SHEEP

Author: DELFA BELENGUER RAFAEL.
Year: 2003.
University: ZARAGOZA [www.unizar.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE VETERINARIA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE VETERINARIA.

Summary: The main objectives of this thesis were to establish a comparison between 9 measures fat thickness lumbar, 9 depth of M. Longissimus dorsi and 4 of fat thickness sternal, all of them performed with ultrasound in the animal alive with the same taken on the channel. Just as determine the accuracy in the use of ultrasound measurements as predictors of tissue composition of the channel, their parts and the weight of the pieces and fatty deposits from the body of 56 goats adult, empty and dry race White Celtibérica with a range of scores of sternal body condition of 1.5 to 4.5. The best results with respect to the first objective will be obtained by making the corresponding measurements between the 3 'and 4' lumbar vertebra. Being so obvious that the same measure of the thickness of subcutaneous fat lumbar reached some correlation coefficients above, generally, when measured 4 cm from the spine at its midpoint (0.79) and 1 / 3 and 2 cm when discussed the depth of M. Longissimus dorsi level lumbar (0.85). However, the highest correlations were obtained between the sternal fat thickness measured by ultrasound and the same measures taken on the channel (0.94). Regarding the prediction of the weight of the various components of the average tissue channel corrected, and the parts of different fatty deposits in the body of the animal, from measurements with ultrasound in the animal alive and slaughter of live weight, variables entered part of the various regression equations for the prediction of adipose tissue were measures sternal fat thickness, thickness of subcutaneous fat and lumbar liveweight slaughterhouse. Not admitting generally none of the prediction models depth measurements of M. Longissimus dorsi. With regard to the prediction of muscle tissue, prediction models always admitted as the first variable liveweight slaughterhouse and as a second, measures depth of M. Longissimus dorsi, not conceding in either case measures fat thickness. Finally among all components of tissue, bone tissue was hitting a worse prediction from liveweight slaughterhouse and any action taken with ultrasound. With regard to the prediction of the weight of the parts of the channel, the liveweight slaughterhouse was the first variable admitted by all models, followed by a measure of depth of M. Longissimus dorsi for more lean pieces of the channel and a measure of fat thickness sternal for parts with a higher fat content. We conclude that ultrasounds are a valuable method or technique to predict with reasonable accuracy the tissue composition of the channel, their parts and the weight of the various pieces of fatty deposits in the body of adult goat breeding White Celtibérica.

Author: CHERTOUH TOUFIK.
Year: 2004.
University: ZARAGOZA [www.unizar.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE VETERINARIA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE VETERINARIA.

Summary: In Spain sheep has a traditional importance for historical reasons and agroclimatic and now also for economic and social reasons. In addition to their productive role, the multifunctional nature of the activity determines that this sheep ranching contribute to the maintenance of economic activity and tissue population in disadvantaged areas, as well as the management of rural areas and to sustain the environment in certain territories. In Aragon, the distribution of sheep in the territory and is not concentrated in the most disadvantaged regions, but it occupies spaces that are unique to agriculture and industrial and intensive farming, which shows that relations livestock ovina-medio naturally present new bases . Despite the process of intensification of some systems sheep farms still mostly linked to resources and pastoral forage crops. In addition, the production of sheep meat, innovation in products, techniques and processes (genetic reproduction, nutrition, quality differentiated, and so on.) Has been relatively limited in the development process, which would explain, along with the contribution of specific structural conditions, the small increase in labor productivity that has experienced. Innovation in traditional systems of feeding sheep can refer not only to the replacement of conventional food alternative, but also to changes in distribution systems and access to the animals. The origin of the sheep in the implementation of integrated systems and self-service food, there are attempts to reduce wage costs and social implications of the work, understood as one of the basic problems, and given the interrelationships on the farm sheep, between work and animal feed. Therefore, streamlining food in sheep is seen as a key element for both the profitability of farms and for the survival of the business. The main objective of the research carried out has been the evaluation of the desirability and economic viability, from a business perspective, the adoption of a new feeding system (ration comprehensive and self feeders), in sheep farms. To do so, has been studied through the development of various indicators of a sample Aragonese sheep farms enjoying a network of technical management. Likewise, a survey has been carried out directly to all farms sheep carrying several years using the new feeding system. Subsequently, on the sample of farms receiving network management who do not use the new feeding system has done a typology, to assess from an economic point of view the adoption of the new feeding system, in each of the types of holdings established. In Key findings show that the farms that have adopted the new system of power are characterized by having agricultural base, targeting cereal and half of the leased area. The adoption of the new feeding system has brought positive changes in the structure of holdings, especially when it comes to increasing the average size of the herd. As key advantages of the new system are identified to improve the quality of life of livestock, and that makes possible a more balanced diet, while the main drawbacks are the high cost of the mixture, and technical problems of adapting the sheep. In the financial evaluation undertaken the investment made in the new feeding system, it appears that on the assumption that innovation is accompanied by reducing the availability of work without improving technical results would not be suitable for the majority of 8 types d 566 and sheep farms. In the event that the adoption of the innovation is accompanied, in addition to the reduced requirements for working (and their attendant costs), an improvement in the technical results obtained, it is achievable in all types of farms except on farms smaller herd and without the presence of employees. In cases where the adoption of the new system of power is accompanied by an increase in the size of the herd, to the limit of capacity of the available workforce and improving some technical coefficients, innovation is suitable for all the types of farms except on farms that are less surplus labor.

Author: VALARES LOPEZ JOSE ANTONIO.
Year: 2004.
University: ZARAGOZA [www.unizar.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE VETERINARIA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE VETERINARIA.

Summary: The objectives of this thesis is as follows: 1-To determine the response mechanisms of herds sheep Spaniards treatment metalonina depending on the time of application, race, and the presence or absence of rams. 2-Design of a simple technique, fast and reliable for determining LH sheep. In Experiment 1, the results have been analyzed reproductive different commercial farms located in three Spanish provinces, Zaragoza, Zamora and Badajoz, for breeds Rasa Aragonesa, Assaf and Merino respectively. We have used a total of 3618 adult animals distributed in 12 commercial farms, one for each age and race; 4 of Rasa Aragonesa (n = 1180), 4-Assaf (n = 1347) and 4 of Merino (n = 1091) . In each of the farms was selected a group of animals who received an implant of 18 mg of melatonin (MelovineÒ, CEVA, Animal Health, Barcelona, Spain) (group M, n = 1838), while the remaining animals received no any treatment being like batch control (Lot C, n = 1780). The implants were placed at four different times of year from the winter solstice and coinciding with the increasing photoperiod; January 1, February 15, April 1 and May 15. The protocol used for the treatment was the same in all the farms and similar to the one described at the commercial level, ie isolation prior males, placement of three implants melatonin to males and one week after an implant in females. The males were introduced into the herd to 45 days of the placement of the implant, in order to provoke male effect. The treatment groups and control remained together at all times. We calculated parameters reproductive fertility profilicidad and fertility. The efficacy of treatment with melatonin in Rasa Aragonesa is higher when implanted in spring (April and May), increasing significantly the results of fertility in times of anoestro (April Q lower 0.01 and May P less 0.05) because of its effect on fertility (P less 0001 P less 0.05 in April and May respectively) and on the prolificaidad (P less 0.01 in April). Thus, the time of implantation, in which treatment with melatonin induced the greatest increase was productive April with a 40%. The most important effect in the race to bring Assaf has been a significant increase in the fertility treatment with melatonin produced at all times (at least P less 0.01), except where the sheep were introduced in April (NS). The fertility of the treatment groups was significantly higher in January (P less 0.01), February (P less 0001) and May (P less 0.01). In the race Merino, treatment with melatonin increased significantly the results of fertility in February (P less 0.01) and April (P less 0.01), in addition to the prolificacy in February (P minor 0001), producing an increase of 49% in the number of lambs born for every 100 sheep treated. In Experiment 2 has been used a total of 2195 sheep adult Rasa Aragonesa, distributed in 8 commercial farms following the same methodology as in Experiment 1. The implants were placed in eight different times of the year from the winter solstice: January 1, February 15, April 1, May 15 (photoperiod growing), July 1, August 15, October 1 and December 1 (decreasing photoperiod). Overall, treatment with melatonin significantly increased all parameters reproductive throughout the year, both in increasing photoperiod as decreasing, although the results of profitability and increased production were slightly higher during the photoperiod growing. As for the study of the curves of births, there was a cluster of births in the lot tried at all times studied, as the average date of birth of the batch is always treated earlier. In the 8 experim 61e nt 3, we used 22 sheep breeding adult Rasa Aragonesa and 17-Assaf, who were implanted with estradiol and ovariectomized (OVX + E2) and treated with melatonin on four dates after the winter solstice. The experiment lasted 9 months with the aim of determining the reproductive status of the sheep were determined plasma levels of LH. The results reveal that race Assaf has greater seasonality sex that Rasa Aragonesa. The rest of the lots had a different behavior. Thus, the treatment groups in January and February responded to the implant of melatonin while treaties in April and May are not. In Experiment 4 has been developed using ELISA type Sandwich to determine plasma concentrations of LH sheep. The sensitivity was 0.05 ng / ml and the coefficients of variation within and interensayo were 7 and 11.7% respectively.

Author: YAMAKI MIHO.
Year: 2005.
University: CASTILLA-LA MANCHA [www.uclm.es].
Place of defense: E.T.S. DE INGENIEROS AGRONOMOS.
Place of preparation: E.T.S. DE INGENIEROS AGRONOMOS.

Summary: This thesis has as its main objective to know the present situation of the quality of the milk of sheep in the region of Castilla-La Mancha in terms of the presence of residues of antibiotics. This raised three studies. In the first of them has surveyed 144 veterinary Partnerships Defense Health (ADS) from the region to characterize the sheep dairy farms in the region, mainly for handling characteristics and health practices related to the milking. Statistical analysis of the results shows that this is an area where it still dominates the operating system semi-extensivo with increased reproduction (3 births in two years) which limits the production of milk for a period between 3 and 5 months with productions lower than 150l. Moreover, it has been found that the application of sanitary practices related to the milking as disinfecting nipples so routine, registering animals mamitis or know the percentage of animals with mamitis subclinical might help improve milk quality this species, as they are related to a parameter indicator of the quality of the milk, as is the level of somatic cells. In the second study has been followed up for one year, samples of sheep's milk tank from 490 farms in Castilla-La Mancha, in order to determine the incidence of antibiotic residues in milk intended for the manufacture of cheese Manchego. This has been used 2 screening methods for routine use in laboratories inter dairy Delvotest SP and Eclipse 100. With the first detected a 3.8% of the samples as positive or dubious, while the second the percentage was 2.6%, both are at levels well below those of other authors in the milk of this species in other regions of Spain or other countries traditionally producers of sheep's milk. The heating of the samples to 82Â ° C for 10 min reduces these incidents to a 1.7 and 0.9%, respectively. These reductions are primarily attributed to interference caused in the response of the methods due to the presence of natural inhibitors, sensitive to heat. Other factors as a high bacterial load appear to affect significantly the response of the method Delvotest SP. There is also a clear seasonality, with more positive cases and dubious in the milk produced in late summer and early autumn. A third study, independent of the previous two, has studied the behavior "in vivo" 6 antibiotics beta-lactámicos (3 penicillins and 3 cephalosporins) to be administered to sheep in the middle of lactation in order to determine how changing waste these substances to be eliminated through milk, with special attention to the elimination after periods of suppression recommended by the manufacturer for each of the medicines used. The monitoring was conducted with 5 microbiological methods of screening (BRT MRL, Copan, Delvotest SP and Eclipse 100) and an enzymatic method (Penzym). In general we can find positive results and questionable following the corresponding periods of suppression with all methods, except with the Eclipse showing a lower sensitivity. However, these samples could be detected at levels legally allowed as many of the methods are capable of detecting waste conce 8 ntracion 2c7 is below the Maximum Residue Limit (MRL) set by the EU

Author: CASELLAS VIDAL JOAQUIN.
Year: 2005.
University: AUTÓNOMA DE BARCELONA [www.uab.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAT DE VETERINÀRIA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAT DE VATERINÀRIA.

Author: SMULDERS RAMÍREZ JUAN PABLO.
Year: 2006.
University: POLITÉCNICA DE MADRID [www.upm.es].
Place of defense: E.T.S. DE INGENIEROS AGRÓNOMOS.
Place of preparation: ESCUELA TÉCNICA SUPERIOR DE INGENIEROS AGRÓNOMOS.

Summary: In Spain there are several programs linked to genetic improvement dairy sheep breeds, which include the Manchega breed sheep (ESROM), which responds to design a schema type selection, which distinguishes a group of herds associated with a nucleus Selection, which is where does all the genetic improvement (control and production records, genetic evaluation and dissemination of improved). There has been a consensus that this' type scheme 'is close to optimal response in terms of genetics. However, from the circles of ranchers and technicians associated with ESROM, several questions have arisen, associated with the decisions and strategies inherent in the establishment and development of the scheme. Among them are the optimum utilization of artificial insemination, the system of progeny testing and the size of the kernel selection. Additionally, given the rapid advent of molecular methodologies have been added controversy and implementation of new alternatives, whose effects on ESROM are unknown and require some degree of prediction. In this context include the incorporation of selectivity associated with the increase of genetic resistance to scrapie, and the implementation of a system of progeny testing of males of natural, evidence-based exclusion fatherhoods using molecular markers of DNA . There are methodologies used to study the behavior of complex systems among which are the simulation techniques and specifically, the simulation genetics. The aim of the thesis was to raise a simulation model according to the characteristics of ESROM, to discuss the current selection scheme, to assess the genetic consequences of the incorporation of the criteria associated with resistance to scrapie and the progeny test bulls the natural, considering their alternative implementation schemes. CHAPTER 1: Simulation of the scheme selection race Manchega sheep (ESROM): structuring of the model, system evaluation, Artificial Insemination, and the impact of size selection nucleus. The race Manchega sheep is a breed native Spanish. It is estimated that currently has an inventory of 1.5 million sheep, of which only 0.8 million are milked regularly. The selection scheme of the race (ESROM), was initiated in the year 1988 and in the year 2004 consisted of 106 herds with 103,887 sheep. In the same period inseminaron artificially 32,719 sheep in 89 herds and monitored 56,430 lactations in 90 herds. The annual genetic progress achieved by the ESROM since its implementation, it is up to 0.84% compared to the average initial phenotypic. Due to a number of reasons, it was necessary to develop a specific tool that would enable study the behavior of the real system, which chose to use simulation techniques. The objective of this study was to develop a simulation model genetic system based on the actual ESROM, in order to determine the effect on inbreeding and genetic progress may have different levels potential use of artificial insemination (AI) , the number of rams tested per year, the number of sheep to mate with them, and additionally the size of Nucleus. It raised a simulation model infinitesimal additive based on the genetic and phenotypic parameters and the characteristics of ESROM and race Manchega sheep. The characteristic viewed as objective selection was breastfeeding standardized to 120 days (120 TMY). We used a variety of input variables associated with the selection criteria, usage levels of IA and size of the kernel selection, among others. The model consisted of several routines involving the generation of population basis, the classification and allocation of mating of adult animals, the choice of lambs and genetic evaluation p 8 eriódica 1ff8 through the methodology BLUP, using an animal model with repeated measures. The annual genetic progress and the level of inbreeding average females born in the last year sham genetic evaluation, the variables were chosen for the evaluation and comparison of the response of the various alternatives under consideration. The overall results indicated that the model had a logical behavior, within the area of response expected. The progress of true genetic females were in the range of 0.59% to 2.11% per year in relation to the average initial phenotypic and inbreeding half of the females observed in the 17 simulation, between 0218% and 1879 %. Overall, the best responses were given when the use of AI total was equal to or greater than 50% when testaron more new male per year and when the size of the core exceeded 30 herds (9,000 sheep). Additionally, the intensity with which selects the natural male had a great impact on the genetic progress achieved, especially when the use of artificial insemination was low. The increase in the size of the kernel selection positively affected the genetic progress and encouraged the decline in inbreeding, however, revealed that from an initial size of 9,000 sheep, and the conditions used in the model, it could be establish a selection scheme operating. Apparently, the most important factors on the response gene were associated with the intensity of the selection criteria used, the level of use of AI and to a lesser extent, the size of the kernel selection. CHAPTER 2: Changes Expected genetic del Programa Nacional de Genotipado lamb. The scrapie is a neurodegenerative disease of unknown etiology prionic that affects sheep and goats. It belongs to the group of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (EETs), as well as the EBB of cattle, whose transmission to humans is well known and has generated consideration of all EETs disease risk to human health. Since 1970 there evidence of the genetic basis of disease and the nature of the causative agent protein (PrP), secuenciándose the gene that encodes (Prnp). In addition, the association described some polymorphisms (SNPs) with resistance / susceptibility to disease, located at codons 136 (A / V), 154 (A / H) and 171 (Q / R / H), whose haplotypes most commonly described as the ARR alleles, ARQ, ARH, AHQ and VRQ. At the end of the year 2005, Spain was established in the National Program of Genotipado lamb, in order to encourage increased resistance to scrapie. This led to ESROM to incorporate into its program to improve selection criteria for the allele of resistance to scrapie (ARR). The objective of this study was to evaluate, through simulation genetics, the effects of the new program by breeding resistance to scrapie of ESROM on genetic progress in production of milk, blood and gene frequencies of gene Prnp. At simulation model genetic ESROM him up routines adapted restricted mating and selection of lambs, responding to a strategy moderate (MOD) and other intensive (INT) Selection for resistance to scrapie. Both strategies were tested on two scenarios selection for milk production, the historical scheme (630) and a hypothetical scheme intensive (747). On stage of the scheme were conducted two tests historical basis for comparison, without changing the criterion for selecting the natural breeding male (BASE630) and other modifying, using the same criteria for males AI (BASE636). It simulated 30 years, implemented in all test criteria respective base, from the year 1993 to 2003 and amendments by scrapie, from 2004 onwards. We found some significant differences (s) and not significant (ns) between annual genetic progress females obtained between the years 1997 and 2019, +0.23 s kg / yr and -0.01 ns kg / yr to compare strategy moderate MOD636 and intensive INT636 regarding proof BASE630 (1.32 Â ± 0.09 kg / yr) and -0.19 s kg / yr and -0.43 s kg / year, when compared with the test BASE636 (1.74 Â ± 0.11 kg / year). The inbreeding year 2019, was higher in the evidence MOD636 and INT636, in the order of +0.27% s +0.75% s, with respect to the evidence base BASE630 (1.26% ± 0.10% Â ) and +0.06% and +0.54% ns s, with regard to evidence BASE636 (1.47% Â ± 0.24%). In the tests associated with the hypothetical scenario intensive, there was a clear negative impact of -0.38 s kg / yr and -0.66 s Kg / yr of proof MOD747 and INT747 respectively, with regard to evidence BASE747 (2.26 Â ± 0 , 10 kg / yr). In all strategies associated with the selection for resistance to scrapie were seen drastic changes in the frequencies of gene Prnp. The ARR allele frequency increased from 15% initial 40% -66% (2010), lessening of ARQ allele of a 76% initial 54% -30% (2010). The ARH alleles, AHQ and VRQ tended to disappear. In an optimistic genetic progress of the females was not affected and even increased, resulting from the best selection of MMN implied, regarding test BASE630. It also showed a significant decrease of genetic variability of gene Prnp and a moderate increase in inbreeding. However, in a pessimistic or schedules or hypothetical historically more intensive, the loss of genetic progress in milk could become around the fourth or half a percentage point per year over the average initial phenotypic. CHAPTER 3: Impact of the inclusion of the progeny test of the players natural breeding of herds on ESROM. At present, 60% of females Replenishment ESROM are daughters of parents of existing natural breeding herds, not identifying those fatherhoods in genealogy. In addition, it has been determined that there is a room for improvement in the results of genetic improvement program, matching exist in the system for the selection and utilization of natural breeding male (MMN) from the herds, it would be one of the most sensitive areas to achieve this improvement. The advent and lower costs of the methods and molecular techniques, specifically in the context of the exclusion of fatherhoods based on microsatellite DNA, has provided the ESROM the possibility of identifying the fathers of natural systems and establish proof of offspring them. To establish a system of progeny testing of MMN, it is necessary to consider the characteristics and limitations of the evidence exclusion fatherhoods, the way how the information will be used for the fatherhoods and availability of reproductive management that are possible to implement in herds of ESROM. Additionally, it is necessary to assess the expected impact on the progress and genetic inbreeding resulting from the implementation of a system with these features. The objectives of this study were to assess, through simulation genetic impacts on the progress and genetic inbreeding, produced by various alternatives for using the progeny test of the natural parents, identified by excluding fatherhoods techniques, including search for proposals plausible reproductive management, and taking into account the capacity of replacing the current levels of usage of artificial insemination. At simulation model of ESROM was adapted reproductive strategies mounting addressed synchronization with jealousy (MD), mounted batch with male warders (ML), and an option group called mating mounts ahead (MA), assuming its complementarity with evidence Exclusion fatherhoods. All tests included a common stage, between the years 1993 and 2003, based on the selectivity and handling incurred as a historic breakthrough in the IS 8-ROM, apl cd7 icando variations on these parameters from the year 2004 onwards. Three tests were established base of comparison, characterized by the use of a 35% AI, for a selection nucleus consisting of 30 herds of 300 sheep, which accounted for the screening of the historical situation, current and potential ESROM, varying only selectivity used. Annual Progress genetic females obtained between the years 2007 and 2019 were 1.48 Â ± 0.13 kg / year (historical), 1.79 Â ± 0.11 kg / year (current) and 1.99 Â ± 0.12 kg / year (potential situation). We evaluated the net impact of adding the progeny test of MMN on each of the evidence base of comparison, using combinations of MA and selection criteria comparable to each of them, with a positive impact on the progress of genetic females, +0.27 kg / year (historical), +0.11 kg / year (current) and +0.03 kg / year (potential situation), which were decreasing as increasing the intensity of selection of each test basis modified. It also evaluated three alternatives for reproductive management in the context of the use of combinations of more intensive screening criteria for each case, obtaining genetic progress annual 2.02 Â ± 0.11 kg / year (MA), 1.90 Â ± 0.11 kg / year (MD) and 1.96 Â ± 0.15 kg / year (ML), significant differences exist only in MD regarding MA, ML and the situation described above potential. Additionally, we evaluated the ability to replace AI in a series of tests, which included the use of a 25% AI. The system implementation progeny test of natural male had positive effects on genetic progress, however, the results were generally equal to or lower than those produced by the escalation of combinations of criteria used for selection. Additionally, no major differences were observed between the three evaluated reproductive strategies. The inbreeding observed were within acceptable limits. The results obtained in this study, allow assert that the best option for system implementation progeny test of MMN in ESROM should complement the use of selectivity more intense in the generality of herds with the establishment and calibration reproductive strategies plausible, enabling the effective recognition of the natural parents, in those herds that use that alternative.

Author: LÓPEZ PARRA M. DE LA MONTAÑA.
Year: 2006.
University: EXTREMADURA [www.unex.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE VETERINARIA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE VETERINARIA.

Author: RAMON FERNANDEZ MANUEL.
Year: 2006.
University: CASTILLA-LA MANCHA [www.uclm.es].
Place of defense: E.T.S. DE INGENIEROS AGRONOMOS DE ALBACETE.
Place of preparation: ESCUELA TECNICA SUPERIOR DE INGENIEROS AGRONOMOS.

Summary: One of the main aims of the programs is to improve the profitability of the production system to maximize the socio-economic conditions and productive in the time and place. To achieve this goal, it is necessary to know the economic importance of the different objectives of selection to choose those that provide the greatest benefit to the farms. There has been an economic study of race in herds Manchega sheep belonging to the kernel selection, which has revealed the characteristics and viability of the operating system for milk production. Thus, we have identified the main sources of income and production costs and it is calculated the benefit of livestock activities. Based on the results of this study, it was estimated the contribution of genetic improvement of the various characters to the benefit of the company, which is known as economic clout. The economic weights have been calculated taking into account the levels of production and market prices represent the Manchega breed, and has been valued as these changes in production and market conditions could affect the benefit of the company. Finally, we have estimated the economic and genetic responses to be expected in selection for different indexes in the Manchega breed. These responses have helped assess what alternatives program selection would be more profitable.