EARTH SCIENCE AND SPACE

Author: BOHOYO MUÑOZ FERNANDO.
Year: 2003.
University: GRANADA.
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS.
Place of preparation: UNIVERSIDAD DE GRANADA.

Summary: The region east of the Antarctic Peninsula has a great interest from the geological point of view, the existence of elements of continental and oceanic crust and the current intense tectonic activity related to seismicity. The arch Scotia is one of the best examples of development of tectonic arches linked to the formation of large basins back. This arc has equivalent characteristics with those described for the Arc of the Caribbean, such as fragmentation and subsequent dispersion elements continental caused by subduction of oceanic crust of the plate Sudaméricana. The oceanographic campaigns specifically developed in the region are scarce and exploratory in nature. These campaigns contain lines spaced between each other in which they have acquired combined data from different geophysical techniques including seismic reflection, magnetometry, gravimetry and bathymetry, and intersecting major tectonic elements. However, have established the main characteristics of those areas where tectonic elements has great size and continuity from a limited number of profiles. The main results of this work indicate the succession of three periods in the tectonic evolution of the southern sector of the Scotia Arc: * Initial phase of the development of the Scotia Arc, which includes breaking dela connection between mainland South America and the Antarctic Peninsula, and includes the opening the watershed Powell (28-18 Ma). * Fragmentation Continental intense and development of small ocean basins Dove, Jane, North Discovery and Protector (18-14 Ma). * Final phase of reorganizing plates and configuration of the current limit transcurrente sinister between slabs Scotia and Antarctica (14-0 Ma). The opening of corridors ocean around Micocontienente of the South Orkney from the Miocene means, has found the interaction between the flow into the Scotia Sea in the flow Water Fund of the Weddell Sea (WSBW) and the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (PCA). The opening of the Jane Basin, which is the most important corridor, produces a disagreement regionally. THE distribution of the elements of continental crust determines the current position limit transcurrente sinister plate, targeting half EO, as the most intense deformation zones are located in or on their edges. The geometry of the plate boundary conditions to a greater extent the nature of the deformations that the type of cortez involved. The segments limit direction ENE-OSO show deformations extend (southern edge of Discovery Bank), while the leadership ONO-ESE components compression (northern edge of Microcontinente of the South Orkney). The results exposed contribute on the one hand knowledge of the status and characteristics of the boundary between the plates Scotia and Antarctica and the other to the mechanisms involved in the development of tectonic arches.

Author: HAMPE ARNDT.
Year: 2003.
University: SEVILLA.
Place of defense: DEPARTAMENTO DE BIOLOGÍA VEGETAL Y ECOLOGÍA, FACULTAD DE BIOLOGÍA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE BIOLOGÍA.

Summary: 1-THEME AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY This Doctoral thesis examines the status and adjustment of relict populations avellanilo (Frangula alnus Miller Rhamnaceae), which grows in shelters climate of southern Spain. In particular, it examines how their reproduction and regeneration are influenced by the present environmental conditions. This work incorporates a variety of biological include population genetics (Chapter 1), floral biology (Chapter 2), ornithology (Chapter 3) and demography of recruitment (Chapters 4 and 5). 2-AGENCY FOR STUDY The hazels is a shrub or small tree caducifolio distributed by most of Europe and West Asia. The subspecies face appears through most of this distribution, while the other two subspecies have been described for Central and Eastern Anatolia (Fa pontica (Boiss.) Davis & Yalt.), And to the south of the Iberian Peninsula and northern Morocco (Fabaetica (Rev. & Willk) Rivas Goday, hereinafter "avellanilo Iberian"). The latter is presented as a small tree and individuals are twice as high as those of old and the other two subspecies, which are shrub. The populations are restricted to particular habitats with permanent availability of water, which mitigates the effects of the summer drought of regional climate. These plants are not reproduced vegetatively and are cross-pollinated obliged. The flowers, entomófilas, open from mid-April to mid-June, while the fruits, fleshy, mature between late June and mid-August and are dispersed by frugivorous bird. 3-AREA OF FIELD STUDIES field studies in Chapters 2-5 are conducted in up to five throats (Aljibe, Medium, Dark Harbor, Montero and past Llana) in the Sierra del aljibe (36Â º 30 ' N; 5Â º 35'W, in the province of Cadiz, Spain), about 40 km NNW of Gibraltar. All the populations studied are located in Los Alcornocales Natural Park. They grow in riparian forests of 10-20 m wide, a few hundred meters to a few kilometers in length, along small streams and shadiest, surrounded by Mediterranean forests esclerófilos and semidecíduos. These riparian forests host numerous relict plant taxa home Tertiary. 4-FILOGEOGRÁFA OF AVELLANILLO And RELICTO STATUS OF THE PEOPLE OF SOUTHERN SPAIN The nature of relict populations was determined through a survey filogeográfico wide range of hazels, with special emphasis on populations that grow in shelters glacial putativos, located in the Iberian Peninsula, the Balkans and Anatolia. This study revealed the following: A - The populations of the shelters glacial contained almost all of the variation detected in the DNA cloroplástico, while very little was found around the area presumed colonization postglacial. B - The Balkans include glacial putative haven of all people of Europe and western Asia hazels, north of the Pyrenees and the Alps, while the populations of the other two shelters have not participated in the recolonization postglacial of Europe tempered by the species. C-Stocks of the mountains of Morocco, the Iberian peninsula and Anatolia belong to a lineage former circunmediterráneo that probably comes from the Tertiary, before the start of the Mediterranean climate in the Pliocene. Their genetic constitution indicates that these stocks has been extremely stable since its inception, has experienced gene flow despicable and have accumulated a large genetic differentiation, even short distances. The populations of the southern part of the shelters glacial have contributed little to colonization postglacial of Europe, but their long-term historical continuity has helped to maintain a separate line of vari 8 ation ge 1ff8 nética. D-This study clearly illustrates the high conservation value of the stocks of relictas hazels persistent in the Mediterranean areas. 5-PRODUCTION OF SEEDS OF AVELLANILO IBERIAN The flowering and seed production were studied in two years in two populations, monitoring the fate of more than 6000 flowers singles and conducting various experiments. These showed that: A-avellanilo Iberian is pollinated by a diverse array of insects, but the hymenoptera dominate the spectrum of pollinators. B - The availability of pollen alógamo is the main factor limiting the production of seeds and heavily restricts the breeding success (in number of seeds) of the stocks. C-Limiting pollen at the beginning of the flowering season and dried flowers in his limited playing successful end to a relatively short period. The weather variables during this period resulted in some marked variations between years in seed production. D-A few old trees attract most insects plinizadores and produce disproportionately many seeds, while small trees or hidden are widely excluded from reproducing, at least in its component mother. The effective size of the populations is thus markedly smaller than the actual number of adult plants. Small populations, scattered and genetically impoverished probably show a severely reduced seed production. E-A decrease regional spring rain probably represents an additional factor of threat to the reproductive potential of these stocks. 6-INTERACTIONS WITH DISPERSOS SEEDS The community of birds frugívoras hazels of Iberian and behavior were documented through census of birds standardized and systematic observations of trees in three populations. We obtained the following results and conclusions. A - The fruits are consumed by at least 12 species of local birds (38 spp.), But only three species are responsible for 97% of seed dispersal: robins (erithacus rubecula, 55%), curruca capirotada (Sylvia atricapilla, 26%) and blackbirds (Turdus merula, 16%). B-Family complete currucas capirotadas and mirlos often enter the fruiting trees, including youth volantones of the same year. These groups often stayed near or in the trees for a long time, thus causing a rather poor dispersal of seeds ingested. C - The vast majority of robins who consume the fruits (96%) were young birds, not territorial and highly mobile in their dispersion posntatal. These are the most important seed dispersers for the Iberian hazels, in terms of both the amount of seed retired as transportation after ingestion. Moreover, the fruits, easily accessible and predictable, are an important source of food for young robins during the early stages of their lives. 7, ESPACIO - TEMPORAL - CHANGE OF RAIN AND SEEDS OF RECRUITMENT OF PLÁNTULAS The production of fruit and seed rain patterns mediated by birds and emergency plántuilas were studied for four years to analyze their abundance and consistency between space years, as well as spatial concordance between rain seed and seedling recruitment. The experiments were conducted on the secondary seed dispersal using artificial seeds showed that: - The abundance of fruits, seeds of the rain and the emergence of seedlings varied widely between years, but less than in many other Mediterranean plants fleshy fruit . The abundance of seedlings varied much stronger and independent abundance of fruit and seed rain of the previous year. B-patterns of seed rain and the subsequent emergence of seedlings were completely discordant in space, because of the heavy flooding of streams after heavy winter rains that mobilized many seeds and transported downstream, resulting in a deep secondary redistribution of rain seed dispersed primarily by birds. C - Despite large differences between years in the winter rain, the spatial patterns of both rain seed as the emergence of seedlings were highly consistent between years. Thus, it appears that the relatively stable genetic characteristics micro influencing the arrival of seeds and patterns resulting from emergency seedlings, rather than strong variation between years in the flow of water. D-effective redistribution hidrócora of seed mold patterns space recruitment seedlings and presumably also the genetic structure of populations, while the less effective dispersal by birds is crucial to the establishment of new populations, changes upstream and gene flow between populations. E-Local variation in the balance between the two modes of fragmentation must have very different consequences for the recruitment, demography and genetic structure of populations. 8-RECRUITMENT AND REGENERATION OF THE PEOPLE were studied several states sequential recruitment to identify the stages of this process, which can identify key bottlenecks demographics of the populations of avellanilo Iberian. The production, predation and dispersal of seeds, as well as the emergence of seedlings and their survival was monitored directly in three populations, while the dynamism of recruitment over the last few decades was inferred from the age structure of five large populations and seemingly intact. The results showed that:-Both the depredation of seeds as the seedling mortality was very high. The drying of seedlings during the dry months of summer was the main factor for mortality, followed by herbivorous. B - The secondary spread by water distributed most of the seeds in some microhabitat (sandbars), where seedlings had a disproportionately high mortality rates. C-age structures of populations showed that, to an age of approximately 20 years, there was a positive correlation between the abundance of trees and rain of the year estimated germination. D-Stocks contained very few young individuals, and its age structure provides a severe senescence of the population in the coming decades, unless current trends change markedly regeneration. E - The survival of seedlings and brinzales is probably the key factor in the recruitment of avellanilo Iberian: the feasibility and potential for regeneration of the stocks can be improved by increasing the survival of the plants in these states. Conservation measures should reduce the herbivorous by ungulates and extensive clearing of vegetation around the streams and the resulting floods delos watercourses, because they appear to be the main causes dela reduced regeneration. Small populations could be enhanced by measures situ, which should be designed in such a way to maintain the genetic constitution of populations as original as possible.

Author: PERAN LOPEZ JESUS.
Year: 2004.
University: POLITÉCNICA DE MADRID.
Place of defense: E.T.S.I. MONTES.
Place of preparation: E.T.S.I. MONTES.

Summary: The green tourism is a relatively recent phenomenon which has its main development in the last decades of the twentieth century, as a renewed sense of leisure and tourism. (Goytia, 1,999). The importance of the phenomenon of green tourism or eco-tourism at the international level is covered by the valuation of Castilho & Herrscher (1,997) of this type of tourism is growing at a rate between 10% and 15%. The strong pressure of demand has forced managers of natural areas to consider the concept of carrying capacity or load capacity (carrying capacity). This concept provides that if the recreational use of an area increases without limit at some point this level of use will cause an impact either on the user's experience, on the environment or on both (Stankey & McCool, 1983) . There are several aspects of capacity, including the capacity Welcome Perceptual or Social Referring to the perception on the presence or absence of other visitors. The sensitivity to overcrowding is a phenomenon of personal perceptions and subjective qaue begins in the process of electing a natural space for the development of an activity or experience, this process is determined according Jubenville & Workman (1,993) by the degree of infrastructure development and natural values of the same. So Becker (1,981) establishes a continuum in which the types of individuals vá vary depending on the state level use of the area, resulting in an adjustment or succession of users where their expectations are in line with a new situation of higher density . According to this approach visitors who come to a natural area has some expectations of overcrowding (which are influenced by their personal characteristics, situational and social conditions in the environment). These expectations play for Jackson & Burton (1,989) the role of standard quality, the violation of these standards would lead to the perception of overcrowding (BAUM & PAULUS, 1,987). This thesis has attempted to develop and test the validity of two models for assessing the carrying capacity perceptual by analyzing precisely these standards. The plantemaiento work is based on an empirical model from the experience and type of activity undertaken. The results have enabled set a best value, a minimum value and values allowable capacity perceptual host of national parks Timanfaya and Ordesa and Monte Perdido, which has successfully implemented the model raised. Finally there has been a sensitivity analysis to overcrowding as a series of variables characterization, as it analyzes variables that show greater sensitivity are: age, or appreciative important component of the recreational experience (as well developed or well as motivation for the visit), group size and form of organized tour.

Author: COS GUERRA OLGA DE.
Year: 2004.
University: CANTABRIA.
Place of defense: E.T.S.ING. CAMINOS, CANALES Y PUERTOS.
Place of preparation: E.T.S.ING. CAMINOS, CANALES Y PUERTOS.

Summary: This thesis focuses on the analysis of the socio-demographic reality of metropolitan Santander in the regional and national context, and the study of their internal organization, given the strategic nature of this area, which hosts about half of the population in the region. To do so, develop a number of areas as a whole to reach the initial target identified. It applies a methodology for multi systematize the main defining features of the metropolitan, and the results obtained delimit the metropolitan area of Santander, in the absence of a county official. It develops a systematic analysis of the socio-demographic reality of metropolitan Santander, understood as an open system of interrelationships within the context of the bay, with major redistribution processes prompted by the decentralization trend in the city of Santander. On this basis arise assumptions for the application of metropolitan diagnostics for anticipating needs of basic social amenities and concludes with a prospective analysis of the area of influence of Santander until the horizon 2010. This confirms the existence of a supra-level reality that responds to the evolving dynamic metropolitan itself from other large urban systems.

Author: Cuenca Pascual Juan.
Year: 2004.
University: VALENCIA.
Place of defense: Facultad de Física.
Place of preparation: Facultad de Física.

Summary: This thesis has been conceived from an experimental point of view is the measure of the angular variation of the emissivity from radiometric study of the temperature. It consists primarily of theoretical principles on which are recorded the follow-up, describing the material experimental built and purchased, the description of the experimental methodology applied and the results achieved. In addition to the measures emissivity conducted in the laboratory have shown results in the field through two campaigns measure in two years on a number of different surfaces and angles using portable instruments installed on goniometros operating manual and automatic.

Author: FRANCO MASIDE SUSANA.
Year: 2004.
University: SANTIAGO DE COMPOSTELA.
Place of defense: FACULTADE DE BIOLOXÍA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE BIOLOGÍA.

Summary: This is to emphasize the role of soil and environmental systems integrators operating at the landscape level. The soils act as records of the events that have taken place in the formation surface and this sense is trying to make a methodological approach to the study of major and trace elements as geoindicadores of discontinuities that arise in the genesis of each soil studied. The availability of a large number of data elements, it also opens the possibility of establishing relations between them and physicochemical properties as determined and behave according to the processes edafogenéticos that have occurred in the genesis of these soils . At the same time has tried to make a calibration as to the suitability of using multivariate statistical techniques applied to studies of soil genesis.

Author: CORTEY MARQUES MARTI.
Year: 2004.
University: GIRONA.
Place of defense: FACULTAT DE CIENCIES.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS.

Author: MALLOL MARTÍNEZ SANDRA.
Year: 2004.
University: GIRONA.
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS DE LA UNIVERSITAT DE GIRONA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS DE LA UNIVERSITAT DE GIRONA.

Summary: The trawling practiced in the Mediterranean Sea affects a wide range bathymetric and affects many types of fund presenting very diversified communities, where the species of fish, crustaceans and cephalopods, other molluscs, echinoderms and other macro epibentónicos interact with each other. Hence the importance of characterizing to the nearest multi-operated funds, taking into account not just the species of commercial interest, but all species that make up the community. Specific objectives of this thesis is focused on the qualitative and quantitative study of discards produced by trawling making the Spanish fleet in the Gulf area of Leon, and aspects improve the selectivity of the nets used by changing the design of mesh traditional square mesh. The sampling was carried aboard a boat towing business, often weekly, during the period between March 1998 and March 2000. In total we have analyzed 68 fisheries. All samples come from the first throw of the day and were caught at depths between 50 and 500 meters. Of the entire volume captured during the study have identified a total of 307 species from different taxonomic groups. The taxonomic group is the majority of the fish with 133 species, followed by crustaceans, squid, echinoderms and finally the group of other invertebrates. The most number of individuals caught in the fishery in the Gulf of Leon has been the crinoideo (Leptometra phalangium) and the most in biomasahan been caught sardines (Sardina pilchardus) and the Mediterranean hake (Merluccius mertuccius smiridus9. For the total of catch fraction discarded in the number of individuals representing 71% while biomass ruled out is the order of 36%. The most important cause in terms of quantity produced culling is responding to compliance with the current regulations, either by carving or the legal minimum allowable catches companions. discards The largest in terms of seasonal abundance occurring in spring and summer, coinciding with the time of recruitment for most of the exploited species. however, discards seasonal in terms of biomass are exceptionally high summer and are caused by the massive catch of sardines (S.pilchardus) during this time of year. discard expressed both in number and weight decreases depending on the podium deep in the amount being set aside higher in the A stratum ( 50-200 m) and less in estracto C (greater 400 meters). It has been found that the design of square mesh applied to the codend of trawls increases dramatically, both in numbers and in weight, the percentage of individuals escapees, decreasing while the number of discards. was also achieved an increase in the size of first capture (L50) in all species studied except for the rooster (Lepidorhombus boscil). addition, it reduces the impact dela fishing on stocs Individuals youth, especially of species with a body section with round as hake Mediterranean (M. merluccius smiridus) and mackerel (Scomber scombrus), thereby reducing overfishing of growth and recruitment at the same time ensuring and improving sale of copies of legal size.

Author: MARTI LLAMBRICH CAROLINA.
Year: 2004.
University: GIRONA.
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE LETRAS.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE LETRAS.

Author: ROMERO VARGAS MARILYN.
Year: 2004.
University: GIRONA.
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE LETRAS.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE LETRAS UNIVERSIDAD DE GIRONA.

Author: JIMÉNEZ MORENO GONZALO.
Year: 2004.
University: GRANADA.
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS DE LA UNIVERSIDAD DE GRANADA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS.

Summary: It has carried out an analysis palinológico in numerous locations in the Miocene (21-8 Ma) of the European Alps, with the main purpose of the reconstruction of the vegetation and climate and its evolution. There has been a gradual degradation of the vegetation and climate during the Miocene in Europe, which is confirmed by the estimates of the climatic parameters from the data of pollen and is interpreted as a product of progressive climate cooling happened under the influence of an Antarctic glaciation and the tectonic Alpine. Based on the data it has been possible to characterize pollen, a climate latitudinal gradient in the SW of Europe and in relation to climate change cycles milanikovitch. The paleoaltitud of reliefs associated with sedimentary basins show the gradual lifting of the European Alps during the Miocene. Finally, the analysis of dinoflagellates has allowed the construction of a biozonación for Paratethys Central.

Author: GARCÍA GARCÍA CRISTÓBAL.
Year: 2004.
University: POLITÉCNICA DE CARTAGENA.
Place of defense: ESCUELA UNIVERSITARIA DE INGENIERÍA TÉCNICA CIVIL.
Place of preparation: UNIVERSIDAD POLITÉCNICA DE CARTAGENA.

Summary: The mining in the Sierra de Cartagena-La Union dates back to times pre-romanos and ends in the year 1991. Over the past 150 years, mining has generated employment and wealth. As a result of the same are currently more than 2300 structures Mining (mining wastes, mining shafts and short), which have a total volume of 200 million cubic meters and contain metals (Pb, Zn, Cu, Cd etc.), which have an impact and a risk to the environment. The environmental impact more pronounced in the mainland reflected in the effect on the soil, flora and fauna associated: second place in the groundwater and in the third to contamination of the shores of rambas representing tracks evacuation of the surface water. The impact on the marine environment has two origins: the direct and more harmful than has been produced in the Mediterranean Sea (Bays Portman and Gorguel), and indirectly resulted in Laguna del Mar Menor. The impact on the marine environment has two origins: the direct and more harmful than has been produced in the Mediterranean Sea (Bays Portman and Gorguel), and indirectly resulted in Laguna del Mar Menor. The environmental impact on two specific areas; a direct impact on 100 km2 and another induced impact of 145 km2. The waste repositories also pose environmental risks. The most significant risk is the erosion hidríca, as water starts and carries particles rich in metals and pollutes the masses of inland and marine waters. Another is the importance of risk caused by subsidence in areas affected by galleries during the occurrence of earthquakes.

Author: PÉREZ VALERA FERNANDO.
Year: 2004.
University: GRANADA.
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS.

Summary: The investigation has focused on the rocks of the Triassic emerging in the area of the Cordillera Central Betica. It is a study of the estrataigrafía and tectonics rocks of Triassic Sudibérico emerging in the external areas of the Cordillera. This work brings many interesting data on the Triassic of this area, where little has been made of this type previously and also represents a major breakthrough in the understanding of the Triassic of the Cordillera Betica. In esatas rocks of the Triassic Sudibérico have distinguished the facies germáncias, Bustansdstein, Muschelkalk and Keuper. There have also been recognized carbonates old Noriensse, as defined in the central sector of the Cordillera as Training Zamoranos. In Buntsandstein defined Training Arroyo Molinos, cosntituida mainly by red clay and gray, with aresnisca, although hacei wings areas sur-orientales can be created on plasters. In Muschelkalk is definand you formations, which can spread throughout the area of the Cordillera Betica, Siles Formation, which corresponds to lod carbonates deposited in the more proximal areas of paleomargen Sudibérico and Cehegín Formation, which is composed of carbonate you deposited in the distal areas. They presented a ramp facies carbonated changing to a shallow shelf, but always in a context of a gang epicontinental. The facies Keuper have distinguished all formations defined in the central sector of the Cordillera, called abreviadamenta K1, K2, K3 and k4-K5. Some differences are established between the outcrops more septentrionale, in the sphere of Prebético and south. In lso carbonates old Noriense (Training Zamoranos) have recognized three members typical definidso in this training. In most cases aflolora com blocks of a megabrecha yesífera, unemployment in two outcrops appears in a continuous stratigraphic succession below the Jurassic. Finally, it defines the Complex Yesos Huesca complex materials as a key yesíferos which are characterized by having a litofacies composite gaps arcillo-yesíferas including songs from blocks of various materials trásicos or post-triásicos and are genetically related with tectonic processes, dapíricos or sedimentary. In this paper tambén becomes a study biosetratigráfico from fossil record of these materials, especially in the Muschelkalk facies. It describes the most important fossil bivalves, foraminíferos, conodontos, polenn and especially lde ammonoideos, the group to which he pays special attention. There is a general analysis of the sedimentary facies of the various units, along ocn criteria bioestratigráficos allow establish correlciones stratigraphic and make some paleogeográficas. It highlights the relationship and the value that has been the study estratigrafíco for enternder tectonics these materials. It is releasing the tectonic context of the materials Triásicos and relations between different tectonic units litoestritgráficas. At the same time highlights the role they have played in the Triassic rocks in the estructurascón of the Cordillera Baetian. Here is a study that addresses the relationship between materials Triásicos and materials of the Cretaceous and Tertiary. It has been noted that many of the outcrops are Triassic rocks Complex Yesos of Huesca, which have been developed in conjunction with major accidents failures leap in the direction as esla Lack of Tíscar and Gap Socovos. It presents a number of cuts and geological mapping, which shows that factors diapíricos, tectonic and sedimentary are highly interrelated outcrops in the Triassic Sudibérico. In addition, it enuemeran and alternative approaches kinematic study showing that the failures of regional and tear have influenced determined gra 8 No measure 359 structuring outcroppings Triassic. It h comporbado that in many of the outcrops interpreted as olistostrómicos have actually spoken mainly tectonic processes and even diapíricos.

Author: LAPAYESE LUQUE CONCHA.
Year: 2004.
University: POLITÉCNICA DE MADRID.
Place of defense: E.T.S. DE ARQUITECTURA DE MADRID.
Place of preparation: E.T.S.A.M..

Summary: Thesis in a triptych at the side of ... manierismo amid ... Deconstruction on the other side ... desarquitectura things emerge as a small palimpsest ... among the three bodies triptych on the margins, a rincón-pizarra with echoes of Jorge Oteiza autodefiniéndose as "biologist space", while transcended your adventure as escultor-artista, sus sculpture tools were inadequate, he needed to define a new language from a space biology: the equation molecular be aesthetic, espacialato ...". or in the thickness of paper, the travel estratigráfcios of Robert Smithson, beyond the margins of art, transformed into "entropólogo space" in an attempt to decipher the continuing transformation of what surrounds us ... since this change of position on our observation, since that move, almost diagonally in the field of scene-the "margins" of architecture contemporanea- and stop ... we can talk and work being "other" oteizas-smithsons ...: the attitude desdonstructiva, operates as a possible strategy for educate aesthetic sensitivity ... fluctuate within a landscape "bio-entrópico" ... Perhaps only from a deep understanding of the attitude desconstructiva in its various findings: artistic, sociological, political, literary, poetic ... we try to reconsider historically our values and build new scenes. Deconstruction in a "interpretative strategy," without purpose derridiana-: Spreading the limits of manierismo times deconstructed, shedding a vision itself by margins of deconstruction, dispel boundaries between disciplines among art and arquitectura-, disclose part of a magical character, Oteiza ... build a dictionary of places, an atlas of territories, comings and goings between pared-luz and the camera enantiomórfica ... The action takes place "between" the three bodies . triptych is the open

Author: MARTÍNEZ ARÉVALO CARMEN.
Year: 2004.
University: GRANADA.
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS.
Place of preparation: INSTITUTO ANDALUZ DE GEOFÍSICA.

Summary: The objective of this thesis is to study the structure of attenuation in the range of the short period when the volcano Deception Island (Antarctica) and Mount Etna (Italy). The distribution of stations and earthquakes will determine the kind of analysis. So for Isla Descepción has estimated the average value of Q factor applying different methods for different types of waves. Thus, parala probes P has calculated the Q factor using the method of spectral decay for frequencies lower than the corner frequency (Qpsep) and the method of pulse duration (Qppul). The Q factor for the S waves has been estimated by two methods, the method of spectral decay for frequencies lower than the corner frequency (Q esp) and the method of standardization of the coda (Qd). The decay of the coda waves has been estimated by applying the model of the Single Back Scattering (Qc). Based on the values of Q esp Qc, and applying the method of Wennerberg, it has been possible to know Qi and Qs that characterize the contribution of atenucaion intrinsic and scattering attenuation to the total. The study conducted attenuation reveals that the structure of the surface area between Bay Fumarolas and 3 km inland from Port Foster and to a depth less than 2 km is highly atenuativa, varies considerably, with a high degree of turnover with the presence of gaseous and volcanic or hydrothermal fluids and high temperatures. To study effects of other heterogeneities in the wave fronts, it has investigated the presence of volumes anisótropos. The analysis confirms the existence of anisotropy heterogeneities that might be filled fluid, preferably aligned in the EW direction and WNW-ESE, with a greater concentration in the first 1.4 kilometers. Moreover, the distribution of earthquakes and stations in the Mount Etna has allowed the determination of a three dimensional structure of wave attenuation P, using the technique of attenuation of seismic tomography and investing the residue factor * t (t *= t / Q). The data used in this analysis are in the seismic crisis occurred in the days prior to the eruption of July-August 2001. The structure 3D obtained shows the status of eruptive volcano. Anomalies attenuation most notable are: 1-A anomaly high attenuation under the central crater that corresponds to a zone normal to slightly lower speed of the wave P. Values of P-wave velocity indicates the presence in the area trajectories of magma eruptions earlier. The high attenuation is found due to magma that rose through these channels. The absence of seismicity in this area is due to magma eruption that fueled Central rose by existing pipelines. 2-An anomaly high attenuation south of the central crater. In this area also have found low values of the speed of the P waves of reason vP / vS. The features of this anomaly corresponds to the dam peripheral that fueled the eruption side. The uptrend of this dam deformation occurred, fracturing, seismicity and rising temperatures. 3-An anomaly of low attenuation under vallo of Bove. This anomaly corresponds to a zone of high speed of the P wave of reason vP / vS. Values of P-wave velocity indicate that this anomaly corresponds to a cold magmatic intrusion from other rashes, while the values of vP / vS show that this structure is porous and / or fractured with the presence of gases or volcanic products. A structure of this kind should have values 8 high 68th s decay. However, the results show low attenuation values. This result can be explained taking into account mechanisms that are triggered in an eruption. The dam peripheral could ascend to lead to increased pressure in the area and / or a release of gas that resulted in a closure or sealing the pores, reducing the attenuation in the area. 4-An anomaly of low attenuation west of the central crater. This anomaly has values of the speed of the P wave of normal to slightly high, and dela reason vP / vS slightly low. Therefore, it is a body magmatic from previous eruptions, fractured and fragile areas as shown in the presence of seismicity. It must be emphasized that this is the first time that takes place tomography attenuation of a volcano in a state Eruptive, putting demanifiesto physical mechanisms that take place during an eruption that are not revealed by tomography of velcoidad. It is also important to stress the importance of making tomography attenuation environments volcanic earthquakes that correspond to a single state of the volcano, since this would pdorá obtain the temporal evolution of the volcano, namely its dynamics.

Author: MARÍN LECHADO CARLOS.
Year: 2004.
University: GRANADA.
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS UNIVERSIDAD DE GRANADA.

Summary: The camps Dalías and Field Níjar are two depressions belonging to the northern edge of the Alboran Sea Basin, which is actually emerged and relate to the outcrop southernmost Neogene sediment and quaternary Zones Internal the Cordilleras Béticas East . The study of the surface structure and deep and deformation of stuffing neógeno and quaternary and the basement belonging to the Complex Alpujárride from pooled analysis of geological and geophysical field (seismic reflection prospecting gravimetric and magnetic prospecting) has established a model of tectonic evolution of the region from Tortoniense until now to gain insight into the characteristics of the boundary between the Cordilleras Béticas and the Alboran Sea. The deep structure of the Field Dalías is determined mainly by folds growth guidance ENE-OSO developed from Tortoniense higher until Quaternary faults and cuaternarias guidance NO-SE and small jump. The basement of the Campo de Níjar shows elevations and depressions-related failures of leadership NO-SE. The failure of Carboneras has different characteristics along its length. In the SI accumulates the maximum thickness of sediments, whereas in the sector NE develop vertical folds transpresivos as flank. The volcanic rocks are widely distributed under the padding neógeno and quaternary. The continental shelf located to the south of Camp Dalías of Níjar is distorted by folds growth guidance ENE-OSO from Motril meridian to the Gulf of Almeria and normal faults guidance NO-SE affecting sediment pliocuaternarios. The tectonic evolution of Sierra Gádor north of Camp Dalías and formed by rocks Complex Alpujárride, begins with the formation of folds progressive Triassic age. Subsequently, the regional foliation without metamorphic is affected by a set of folds vergentes to NO. Later be producing faults Ductile and fragile low angle to block movement toward the ceiling NNW and then from the OS. From Tortoniense superior-Mesiniense initiates the formation of a antiforma forming the highlight of Sierra Gádor. The recent tectonic evolution in the field of Dalías, Campo de Níjar and the continental shelf is characterized in the Toroniense superior-Mesiniense lower by a regional extension NE-SO with the development of normal faults and diaclases pressure and an emerging understanding simultaneous perpendicular to the training pleats. In the period mesiniense there is a general understanding NNO-SSE, with the formation of antiformas Sierra de Gádor and Sierra Alhamilla and Fault Zone Carboneras. During the plioceno-Pleistoceno lower continuing in the area developing an understanding NNO-SSE with simultaneous deployments and an extension perpendicular development diaclases hybrid of tension and shear. During this period, the Area Fault Carboneras behaves as a failure of transfer. In the Pleistocene medio-Holoceno, there is an extension pluridireccional guidance Preferred. ENE-OSO in the most superficial part of the crust with the revival of diaclases prior. At present, the focal mechanisms of earthquakes indicate an understanding NNO-SSE and extending perpendicular average depths in the crust. The deformation of the upper crust in the areas Internal from Tortoniense higher until now mainly cortical folds on a takeoff located 10 km deep and failures regime variable. The front deformation progresses southward with a rate of 6-7 mm / yr due to the rapprochement between the Eurasian and African plates stood at present on the continental shelf.

Author: MEDINA HOYOS RICHARD IVAN.
Year: 2004.
University: SEVILLA.
Place of defense: DEPARTAMENTO DE GEOGRAFIA FISICA Y ANÁLISIS GEOGRÁFICO REGIONAL.
Place of preparation: DEPARTAMENTO DE GEOGRAFIA FÍSICA Y ANÁLISIS GEOGRÁFICO REGIONAL.

Summary: In the introductory part, presented the objectives, scope, which is expected to solve problems, mapping and temporary phases of research and methodology. In the second and third, purely analytical, it contextualiza space by describing the physical and geographical features that characterize the watershed, giving emphasis on the characteristics hidrogeomorfológicas's account Pilcomayo River. It describes the nature, distribution and the level of contamination of sediments and the water environment, along the main course of the river, in the light of current knowledge. In the quarter, characterized by deductive hypothetical exercise, sets and verify historical and scientific evidence of the origin of the pollutants, pointing to modern process for flotation concentration of poly-metallic complexes centered in the mining district of Potosi and initiated in 1985, as the main source of pollution in the history of mining in Potosi and with the greatest impacts geographically widespread in the watershed. It verifies and compares the characteristics of the mechanisms and dynamics of pollution in the mining district of Potosi, with the characteristics of pollution caused by the accident happened Porco in the same upper Pilcomayo basin in 1996. In the fifth discusses in detail the major environmental damage caused by the activities while in the high basin and a half, trying to synthesize these effects on an array of environmental damage and doing a very preliminary estimate in economic terms of the extent of the damage. Lastly listed the final outcome of the work and describes the main constraints.

Author: ORTIZ DURA JESUS.
Year: 2004.
University: GIRONA.
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS.

Summary: We monitored physical and chemical parameters, benthic macroinvertebrates, chlorophyll a, primary producers, and organic matter for one year (2001-2002) to assess the effect of a point source input on the taxa composition, community structure, functional organization, microhabitat distribution, and elemental stoichiometry in La Tordera stream (Catalonia, NE Spain). Below the point source, nutrient concetrations, discharge, and specific conductance were higher than at the upstream reach, while dissolved oxygen decreased. Total macroinvertebrate density was higher at the downstream reach than at the upstream reach. The two reaches did not differ in macroinvertebrate total biomass. On average, taxa richness at the upstream reach was 20% higher than at the downstream reach. Ordination analysis clearly separated the samples of the two reaches in the first axis and corroborated the effect of the point source on the benthic community. The two reaches followed a similar temporal pattern with respect to the distribution of taxa along the second axis. Higher similarities between the two reaches in taxa composition, densities and biomass after the spates of April and May 2002, suggest that flooding events may act as a reset mecahnism for benthic communities and play an important role is stream restoration. The two reaches did not differ in standing stocks of periphyton, vascular plants, CPOM and FPOM. Chorophyll a, filamentous algae, mosses, and SPOM concentrations were increased by the point source. Relative density of shredders was reduced at the downstream reach, whereas gatherers and filterers were enhanced. Relative biomass of shredders decreased below the point source as well, but gatherers diminished and predators increased. The relationships between density of functional feeding groups and their presumed food resources were rarely significant. The relationship for scrapers, gatherers, and filterers, but differed for shredders and predators. Macroinvertebrate density and biomass were positively correlated with food resources and complexity of habitat architecture while taxa richness was negatively correlated with hydraulic parameters. Inorganic substrate exerted alesser influence on macroinvertebrate distribution. Ordination analysis revealed that the microhabitat variables of major relevance at the two reaches were CPOM, cholorophylla , filamentous algae, and maximum water velocity. Sand coverage was only retained at the upstream reach and moss, at the downstream reach. The number of significant correlations between macroinvertebrates and microhabitat variables was higher at the upstream reach then at the downstream reach mainly because of higher taxa richness. Macroinvertebrate biomass provided similar information to that obtained from density in our study case. Periphyton and mosses had similar nutrient contents in the two reaches. The %C and %N filamentous algae was also similar in the two reaches, but %P below the point source was two times higher than that at the upstream reach. Stoichiometric ratios for CPOM, FPOM, and SPOM decreased considerably below the point source. Elemental contents and ratios were highly varable among macroinvertebrate taxa but did not differ significantly between the two reaches, indicating homeostatic regulation. dipterans, caddisflies, and mayflies had similar elemental contents and stoichiometry, whereas C and N were lower in mollusks and P in beetles. Predators had the higher C and N contents, while %P was higher in filterers and lower in scrapers. Elemental imbalances between consumers and resources were amended at the downstream reach relative to the upstream reach. Macroinvertebrates represented, on average, relatively low nutrient storage in the ecosystem. At the upstream reach, autochthonous production represented the major input of nutrients into the ecosystem food web, whereas the major source of P for heterotrophic production at the downstream reach was represented by allochthonous inputs.

Author: Rubio Esteve Carlos Miguel.
Year: 2005.
University: AUTÓNOMA DE BARCELONA.
Place of defense: Facultad de Ciencias.
Place of preparation: Interuniversitario.

Summary: To understand and model the flow of water in the soil is necessary to know the hydrodynamic properties of these, as they allow characterize the transport of water through the porous medium. His determination and focused with special attention on the physical and chemical properties that directly affect the hydrodynamic characteristics, which can be altered in certain environments, where soils have been subjected to harsh measures, such as agricultural practices. A clear example of this are the basins Vallcebre (NE of the Pyrenees), which due to an increasing population pressure is reconvirtieron these spaces of forest and high outstanding farming terraces, suffering a subsequent drop in the second half of S.XX. This land abandonment, behaved an increase of the surface of lawns and afforestation spontaneous mainly by Pinus sylvestris. Thus, the main objective of this work is to study the influence of changes in cover and use on the properties of soil water. It has evolved from a characterization of the properties of soil that influence the hydrodynamic characteristics, parametrizando the characteristic curve of humidity using functions edafotransferencia. Finally, it has modeled the potential matrix and the water content of soil. The operational objectives has been achieved in soil profiles, namely: two profiles low grassy terraces and two low terraces of forest Pinus sylvestris (basin Can Vila), and a profile in an area not aterrazada under forest Quercus pubescens ( plot Cal Barrol), regarded as the original study area. For the characterization of the basic properties (physical and chemical) have been used standard lab techniques, conducting an analysis of variance and one of the main components, checking, membership or otherwise of the groups sample to the same people and relations among these variables, respectively. From unaltered samples has been observed relationship volumetric moisture potential matrix () () in the laboratory, then has been adjusted model van Genuchten (1980) for the observed data, thus obtaining parameters rys (residual moisture and saturation, respectively ) and the parameters of how to yn curve, which have been used as dependent variables in the construction of functions edafotransferencia (FETs) for the specific set of profiles. The results have been compared with those obtained from the model FETs ROSETTA (Schaap et al., 2001). It has been characterized soil moisture profiles in field using TDR (0-60 cm) and tensiometría (-20, -40 and -60 cm). It also has conducted tests infiltrometría, with the aim of characterizing the hydraulic conductivity to saturation in the field. This characterization also has been conducted in the laboratory. Using data tensiometría, TDR, saturated hydraulic conductivity in the field and the relationship (), has simulated a variable water flow and transient in a soil profile, and different initial moisture conditions. It has used the model HYDRUS-1D. The main results indicate that the soil profiles area terraces Can Vila and the parcel Cal Barrol are similar in terms of basic properties and values of hydraulic conductivity, as this is always lower in the original plot, but yes differ in their ability to retain water. With respect to FETs specific, it has been shown that they reduce the effort and cost in determining the hydrodynamic properties of the soil.

Author: OVIEDO GARCIA ANGELICA.
Year: 2005.
University: AUTÓNOMA DE BARCELONA.
Place of defense: FACULTAT DE CIENCIES.
Place of preparation: FACULTAT DE CIENCIES.

Summary: THERE PROBLEMATICA DEGREE IN RELATION TO THE ATRIBUCION OF GENEROS AND SPECIES RUDISTAS IN AMERICA. REASON FOR THIS IS CREATE DATABASE OF RUDISTAS AMERICAN AND CATALOG OF RUDISTAS OF AMERICA IN WHICH HAVE SERVING AS THE BASIS FOR THE STUDY OF A GROUP OF RUDISTAS OF CRETACICO HIGHER IN MEXICO IN THE STATES OF SAN LUIS POTOSI, CHIAPAS AND GUERRERO . BE DESCRIBED 26 SPECIES THAT CORRESPONDEN A 16 GENEROS, BELONGING TO FAMILIES RADIOLITIDAE, PLAGIOPTYCHIDE, HIPPURITIDAE And ANTILLOCAPRINIDAE. THANKS TO WORK THIS HAS BEEN EXPANDED THE INVENTORY OF SPECIES IN THE PROVINCE KNOWN FOR THE CARIBBEAN PARTY CENTRAL MEXICO (FM. CARDENAS). SE HAVE IDENTIFICADO SPECIES IN SAN LUIS POTOSI AGE TURONIENSE OR LATER IN CALIZAS ASSIGNED TO MATERIALS CRETACICO EAST OF TRAINING THE OPEN. THIS WORK CONTRIBUIRA A CLARIFICAR THE ESTRATIGRAFIA OF THE REGION. GETS SPECIAL EMPHASIS ON THE VARIABILIDAD INTRAESPECIFICA SOME SPECIES AS IS THE CASE OF BIRADIOLITES RUDISSIMUS, VACCINITES MACGILLAVRYI, ETC.