PIGS

Author: VIDAL FÀBREGA ORIOL.
Year: 2004.
University: AUTÓNOMA DE BARCELONA [www.uab.es].
Place of preparation: ESCUELA DE POSTGRADO.

Summary: Papers that are included in this compendium has been developed within the project ERDF 2FD97-0916-C02-02 that tine main objective confirm the existence in a highly selected population Landrace, quantitative trait loci (QTLs) previously described in crossings Breed divergent. The characters analyzed in this project include both measures of the quality of meat as conformation and quality of calan. By the segregation of molecular markers type microsatellites in a pedigree of generations of a population Landrace analyzed 10 regions of the chromosomes 1,2,3,4,6,7,8,9,10 and 13. The results show the existence of fectos on chromosomes 2,6,7,8,9 and 10, indicating that QTLs described previously crossings differing races are still present in commercial stocks. In addition, four genes have been characterized candidates (MDHI MEI, DECR i ACLSl) related to lipid metabolism. Although all four have now been identified polymorphisms, only in the case of DECR two transversiones detected aminoacídicos lead changes. The polymorphisms identified in the Mel and DECR markers have been used in two studies association. In the case of gene MDHl we have observed the existence in intrón 6 an insertion type LlSs that generates a polymorphism. In addition, we have identified a sequence, named MDHl, which could correspond to a pseudogen not processed gene MDHl. The gene ACSLl has been sequenced for the first time in pigs and by the panel of somatic cell irradiated ImpRH has been conducting mapping egen is on chromosome 15, linked to microsatellite SW1989.

Author: Hernandez Jover Marta.
Year: 2005.
University: AUTÓNOMA DE BARCELONA [www.uab.es].
Place of defense: Facultad de Veterinaria.
Place of preparation: Facultad de Veterinaria.

Summary: We 4 experiments, using a total of 3745 pigs of different races, which compared different identification systems in order to determine the most efficient methodology for ensuring trazabilitad animal and meat in the chain of hog production. In Exp. 1, we identified 48 pigs Iberian transponders with injections of two sizes (23 and 32 mm) in 4 positions subcutaneous (base ear, armpit, and ciliary arc cane) in order to study the ability of reading and distance migration of transponders. The highest reading ability was obtained on the basis of ear (93.6-95.8%). The migration gained was low in all cases, while the highest values were obtained on the basis of ear (39.4 mm). The recovery of transponders at the slaughterhouse was difficult and time necessary not suitable for commercial pig slaughterhouses. In Exp. 2, we identified 557 pigs white crotales conventional electronic and injectable transponders, half-duplex technology (HDX), and full-duplex (FDX), from birth until the end of the slaughter line. The injectable transponders were 5 different sizes (12 to 34 mm) and were implemented in 2 positions: base of the atrium and intraperitoneally. Losses in farm and slaughterhouse of crotales conventional were lower (13.6%) than those of crotales electronic HDX (15.2%) and FDX (44.9%). In addition, crotales electronically generated between 18-55% of electronic failures. Losses of injections at the base of atrial were high and ranged between 17.1-72.5%. Only 0.4% of intraperitoneales were lost in the period when farm and not damaged during slaughter. The 81.4% of intraperitoneales recovered to evisceration. Traceability final transponders injected intraperitoneally was higher (99.6%) than on the basis of atrial (17.8-75.0%), or crotales conventional (86.7%) and electronics (0 to 68%). In Exp. 3, we identified a total of 1032 pigs to evaluate the intraperitoneal injection on commercial terms. It was also used crotales conventional and electronic comparalos to the transponders intraperitoneales. It was confirmed that both farm and at slaughter, intraperitoneales were the most efficient way of traceability (98.3%), recovering to a 91.7% evisceration. The crotales conventional submitted an traceability higher (95.7%) to crotales electronic, both HDX (90.6%) as FDX (88.6%). In Exp. 4, we used a total of 2108 pigs race Duroc to implement a traceability system based on intraperitoneal injection and the use of molecular markers as a method of auditing. It took a biopsy at the time of identification. At slaughter, was transferred automatically electronic identification to the channel by using high-frequency tags. It also took a sample of biological channels to validate the traceability system. The automatic transfer of the identification was possible in a 95.1% of the animals. An analysis of 5% of the biological samples showed a 4% inconsistency between pairs of samples. In conclusion, the transponders intraperitoneales proved to be an identification system safe and effective in swine, with a retention exceeds 98% from birth to slaughter. The automatic transfer of the identification was successful in more than 90% of the animals, indicating that the automatic labeling of the channel needs to be improved in order to achieve an adequate traceability in the pig industry.

Author: CHAPINAL GOMEZ NURIA.
Year: 2005.
University: AUTÓNOMA DE BARCELONA [www.uab.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE VETERINARIA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE VETERINARIA.

Summary: The sows are housed from day 29 of gestation to a week before giving birth in conventional cages (STALL), in groups of 10 with a system of food drop slowly (TRICK), and in groups of 20 with an electronic feed dispenser protection (FITMIX; 20 sows by feeding system and mirror). All pigs had been previously housed in cages and fed on a similarly restricted. Sows were observed 11 days not consecutive for 4 hours per day. In all systems, levels of activity and general estereotipias were measured by observation technique scan-sampling at intervals of 10 minutes. We obtained two blood samples were determined by replication and the levels of haptoglobin (Hp) and pig-MAP to assess the degree of physical stress. The thickness of backfat, live weight and reproductive outcomes were also considered. In the two housing systems group, there were attacks by continuous observation and then calculated the order of dominance (RI). The system FITMIX, analyzed data dietary behavior automatically registered during 25 cycles food not consecutive. The number of visits to the dispenser, the duration of the visits and occupation of the dispenser were analyzed per day per hour to determine patterns of behavior and food trends circadiana over time. It also provided for the establishment of order to access the dispenser. Overall, the housing of sows in groups FITMIX rose and fell the rest estereotipias oronasofaciales to a greater extent than group housing with TRICK. Both housing systems group fell sharply chewing on empty. The primiparous showed some activity levels and general estereotipias adult children who sows in all systems. Levels of Hp and pig-MAP and productive measures did not differ between systems. Instead, as the incidences of lameness or injury vulva were more common in group housing systems. The frequency, intensity and the proportion of resolution of the attacks were higher in the system FITMIX, although the intense physical contact was unusual in both systems. The conflicts in the system FITMIX were mainly for eating, while in the system TRICK occurred mainly in the seating area. Similarly, the proportion of assaults in the drinking was higher in the system TRICK. The correlation between the IR and body weight was higher in the system FITMIX, despite the fact that the correlation between the IR and the number of delivery was similar in both systems. The primiparous participated in fewer attacks, but received more than those who started in both systems. The 46% of the bristles system FITMIX, mostly primiparous and subordinate, needed help in adapting to the system of food. Finally, the 8.3% of the bristles system FITMIX not adapted and were eliminated. Sows system FITMIX made several visits to the dispenser to get their daily ration, although the occupation of daily dispenser was lower than that cited in the literature concerning the feeding systems with electronic protection (ESF). The daily occupancy decreased over time. Each food chain, the maximum activity around the dispenser was observed in the hours immediately to your home, so that the activity was very low in the second half of the cycle. An order to access the dispenser relatively stable and correlated with the IR was quickly established and maintained during the experiment. Sows dominant accessed the dispenser earlier and made a number of visits like the bristles subordinate but longer duration, 8 by 761 who occupied the dispenser longer. In conclusion, the housing systems group rose and fell the rest estereotipias maintain levels of productivity and tissue injury similar to the sows in cages. The system FITMIX introduced the system more competitive TRICK because of food sequentially. The system FITMIX was efficient in stable groups of average size, although the optimization of efficiency was not reached until after a few days. Moreover, the establishment of an order of access to the dispenser correlated with the IR could reduce the conflict by eating and assist staff in identifying problems. Taking into account all factors, the group housing would be a good alternative to cages if the management is the correct one. A more qualified personnel may be necessary for the early detection and resolution of problems, especially to prevent excessive aggressiveness and ensuring alignment in feeding systems sequentially. However, the long-term effects of feeding systems group on welfare should be evaluated prior to recommendation.

Author: Bassols Casadevall Judit.
Year: 2005.
University: GIRONA [www.udg.es].
Place of defense: Universidad de Girona.
Place of preparation: Universidad de Girona.

Summary: In this work we have developed two simple and rapid methods for the cultivation of the epithelial cells of the three regions of the epididymis Its domesticus. One is based on the cultivation of tubule fragments epididimario intact during 8 days. The other method is based on the cultivation of tubule fragments epididimario digested with colagenasa that after 7 days, leading to the formation of a monolayer of epithelial cells epididimarias to acquire 90-100% of confluence after 12-16 days crop. These cells remain viable for more than 60 days in cultivation and is not seen no epithelial cell proliferation. To determine the level of conservation of the features epididimarias in crops has analyzed the cellular structure, the activity of protein synthesis and secretion, and maintenance and maturation of sperm in cocultivo. The results showed that the fragments epididimarios intact structure and maintain the same pattern specific epididimario epithelial secretion in vivo during 2-4 days in culture. Fragments epididimarios digested with colagenasa display features similar to those fragments epididimarios intact, but the breakup of the epithelium to the formation of the cell monolayer causes a rapid loss of specificity epididimaria. During the first 4 days of cultivation, the fragments of the corpus epididimario digested with colagenasa promote migration of cytoplasmic drop in the immature sperm after 24 hours of incubation. This suggests that during this time preserving the physiological characteristics of epididimario tubule. The epithelial cells of caput, corpus and cauda epididimario lost in the monolayer structure for the epididimario epithelium in vivo, but kept many of its morphological characteristics such as the presence of estereocilios apical, unions and Intercellular cytoplasmic organelles associated with their absorptive and secretory functions. These topcoats epithelial cells do not express the phenotype epididimario full, why unspecified secrete proteins that are common with epithelial cell lines. The epithelial cells of these crops presented mRNAs of different genes considered as markers epididimarios in vivo, and confirm that they will maintain a certain level of its state of differentiation. Moreover, these crops create a microenvironment beneficial to the survival of immature sperm from caput proximal and maintaining their motility during a period of 72 hours.

Author: Pruneda Sais Anna.
Year: 2005.
University: GIRONA [www.udg.es].
Place of defense: Universidad de Girona.
Place of preparation: Universidad de Girona.

Summary: The sperm from the testicles of mammals are functionally immature, and require a differentiation in the epididymis to acquire the progressive motility and the ability fecundante. The epididymal sperm provides a luminal fluid that is changing qualitatively along the conduit epididimario due to the activity of its absorptive and secretory epithelium. By increasing the rate of extraction of sperm produced alterations in the pattern of uptake and secretion of fluid epididimario, in the development of sperm motility and the displacement of the cytoplasmic droplet along the conduit epididimario; in some regions epididimarias also produces an increase in the frequency of some anomalies espermáticas. The fluid epididimario contains many organic molecules, some low molecular weight molecules such as L-carnitine, glutamate and myo-inositol are involved in sperm maturation. This study has found that over epididimario through the concentration of glutamate in the fluid and free carnitine sperm increase, while the concentration of inositol decreases. The variations in the concentration of these osmolitos not follow the same pattern as the variation in sperm concentration, and these differences have been attributed to processes secretion or absorption of osmolitos. The contents of myo-inositol in the interior of the sperm decreases from the distal caput, while the content of glutamate increases from caput distal; carnitine content of the sperm epididimarios does not vary along the duct. Thus, it appears that the epididymal sperm to provide glutamate, which use this substrate to regulate its volume by contact with fluids hipotónicos of female reproductive treatment. Recently, it has been proposed that the route of polyol may be involved in energy conservation of sperm in the epididymis. In this metabolic pathway glucose to sorbitol is reduced by aldosa reductase (AR) and the resulting sorbitol is oxidized to fructose by the sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH). One objective of this study was to determine the presence of the path of polyol in the epididymis pig, from the location of the enzymes and analysis of the concentrations of substrates and products that are part of this route. The results suggest a spread of glucose from the blood to the fluid epididimario, his conversion to sorbitol via SR, this accumulation of sorbitol in the luminal fluid and its conversion into fructose per share of the SDH. The spermatic metabolism of glucose and fructose may explain their low concentrations in the cauda epididimario. The high concentration of sorbitol found in fluid epididimario indicates that the sorbitol could also be a metabolic substrate, a osmolito required for the regulation of the volume of sperm.