 9 g / kg concentrate) malato (Rumalato, 850 g / kg of E 296 DL-ácido malic) in the concentrate lambs growing. In the first experiment were used seventy yocho milk lambs Manchega breed and Lacaune from weaning divided into 8 lots homogeneous (2 per treatment) to evaluate the effects of dose on the parameters malato productive. The animlaes recibieorn to volutnad, water, barley straw and cocnetrados pilot. By increasing the level of malato there was a linear decrease (P 0.04) from the ingestion of concentrate and increased linearly (P 0.02) from the ingestion of straw, which led to a linear decrease (P 0.03) dela total intake MS d the IC. In the experiment were used seguendo thirty lambs replacement races Mancheega and Lacaune distributed in 4 homogeneous groups, receiving the same treatment as in the previous one, to assess the pH, the concentration of N-ammonia and volatile fatty acids (VFA) in the rumen, in addition to productive results. By increasing the level of malato, there was a decrease (P 0.05; cubic) from the ingestion of MS concentrate and tendnecia to increase (P 0.10; cubic) 8 the inge 685 stión MS straw, which resulted a downward trend (P 0.08; cubic) of the total intake of MS and lower IC (P 0.05; cubic). By increasing the dose of malato increased rumen pH (P 0.01: c úbica), the concentration of total VFA (P 0.02: quadratic) and the molar ratio of butyrate (P 0.01: linear), decreasing acetate (P 0.02 ; linear). In conclusion, in this second estudo adding malato (3 g / kg concentrate) increased consumptionof straw, but reduced the concentrate karma lIC without affecting the growth of the lambs. This contrasts with the result obtained in the first study, in which the malato under another chemical form and other ingredients, GMD improved, but not the IC. Therefore, we can say that, generally speaking, the malato supplementation can have positive effects on any of the parameters productive, but such effects are variable and difficult to predict, depending on the specific circumstances of each case.