USE OF FERTILIZER

Author: LOPEZ FERNÁNDEZ SUSANA.
Year: 2004.
University: POLITÉCNICA DE MADRID [www.upm.es].
Place of defense: ESCUELA TÉCNICA SUPERIOR DE INGENIEROS AGRÓNOMOS.
Place of preparation: ESCUELA TÉCNIA SUPERIOR DE INGENIEROS AGRONOMOS.

Summary: In this work we have evaluated emissions of N2O and NO over several months in crops fertilized with pig slurry in the soil of the area center of Spain. As additional objective has been studied the effect on emissions of these gases is the dose, how application of slurry into the soil and the use of nitrification inhibitors alongside the slurry. Se han realizado 1 experiment incubation for 7 months and 2 experiments in field lysimeters, one delos which has been carried out in terms of irrigation for 7 months and the other has been performed in a crop of cebada-intercutlivo-cebada during 18 months. The treatments have been pig slurry injected or incorporated into the soil, putín pig slurry applied superficially and pork mixed with a nitrification inhibitor (dicyandiamide and N-Serve). It has been compared to a treatment of mineral fertilizer (urea), with a sheep manure treatment and control without nitrogen. Raising the speed of denitrification observed in the treatment of slurry and manure was motivated by an increase of C made with the soluble organic fertilizers and organic rather than increasing NO3. Another result scientifically relevant obtained with this experiment is shown that after having input from the slurry relationship N2O/N2 has declined significantly over control, while what treatments U rose considerably. The way of incorporating the slurry had no significant effect on the rate of denitrification, although it has had on the issue of N2O, which has been slightly higher in the injected or incorporated in the applied superficially. The dose of fertilizer affection mainly to emissions of N2O and very little to losses by denitrification. The joint use of dicyandiamide next to the pig slurry was effective in reducing emissions in terms of irrigation, and the broadcast of N2O and NO was reduced by at least 46% and 37% respectively over the treatment of slurry injected. In terms of drying the use of inhibitors was not effective in reducing emissions of N2O total, but if it was in the decrease in NO emission. The emission rates in the treatment of slurry without inhibitor exceeded the levels proposed by the IPCC as a factor in calculating emissions. Emissions of N2O in the ground control was also very high in the agro studied. The NO emission is not an issue in these agroecosystems except in the days after the application of pig slurry and fertilizer ammonium or ureicos.

Author: ARROYO PANADERO LORENZO.
Year: 2004.
University: CÓRDOBA [www.uco.es].
Place of defense: ETSIAM.
Place of preparation: ETSIAM.

Summary: The soil management in multi-year Mediterranean crops is a key factor in the profitability of these. In recent decades have developed alternatives to traditional tillage rates that reduce erosion, such as bare soil tilling or not in the ground cover. The aim of this thesis has been to develop a methodology to link the loss of soil in these alternative systems management, productivity in crops multiannual representative of the Mediterranean area. The experiments were carried out in two sets closed plots, one for olive grove and another for almonds, in the municipality of Lanjarón (Grenada), which measure the loss of soil and runoff from each event of rain erosion for different management of soil, bare soil tillage and no vegetative cover strips between rows of trees perpendicular to the slope of barley, spontaneous and natural vegetation of aromatic species (sage, rosemary trailing ytomillo) In each plot has been modeling water flow in growing data from temperature, water intercepted by trees and ground cover, soil moisture (technical FDR) and escorrentía.Adaptando two models of crop growth to the characteristics of the experiment has analyzed the effect of erosion on productivity through the water balance. The major conclusion of this work is that the use of simple models allow describe the main aspects of agriculture crops multiannual Mediterranean. Thus, the model Thornthwaite-Mather can be used to describe the evolution of soil moisture under a vegetative cover, and a combination of this with Ritchie to describe it in a bare soil tilling not. The Merriam-to describe the interception of rain by olive and almond trees. The ground cover provided that sieguen when soil moisture falls a certain level, in addition to reducing erosion, can be more effective in the conservation of water in the soil, and is siegan are available but yields similar to the bare soil in not tilling.

Author: MORALES SILLERO ANA MARIA.
Year: 2004.
University: CÓRDOBA [www.uco.es].
Place of defense: E.T.S.I. AGRONOMOS Y MONTES.
Place of preparation: E.T.S.I. AGRONOMOS Y MONTES.

Summary: It established three different treatments, consisting provide adequate quantities of fertilizer to complete 200400 and 600 g of N per tree and irrigation period. There was also a control treatment in which only applied irrigation water. During the fetirrigación noted, in general, a positive correlation between the content of N-NO3, PYK available and the dose of fertilizer applied, particularly in the most superficial layer and a decrease of concentrations with depth in the soil. Concentrations of N-NO3- observed at 80-90 cm in the treatment of higher doses were high enough to warn of potential losses for washing and therefore ocntaminación groundwater. It was noted, moreover, a positive linear correlation between treatments and the content of N, PyK leaf. However, the treatments had no effect on the force, cup volume, the outbreak frucífero and growth in the indices of flowering and frucctificación, including cuajado, although the number of flower grown linearly with the dose applied. Production in the trees of the control treatment was inferior to that of the fertilizer treatments, but the differences were not significant. The lack of significant response in the past two years could be due to attacks by repilo and pruning practiced in January 2002. The treatments influenced, however, certain parameters related to the quality of table olives and olive oil. There was a positive correlation between K content in the fruit and the use of fertilizers. That probably helped increase the accumulation of water and had a positive impact on quality parameters such as weight, relationship pulpa-hueso and volume. From the standpoint of the industry, this increased moisture content affect the extraction of oil and the process of dressing d olives. By contrast, the content in reducing sugars and texura were adversely affected in 2003. The differences in weight and texture were maintained once the process of dressing in green fruit, which does not impact on the color or in the incidence annoyed and flayed. Finally, the treatments fertirrigación no effect on the oil content, but the total polyphenol content, the rate of bitterness K225, stability and the relationship of monounsaturated fatty / polinsaturados decreased in general lines, with a dose of fertilizer. Taking into account the results obtained, it is advised a dose of fertilizer between 400 and 600 g of N per tree and irrigation period, in order to obtain the agronomic advantages and avoid disadvantages as leading in the table olives and oil.

Author: GONZÁLEZ RODRÍGUEZ DEMETRIO.
Year: 2005.
University: POLITÉCNICA DE MADRID [www.upm.es].
Place of defense: E.T.S.I. AGRONOMOS.
Place of preparation: E.T.S.I. AGRONOMOS.

Summary: The zinc fertilizers are normally applicable to many crops in agricultural soils. Among the most common sources of micronutrients is sulphate zin (ZnSO4), but formulations of organic origin are increasingly used to correct the deficiencies of this metal which is essential to the lives of plants. We are developing different fertilizers containing complexes or chelates of zinc on crops whose effectiveness depends on the application form. These fertilizers vary in their physical, chemical reactivity, cost and availability to the plant. When applied to the soil micronutrients, their availability is conditioned by its division between the solution and solid phase and the soil and its redistribution between the different components of the latter. In this paper we study the differences in behavior of zinc applied in the form of eight organic complexes (both natural and sintéticos9 two different physico-chemical properties of soil in which conducts a crop bean (Phaseolus vulgaris, L. ) to carry low. fertilizers added at doses of 5 and 10 mg Zn / kg, containing the following sources of micronutrient: Zn-DTPA + HEDTA + EDTA (Zn-DTPA, Zn-dietilentriaminopentaacetato, Zn-HEDTA, Zn-2- hidroxietil-etilendiaminotriacetato, Zn-EDTA, Zn-etilendiaminotetraacetato) Zn-EDTA + HEDTA, Zn-HEDTA, Zn-EDTA, Zn-S, S-EDDS (Zn-S, S-etilendiamodisuccinato) Zn-EDDHSA (Zn- a, a-etilendiimino-bis-2hidroxi-5-sulfonatofenilacetato) Zn-Polihidroxifenilcarboxialto and Zn-Aminolignosulfonato. experimentation has been conducted in a greenhouse for 60 days using lixímetros in order to establish balances masses. liquids lixviados were collected and analyzed, obtaining the fertilizer applied to soil subject to risks newspapers moving through them and leach Zn in quantities that depend on the type of soil, the source of zinc used in the applied dose and the volume of leachate collected over the experiment. Some of the sources of zinc are manifested very mobile in both soils. For the volume of leachate collected (total 2L), in soil l-pH acid; texture, arenoso-franca; predominant clay, ilita and esmectita- with a volume of irrigation of 400 mL / day, the largest amount leachate and Zn obtained is 12% compared to that applied in the soil II -pH basic aclizo; texture, frank sandy; predominant clay, and smectite ilita; field capacity three times greater than the previous land-volume irrigation of 440 mL / day, as many zin leachate obtained is 32% compared to implemented. fertilizers that contain chelated with zin agents EDTA, DTPA + HEDTA + ATS, ATS + HEDTA, S, S-EDDS with those that present greater mobility, migrated micronutrient applied through the soil. As with the control treatment, when applied zinc chelate with Polhidroxifenilcarboxilato or Aminolignosulfonato mobility micronutrients and quantity leach are minimal. bioavailable Zinc has been determined by three extraction methods commonly used in the literature (DTPA-TEA, DTPA-ABA And Mehllch-III). different fertilizer treatments produce an effect of micronutrient Residual zinc enough to be assimilated later crops without new additions micronutrient. levels remaining in the soil are much higher than the critical level. soil I get older equivalent amounts of zinc in the soil II. The three methods used to estimate zinc equivalent presented highly significant correlations with each other (P less 0, 0001) remain the order mean concentrations drawn as follows: Emchllch-III greater DTPA-ABA greater DTPA-TEA. sequential fractionation With the proposed Krishamurti and Naidu (2000 ) identified the redistribution of zinc in different soil fractions. xinc added by the various sources, remains in its 8 elos in 815 chemical forms favorable to its absorption for the plants, and significant positive correlations exist primarily between zinc assimilable zinc and water-soluble and exchangeable and organically complexed Zn (II on the ground were also correlated with Zn associated with carbonates). Therefore, the sequential fractionation may be considered useful for the study of the bioavailability of micronutrient. Concentration zinc gained easily lixiviable (extracted with chloride bárico) is much greater on the floor I II on the floor, reaching for various treatments approximately 40% and 12% respectively; also is lower than the concentrations obtained by the three methods determination of zinc equivalent, especially in the soil II. Ace or time is correlated with the Zn equivalent and with all fractions extracted sequentially, albeit with the first three (or more labile fraction) in a positive way and with the following four (fractions more insoluble fraction, and residual) in a negative way. electrochemical parameters, pH and potential redoz (Eh) in certain soils I and II at the end of the crop significantly different between amboas soil. values determianods for Eh, establish the existence of condicones more I oxidants in the soil (Eh half 647 mV) that the soil II (Eh half 546 mV) the pH increases significatiamente time over cultivation, while the Eh hardly varies. Moreover, the parameters pH and Eh correlates of soils and high correlated high and significativaamente with determianods in lso leachate (P greater 0.0001).

Author: ARREGUI ODÉRIZ LUIS MIGUEL.
Year: 2005.
University: PÚBLICA DE NAVARRA [www.unavarra.es].
Place of defense: ESCUELA TÉCNICA SUPERIOR DE INGENIEROS AGRÓNOMOS.
Place of preparation: UNIVERSIDAD PÚBLICA DE NAVARRA.

Summary: In rain-fed systems, the development of strategies to better the efficiency of N is closely tied to the uncertainty of weather conditions making it necessary to use tools to adjust the overall strategy to the specific conditions of each campaign. This study evaluated various strategies for improving the efficiency of N system suelo-planta systems ceralistas rainfed wet Mediterranean climate. It tested: 1-Adjusting the dose of fertilizer by Nmin soil first cobertera. 2-Splitting of fertilizer. 3, - Using a fertilizer with nitrification inhibitor. 4-Use of portable measuring chlorophyll. During 2002-03 and 2003-04, was conducted a trial with a complete block design randomly located in Pamplona (Navarra). The experiment consisted of: 1, - 5 treatments for 5 doses of N (including a festigo unfertilised) made two coverages. 2-A treatment consisting of a contribution of the reference dose (X) in a single coverage. 3-A treatment identical to the previous one but applied with a fertilizer that included DMPP (ENTEC ®). The first campaign was sown wheat cv. Soissons while the second was barley cv. Puffín. In presiembra was determined min N soil (0-90 cm) and cobertera first, second and cobertera collection, samples were taken of both N min as the aerial part of the plant. The leaching of nitrate was calculated periodically as the product of the nitrate concentration in the soil solution at 1 meter deep by the volume of sewage in the sampling period. The solution was obtained through soil suction rods. The determination of soil moisture was performed using capacitance sensors (Enviroscan ®) and the estimation of drainage was performed daily. To evaluate the usefulness of measuring clorifial were established 24 test dose rate of N. The trials were planted with varieties of winter trio cv. Soissons or cv. Marius (Tricicum aestivum L.), with three or four replications. In those experiments in which there was response to the dose of N, we used a model cuadrático-meseta as curve adjustment and determined X umb and performance for the plateau. The yield ratio (RR) for each treatment were obtained through the division between the average yield of the treatment and performance assigned to the plateau in each experiment. We used two measuring chlorophyll: N-Tester ® / Yara) and SPAD-502 ® (Minolta). The readings with the mediators chlorophyll were conducted in a knot (GS-31), two knots (GS-32), appearance of the flag leaf (GS-37), spike in zurrón (GS-45), Emergency half of the spike (GS-55) and full flowering (GS-65). For each locality and treatment, the calculated relative value that would allow comparison between different localities, or cultivars meters (RMC) and was defined as an average of the readings from each repetition of the treatment in question, divided by the average readings of repetitions optimum treatment of N, for each experiment.

Author: RODRIGO HERNÁNDEZ MARÍA DEL CARMEN.
Year: 2006.
University: POLITÉCNICA DE VALENCIA [www.upv.es].
Place of defense: Universidad Politécnica de Valencia.
Place of preparation: Universidad Politécnica de Valencia.

Summary: The present study evaluated the sap in quick analysis and the extent of conenido leaf chlorophyll as indicators of nutritional status in nitrogen and their possible use for recommendation subscriber in both artichoke and romanesco. The measure of the concentration of nitrate in sap with either rapid methods employed (Peter Cardy or reflectómetro portable RQFlex) was a buenindicador of nitrogen nutrition in artichoke and romanesco. In addition, nitrate levels in the sap varied with the levels of available soil mineral N and along the growing cycle in both crops. The ranges sufficiency being proposed for artichoke are different for the first and second year of cultivation and also vary with the stages of the crop. In the first cycle: phase emission leaves 2500-3500 NOT mg.1 emission shoots 1000-2000 NOT mg.1 and full collection 500-1500 NO- mg.l. In the second cycle 1000-2500 NOT mg.l emission leaves, 1000-1500 NOT mg.l emission shoots and 500-900 NO mg.l in full harvest. For romanesco ranges sufficiency suggested are: phase of 6-8 leaves 3000-6000 NOT mg.ly phase formation of the pella 2000-3500 NOT mg.l. There was a relationship between chlorophyll meter readings of the total N of the road and artichoke romanesco, indicating that the emplero meter chlorophyll CCM-200 as an indicator of nutrition nitrogen has potential. The ranges suficienci interim proposed for artichoke were: 25-50 (vegetative phase) and 20-40 (emission shoots and harvesting) units CCM respectively. By contrast, in the Romanesque proposed provisional ranking are unique for the whole growing season 40 to 60 units JCC. Both the nitrate concentration in the sap as leaf chlorophyll content ranged along the growing cycle and supply of nitrogen, and both measurements were highly correlated.

Author: HIRZEL CAMPOS JUAN FERNANDO.
Year: 2006.
University: POLITÉCNICA DE MADRID [www.upm.es].
Place of defense: E.T.S. DE INGENIEROS AGRÓNOMOS.
Place of preparation: ESCUELA TÉCNICA SUPERIOR DE INGENIEROS AGRÓNOMOS.

Summary: For four consecutive years (2002-2006) conducted a field experiment in the area of central Chile, which assessed the bed Broiler as a source of fertilization alternative to the use of conventional fertilizers in the cultivation of maize for silage. In turn were carried out experiments in controlled laboratory conditions. The parameters evaluated were dry matter production in the cultivation, extraction and concentration of nutrients, chemical characteristics of the soil, nitrogen mineralization from the bed of Broiler, and the residual effect of fertilization. The results indicated that the bed of Broiler an alternative fertilization on fertilizers convenicionales, which allows obener yields comparable and adequate nutritional quality in cutlivo corn, and also not adversely affect the chemical properties of soil, and the environment environment.