EARTH SCIENCE AND SPACE, 2

Author: ACOSTA VICTOR HUGO.
Year: 2005.
University: POLITÉCNICA DE MADRID.
Place of defense: E.T.S. INGENIEROS DE MONTES.
Place of preparation: ETSI de MONTES.

Summary: This thesis deals with the study of autoecología parametric fourteen taxa inhabiting forest in the Spanish mainland. As a source was used database FOREDAF, belonging to the U. D. Of Soil Science (ETSI Montes -UPM), which has 2,249 records of forest soil. This was first purified and enriched by the addition of 37 new fields of ecological information (parameters), which were used to characterize the habitat of tree taxa. Four of these taxa have no prior history of studies autoecológicos. It proposes an index (Index Capacity housing ICH), which quantifies the extent of habitat of a species is able to occupy, creating a ranking, which placed first in Castanea sativa, followed by Q. Sylvestris. The discriminant analysis identifies the parameters that best explain the relevance of each parcel of a particular taxon. The results showed that eight of the parameters (Ácidez current altitude, rainfall annually, yet, the average temperature hottest month, average annual temperature, sand and water-holding capacity) explained membership of 69% of the records. The technique of factor analysis allows to find groups of parameters with greater mutual affinities, revealing that in the first factor, the parameters were withheld related variables water, acidity and the current average maximum temperatures in the hottest month.

Author: Rodríguez Lombardero Iván.
Year: 2005.
University: POLITÉCNICA DE MADRID.
Place of defense: E.T.S. Ingenieros de Montes.
Place of preparation: E.T.S. Ingenieros de Montes.

Summary: This thesis intended as a contribution to improving the complex process of drawing up maps of soils. It makes a critical review of the methodology conventional mapping, which in essence part of a delimitation of apriorística precincts on aerial photography, which are then characterized using the detailed description of a number profiles sampled. Instead, it proposes an approach based on the preliminary investigation into the relationship between elements of the environment and property profiles, as a basis for the delimitation of cartographic units. This methodology is implemented in one location and with specific objectives: to elaborate maps of agricultural productivity for crops, pastures and tree crops / forestry production in the Valle del Lozoya High. In order to facilitate the contrast of the results achieved with the original mapping was used in the study data obtained from soil project "Theme Soil Map of the Terms Municipal Canencia, Pinilla Valley, Oteruelo, of Alameda Rascafría Valley and in the Community of Madrid. " First is a literature review about relationships of soil characteristics and environmental factors, as well as methodologies for mapping soil. Following are the data used, detailing its origins and coding, after which begins statistical surveys, which have been conducted using SPSS programs and Statgraphics. These tests have three objectives. First, identify relationships between elements of the environment in the Valley High del Lozoya, with a view to determining the structure of ecological relationships. He then analyzes the correlation between soil parameters to detect the existence of groups with a behavior similar parameters within which it may establish which ones are most relevant to the soil variability. Finally, analysis of variance performed of the soil parameters between groups defined by the elements of the media, to determine which of the elements of the means which the scientific literature seen as factors edafogenéticos the most tightly determine the variability of each parameter edáfico. Then, the relationships found applied in the development of a new methodology Mapping, which is implemented in mapping productivity of the soil following the methodology developed by FAO for Riquier, Bramao and Cornet in 1970, using the ArcView program. The results suggest that the use of information about the relationship between the spatial characteristics of soil and the environment in which the land is developed can substantially improve the mapping of soils with respect to the traditional method. In particular, the mapping of soil productivity can be developed using combinations of maps derived from the topography (elevation, slope), lithological, geomorphological and plant communities. The units show a contour map obtained more adjusted to visible changes in environmental factors with respect to the original maps (which did not respond consistently to the most notorious environmental limits), and a higher rate of accuracy in predicting the kind of productivity of the soil plots to the originals. The internal variability of the sites are within the thresholds generally accepted in the soil maps made at these scales.

Author: GUIRADO CABEZAS MARIA.
Year: 2005.
University: AUTÓNOMA DE BARCELONA.
Place of defense: FACULTAT DE CIÈNCIES.
Place of preparation: CENTRE DE RECERCA ECOLÒGICA I APLICACIÓNS FORESTALS..

Author: MUNUERA FERNANDEZ ITZIAR.
Year: 2005.
University: OVIEDO.
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE BIOLOGIA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE BIOLOGIA DEPARTAMENTO BIOLOGIA DE ORGANISMOS Y SISTEMAS.

Summary: Among the most important fisheries of the Bay of Biscay are sardines (Sardina pilchardus), anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus) and mackerel (Scomber scombrus). Catches of these species have undergone drastic changes during the twentieth century, prompting numerous studies on the causes of changes in the size of recruitment. The purpose of this report is to contribute to the understanding of factors that influence the survival of larval populations of three fish species of great commercial importance in the Bay of Biscay. Specifically, the study of these factors has been carried out through the following objectives: 1. Variations in larval diet. We analyze the qualitative and quantitative changes in the diet of the larvae of S. Pilchardus S. Scombrus and E. Encrasicolus along their ontogeny (Chapters III and V, Chapter IV, Chapter VI, respectively). 2. Pathways trophic alternatives. Discusses the relative importance of "classic food chain" in the diet of the larvae of S. Scombrus against other alternative pathways (Chapter IV). 3. Pressure predation by the larvae of mackerel. It determines the influence of predation pressure exerted by the larvae of S. Scombrus may have on the availability of food for them. Secundariamente, he examines the impact of this predation in regulating populations of prey (Chapter IV). 4. Ecology of trophic larvae sardine. It determines the existence of seasonal changes in the ecology of trophic larvae of S. Pilchardus (Chapter V).

Author: FERNANDEZ FERNANDEZ JUAN JOSE.
Year: 2005.
University: OVIEDO.
Place of defense: ESCUELA TECNICA SUPERIOR DE INGENIEROS DE MINAS.
Place of preparation: ESCUELA TECNICA SUPERIOR DE INGENIEROS DE MINAS DE OVIEDO.

Summary: Although the business of methane gas in coal layers (MBC) had its start only 15 years ago in the United States, MBC is already at its production rates have impressive. In fact, the MBC now accounts for 9% of the total daily production of natural gas in the United States. In the first part of the thesis is illustrated by the current state of the exploration and production of CBM, and below the theoretical aspects of the same key. Subsequently detailed background on the subject in Asturias, as well as their evolution over the past few years at the global, national and regional levels, with special emphasis on research surveys conducted by firms HUNOSA and Union Texas year 90 in the Basin Carbonífera Central de Asturias. It is described in turn geology general of the Central Basin of Asturias, paying particular attention to the Unit The Justa-Aramil. It also describes a first approximation to the same sequence stratigraphy, stressing its importance from the point of view of CBM exploration. It also makes an estimate of CBM resources for the entire Central Basin and a three-dimensional model of the same. Finally, it discusses the results of the survey research Saturias MBC # 1 in the town of Barros (La Felguera) and future líneasÂ'de investigacióna forward.

Author: Escobar Moreno Darío Alejandro.
Year: 2005.
University: AUTÓNOMA DE BARCELONA.
Place of defense: Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología Ambiental.
Place of preparation: Departamento de Historia Económica.

Summary: Summary The diversity of maize is being threatened by a series of processes as diverse as international trade, rural emigration, the change in the cultural patterns and the development of modern production technologies, so it is of paramount importance for Mexico, a country where which is the center of origin and greater diversity of corn in the world, to know what is the state that keeps such diversity in the context of peasant communities who have developed and maintained. The fundamental objective of this thesis was to show that, within the context of the indigenous peasant communities of Mexico, there are a set of values associated with the management of maize diversity, which can be translated into a language through Western scientific method analysis multicriterial that these values can be ordered, hierarchical, and from these results may arise proposals to establish programs in situ conservation of the diversity of maize, and thereby contribute to their conservation.

Author: MAHMOOD AMIR.
Year: 2005.
University: POLITÉCNICA DE MADRID.
Place of defense: E.T.S. DE ING. DE C.C. Y PUERTOS.
Place of preparation: E.T.S. DE INGENIEROS DE CAMINOS, CANALES Y PUERTOS.

Summary: Water is the most abundant element in nature. In the world, there are approximately 1370 million cubic kilometers (1 Km = billion m ³) of water. Only a small portion of these resources, 35 million cubic kilometers (equivalent to a 2.5%), corresponding to freshwater, rivers, lakes and groundwater, while the rest is seawater, brackish groundwater and others. Besides being the most abundant element, water is essential for all living beings, and the largest component of the same. Thus, in all living things, water makes up roughly 80% of its components, while in animals higher proportion of water is reduced slightly up to 60-70%. Obviously the distribution of this mass of fresh water on earth is very heterogeneous, with regions of the world that are extensively equipped, while other areas are subject to drought, and even impossible to maintain the survival of living things in them. So one can say without exaggeration that constitutes that the available water resources in the world are relatively few, especially if made in connection with the people or with the demands of other (eg type of agricultural or industrial ), and what is worse, they are very unevenly distributed. From the available data, it can be seen that in some African and Asian countries, the envelopes per person for urban use, for example, are well below those values in Europe or North America. Based on what he had observed in previous investigations, depending on the functionality, performance, applicability and its operation, I feel that an optimized design and low cost for water supply from saltwater or brackish, will be composed of a solar distiller an interchange and externally. The conclusion is that with this simple design and easy to operate, we can get better yields.

Author: SÒRIA BARRES GUILLEM PAU.
Year: 2005.
University: VALENCIA.
Place of defense: FACULTAT DE FÍSICA.
Place of preparation: Facultad de Física.

Summary: One of the major applications of remote sensing from satellite is the estimation and monitoring of the temperature of the earth's surface. This parameter has a particular importance in environmental studies on a regional or global scale. The estimated temperature, the Earth's surface, has a number of additional difficulties because of the variability, the great heterogeneity, by the presence of vegetation, mainly, and the complex relationship between the atmosphere and surface. In this Doctoral Thesis, described in detail the process for obtaining various algorithms following the methods multichannel (Split-Window) and multiangular (Dual-Angle) atmospheric correction particularizándolos the characteristics of the sensor AATSR (Advanced Along-Track Scanning Radiometer). This sensor aboard the Envisat satellite is the only one that currently allows the observation of the Earth's surface at various angles through various channels in the thermal infrared, visible and near. It has evaluated the conduct of all proposed algorithms. Initially using a theoretical analysis of the same, and subsequently through a validation process in various parts of the Earth's surface, mainly in heterogeneous areas considered most representative. Over a series of campaigns experimental Morocco and Castilla-La Mancha, developed by the Global Change Unit during the years 2003 and 2004, we have obtained the data necessary to carry out the evaluation of algorithms proposed in areas heterogeneous . In the latter, it has been necessary to develop a methodology for the validation of. With a screening process on imaging sensors higher spatial resolution, as the Landsat / TM or the sensor CHRIS / PROBA have obtained a set of values with which troops can validate algorithms on such surfaces. Finally, the algorithms have been applied to sensor data AATSR and has made a comparison with the values provided by the product temperature Level 2 provided by the European Space Agency.

Author: Rodríguez Pérez Héctor.
Year: 2005.
University: AUTÓNOMA DE MADRID.
Place of defense: Facultad de Ciencias (Edif. CC Biológicas).
Place of preparation: Estación Biológica de Doñana-CSIC.

Summary: Through a pilot approach have shown the impact of waterfowl in the reduction of the abundance of aquatic invertebrates, benthic as benthic not, as well as the macrophytes. This thesis is divided into four chapters, the first dealt with the effect of the birds on macrófito Ruppia maritima, the second of the effects on the community of invertebrates benthos, the third of the effects on the community of non-benthic invertebrates, these three chapters were transformed into an area of marshland in the interios Natural Park, the fourth and final chapter deals with the ecological effects of flamingos (Phoenicopterus ruber) in the marshland of the Doñana National Park. The experiments are the first three chapters, took place in an area known as Veta La Palma, and were excluded by using fences to flamingos, a selective, and the set of all waterfowl (including flamingos ) for four periods of three months in a cycle, covering the years 2001 and 2002. It was observed that birds produced a significant reduction in the abundance of macrófito Ruppia maritima, but not only because of the activity of birds herbivore (such as coots and certain species of ducks), but also by the activity of flamingos, the effect the trampling. The activity of the birds showed also as a very important factor for the community of invertebrates benthos, apreciándose significant reductions in decriptores of the community, as diversity and total biomass by the activity of birds, as well as declines in the abundance of polychaetes, quironómidos and gastropods also observed a smaller invertebrates in the control areas to which they had access birds. In the case of the community of benthos, the effect of the exclusion of flamenco was not very different from the effect achieved by the exclusion of the entire waterfowl, these results suggest a very important role of flamingos. It showed as well as the activity of the birds is a force structuring very important for the community of benthic invertebrates. In the case of non-benthic invertebrates, were also significant effects on the descriptors of the community, diversity, richness and total biomass, as well as the abunancia of gastropods, Isopoda, amphipods and heterópteros. The activity of the birds also affected the average size of shrimp and Isopoda. In this case the exclusion of all birds produced a much stronger effect than the exclusion of flamingos, these results suggest that the role of the latter was not as important as in the previous case. It is necessary to consider that the results are the product of the predatory birds, but also the habitat alteration caused by birds (altered sediment or 'bioturbation' and / or reduction in coverage of macrophytes). Finally in the fourth chapter found the effect of flamingos in two pikes of marima natural Doñana National Park, Wolf and Marilópez, from February to July 2004. Fences were established for exclusion of flamingos and their corresponding controls. Significant effects were found in the abundance and size of the larvae quironómidos, but the differences observed in turbidity in the water column and biomass macrophytic between fences and controls was not significant.

Author: Zamorano Chico Cristina.
Year: 2005.
University: AUTÓNOMA DE MADRID.
Place of defense: Fac. de Cien. Biol.(Depar.de Ecol.).
Place of preparation: Autonoma de Madrid.

Summary: Geographic information, as any model of reality, leads to a simplification and discretization of the same. The difference between the model and the real world it represents, it is called uncertainty. This is inherent in any modeling process mapping, and therefore, there is no uncertainty and cartographic information it is impossible to remove it completely. The implication is that if a cartographic model contains high levels of uncertainty, decisions taken by their exploitation will also. As a result, control of the uncertainty in the digital geographic information is the key to making this can be used as scientific information. However, despite its importance, an analysis of the same is still in an embryonic state. Therefore, this theory tries to make a contribution to the theoretical - methodological description and minimizing uncertainty in digital geographic information. The thesis is divided into two parts. The first section discusses the progress made in the description of the uncertainty in the geographic information by international agencies for Standardization. The deficiencies found in existing descriptive methods, lead to the development of a protocol for the systematic analysis, complete and formal uncertainty, which adapts to the structure of cartographic modeling process as described in this investigation. The protocol is organized into six steps: classification based on various criteria, model abstraction space lineage, logical consistency, uncertainty in the three components of data and geographic spread of uncertainty. In addition highlights the usefulness of the methods of knowledge discovery and data mining, analysis and minimizing uncertainty. In the second part of the thesis is verified the usefulness of the proposed protocol and methods for discovery of knowledge (KDD), for analyzing and minimizing uncertainty in its application in the actual management of the Biosphere Reserve Urdaibai (RBU). It analyzes the uncertainty present in diverse basic and thematic mapping of the RBU and the mapping of interpretative Master Plan Use and Management, which is used as a base map for decision-making. Finally, for the replacement of cartographic information that after the implementation of the protocol has proven to have high levels of uncertainty, develop various proposals for new cartographic information.

Author: Gil López Sergio.
Year: 2005.
University: GRANADA.
Place of defense: Universidad de Granada.
Place of preparation: Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (CSIC).

Summary: Over the last few decades there have been significant changes in the global environment. Among them, some of which have aroused more interest has been the decrease in the concentration of stratospheric ozone level, as well as its increased tropospheric level, both of which are detrimental to the development of life. The first due to increased ultraviolet radiation and the second because of its high toxicity. Many processes físico-químicos-dinámicos affecting such conduct. To try to understand it would require a continuous series of measures, both spatially and temporarily, to try to discriminate changes by man from natural variability. For this purpose we planned the mission of ESA Envisat, successfully launched on March 1, 2002 on board which includes the instrument MIPAS (Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospherer Sounding). MIPAS is a high-spectral resolution interferometer with a complete coverage of the Earth, in space (from pole to pole), as temporary (día-noche) measuring emissions of the main atmospheric compounds minority in a broad spectral range (4.15- 14.6 um). His remarks in limbo, from the troposphere to the mesosfera-baja thermosphere, to measure the emission of vital importance for understanding atmospheric processes (carbon dioxide, water vapor, ozone, nitrogen oxides and various chlorofluorocarbons, also the pressure and temperature). Since the discovery of ozone in 1840 by the German Christian Friederich Schà ¶ bein, have been numerous attempts to try to understand their behavior in the atmosphere. Thus, the first steps "on the spot" in the atmosphere were made in 1920 by Charles Fabry and Henri Buison using measures of ultraviolet radiation near the ground. G. M. B. Dobson used a spectrograph with a double in the ultraviolet monocromator that enabled him to not only measure the concentration of ozone, but also accurately establish the latitudinal variation of the same year and by establishing clear correlation between the abundance of ozone in the stratosphere and climatic conditions . From here, with the first steps taken, all the advances focused on trying to explain the chemical that gives rise to such atmospheric concentrations. Thus, Sydney Chapman in 1929 suggested that the formation of ozone came from the photo-dissociation of molecular oxygen at 200 nm. Paul Gà ¶ zt saw that the cycle proposed by Chapman was insufficient to explain the observed concentrations and other species were introduced as water vapor mesosférico, radicals HOx. A crucial step was later made the inclusion of CFCs by Mario Molina and Scherwood Roland in 1974, work for which they were awarded the nobel prize in chemistry in 1995. There are many instruments that have measured the concentration of ozone in recent years, among which may be cited, HALOE, CRISTA, GOMOS, READ, etc.., But very few with the characteristics of MIPAS, whose main scientific objectives are: 1 ) study of the chemistry and dynamics stratospheric (mainly ozone); 2) the study of the troposphere exchange high / low stratosphere; 3) the study of high mesosphere and lower thermosphere, and 4) contribute to climate studies and prediction time. Regarding his predecessors has the advantages of: 1) its extensive coverage and high spectral resolution (being able to measure more than 20 atmospheric constituents), 2) high sensitivity and a wide field of vision, and 3) a complete space coverage ( from pole to pole, and both daytime and nighttime conditions). These characteristics make it an ideal tool for studying the middle atmosphere. It presents investment ozone spectra of MIPAS in the region of 20 to 100 km, with a complete coverage latitudinal (from pole to pole), both day and night, in two periods, July 2002 to June 2003 . The investment has been used eg 8 queños i 1334 ntervalos spectral (microventanas) centered 14.6 and 10 um. From the spectra at 14.6 um, where the band contributes essential v2 has been obtained ozone of 20 to 46 km. In this region that band can be seen in Balance Termodinámico Local (ETL). From 46 to 100 km, ozone has been derived from the issuance of the band v3 9.6 um. This band shows clear purpose of no-ETL in excess of 60-65 km, it has been necessary to make the investment in terms of no-ETL, including GRENADA. GRENADA is a numeric code that solves the coupling between ecuacionoes equilibrium statistical and radiative transport equation in terms of no-ETL, calculating the population of the vibrational levels of ozone, taking into account both processes colisionales (thermal and non-thermal) , chemical and radiative (stimulated emission and induced absorption, exchange between layers of radiation, absorption of solar radiation, etc.). The high spectral resolution of MIPAS has helped reverse the ozone using only their core bands, which has substantially reduced errors due to uncertainties in the parameters of no-ETL. . An important factor to identify possible trends in the results of systematic investment are validation processes with independent measures of other instruments. It presents the validation of ozone resulting from MIPAS with measures HALOE (UARS) and GOMOS (Envisat). The results show the good quality of the measures ozone MIPAS and robustness to outline investment no-ETL used in the data analysis of MIPAS and reliability model no-ETL included in the same. The aggregate distributions obtained has been compared to the simulated by models 2D (García-Solomon) and 3D (ROSE). Not currently available measures lab fees colisionales involving more than one respect vibrational excitation and little or almost nothing is known about the distribution of nascent vibrational states of ozone after the recombination process. Measures of MIPAS at 4.8 um provide information on the stocks of highly energy levels (with up to three the number of vibrational excitation). The use of a standard form of no-ETL for ozone, with a distribution nascent casi-gausiana (located in power greater than 6500 cm-1) and the model colisional used in the analysis of previous measures, significantly understates the radiance measured by MIPAS between 20-70 km. The high spectral resolution of MIPAS, along with its high sensitivity, has helped insulate the emission of ozone compared to other gases and distinguish the contribution of different vibrational levels of ozone. Based on information obtained from populations of these levels has deepened understanding of the processes that control: emerging distribution of vibrational states and subsequent deactivation colisional. This would have used two methods: investment (applied for the first time parameters no-ETL) and traditional direct estimation of radiances. We have used two different spectral regions sensitive to vibrational levels. It has been comporbado that investment is very useful to restrict the limits of the parameters involved, despite the difficulty of the problem addressed. However, we must take special care to weigh the information provided by the different spectral regions. With the direct calculation has been corroborated the results of the investment, thus demonstrating that the investment parameters no-ETL from data MIPAS works. Thus, throughout this work has been shown that the data provided by MIPAS constitute an important source of information, not only on the distributions of ozone, but also on processes no-ETL affecting the vibrational levels of ozone .

Author: MUÑOZ DÍAZ DAVID.
Year: 2005.
University: ALMERÍA.
Place of defense: F.C.EXPERIMENTALES.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS EXPERIMENTALES DE LA UNIVERSIDAD DE ALMERÍA.

Summary: It has studied the influence of different causal factors (pressure at sea level, NAO and ENSO) variability in the space of seasonal rainfall on the Iberian Peninsula and its statistical characterization, destancando part of the impacts of the NAO and ENSO the probability of occurrence of extreme precipitation events (drought and periods of abundant rain). Based on 32 sets of long rains have been used to cluster analysis to divide the Iberian Peninsula in a limited number of climatically homogenous regions based on seasonal rainfall, by obtaining the series centroids. Subsequently, the basic methodology (method of conditional probabilities) is to characterize the distribution functions representative of the series centroids for each phase (negative, neutral and positive) of the NAO and the ESO, and then describe the changes that produced in these distribution functions as a result of transitions between different phases of NAO and ENSO. The use of different statistical methods has helped establish levels of trust under which these changes are verified. Finally, set the reference period 1961-1990, which has led to the identification of the threshold values that characterize the extremes of precipitation has been analyzed from the distribution functions obtained the probability of occurrence of extreme events of seasonal precipitation (and drought periods abundant rain) associated with each phase of the NAO and ENSO. Thus, the method of conditional probabilities shows the influence of patterns as NAO and ENSO seasonal rainfall in the Iberian Peninsula, not only increasing or decreasing rain, but also causing a change in the probability of occurrence of extreme values of precipitation and modifying the spatial distribution of those impacts. The usefulness of this study focuses on that to the extent that the modes of variability of the patterns NAO and ENSO may predicted, it is possible to determine their immediate effects on the regime of precipitation on the Iberian Peninsula, and in particular, the risk drought and / or excessively wet periods.

Author: ARMAYOR CACHERO JOSÉ LUIS.
Year: 2005.
University: POLITÉCNICA DE MADRID.
Place of defense: ESCUELA TÉCNICA SUPERIOR DE INGENIEROS DE CAMINOS, CANALES Y PUERTOS.
Place of preparation: ESCUELA TÉCNICA SUPERIOR DE INGENIEROS DE CAMINOS, CANALES Y PUERTOS.

Summary: By applying a model of rainfall runoff, are obtained from the flow of surface water input potentially usable torque conducting operations in artificial recharge aquifers hydraulically connected with the river channel for the course. The research study proposes a methodology to assess and analyze the performance of such operations recharge aquifers with excess water in small basins without data foronómicos.

Author: ALEMAN GARCIA MERCEDES.
Year: 2005.
University: GIRONA.
Place of defense: UNIVERSIDAD DE MATANZAS, CUBA.
Place of preparation: UNIVERSIDAD DE MATANZAS, CUBA.

Summary: As part of the initial diagnosis of Emission Effect of Greenhouse Gases (GHG), in Matanzas Province, developed a detailed inventory of greenhouse gases on the basis of the year 2002. This inventory was the first held in Cuba at the provincial level and the first conducted on a date so close. The methodology that was used for estimating emissions was recommended in the Guidelines Revised 1996 from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and was used for the calculations for the Software Working Paper Inventory of Greenhouse. The information used was obtained from the provincial institutions and companies and used basically emission factors provided by the IPCC and guides used by the National inventories made for the years 1990, 1994 and 1996. Based on the identification of key sources and recipients of GHGs in the Province with the detailed inventory of 2002, and to complete the diagnosis, a new Provincial GHG inventory in the year 2004, considering only the major emitters and receivers . The variations were compared between both inventories and since the trend in this period, and analysis of national and provincial statistics, we performed the prognosis of the situation that would exist in the province for the year 2010, to continue current trends . It also discussed various possibilities for mitigation of emissions and proposed actions that can be applied in the territory to improve the balance province. For the analysis of mitigations was used software GEMIS in its version 4.1

Author: ANOYVEGA MORA JUANA DAYSI.
Year: 2005.
University: GIRONA.
Place of defense: UNIVERSIDAD DE MATANZAS. CUBA.
Place of preparation: UNIVERSIDAD DE MATANZAS. CUBA.

Summary: The Summit held in Johannesburg, South Africa in 2002, dubbed the 'Summit for Sustainable Development', proposed changes in ideas and thoughts of men in relation to the need to act behavior sustainable, so that companies are more conscious the effect of environment on the general welfare and the impact on him exercising different lifestyles prevail. It is a challenge for most developing countries, the paradigm of sustainable development to achieve the standard of living in an equitable manner and in the same measure to strengthen measures to protect natural resources. The approaches currently being made in the field of planning, based on sustainable development, which is related to the environmentally sound management of a territory, so that they benefit the communities they currently occupy and ensure welfare future generations. This should help maintain the essential natural processes such as hydrological processes, recycling nutrients and the maintenance of biodiversity, which is vital in terms of long-term sustainability. System Environmental Strategies for Cuba reaches different scales integrated work and are aimed at improving the policy and environmental management of the country with an emphasis towards sustainable development associated with rationality, the proper use of natural resources and interaction society, economy and environment. The criteria above are considered for the design and development of this proposed research to formulate a strategy that encourages Environmental environmental management in the locality of San Miguel de los Banos, located in the town of Jovellanos, Matanzas Province in correspondence with the proposals for socio-economic development of the same. With the use of different methodologies and techniques were achieved significant results for the locality. It identified the geographical study and implementation of integrated systems approach using the Theory of Landscape. In addition, a study of perception with sociological techniques for community involvement that justified the diagnosis of the current environmental situation in the locality in keeping with the various stages of development histórico-económico happened in the same. The methodical of Territorial Planning and Environment Design is incorporated in the decision-making process from the perspectives of local development policies, linked to the Order. It formulates the Environmental Strategy, which is expressed in a program with various subprograms with a lens that integrates the concepts of environmental planning and management to strategic planning environment. Develops local sustainability indicators as a tool to enable us to improve the management and control with the implementation of the strategy devised and used a GIS as a tool for information processing and management support in solving environmental problems territorial and support decision making.

Author: BENITEZ HERNANDEZ AGUSTIN.
Year: 2005.
University: GIRONA.
Place of defense: UNIVERSIDAD DE MATANZAS, CUBA.
Place of preparation: UNIVERSIDAD DE MATANZAS.

Summary: In order to develop a mathematical model that reflects the dynamics of biological systems wastewater treatment cultivation suspended an analysis critical bibliography of literature related to the modeling of these systems and kinetics microbina the processes it occur, and the software available for subsequent modeling and simulation. It applies the methodology of system dynamics to develop the model and this conforms to the conditions of the WWTP by activated sludge 'Sol Palmeras' Varadero with an error of less than 9%. The sensitivity analysis shows that the model correctly responds to changing load on the tributary. It optimizes the stability parameters of this plant occur after a sharp rise in the pollution load of the effluent and the fraction gets to be purge the flow of mud to make it more stable as possible the operation of the WPP after disturbance .

Author: CALDERON LEYVA JULIO CESAR.
Year: 2005.
University: GIRONA.
Place of defense: UNIVERSIDAD DE MATANZAS, CUBA.
Place of preparation: UNIVERSIDAD DE MATANZAS, CUBA.

Summary: The thesis' Tradition environmentalist Cuban Social Thought and Environmental Education in teaching graduate of the University Center 'Jose Marti Perez' of Sancti Spiritus. A case study 'provides the results of research on the introduction of environmental issues in postgraduate courses, it was developed at the faculty of Accounting and Finance of the University Center of Sancti Spiritus' Jose Marti' with the group of graduate Management business. It departed from the requirements in this area for this type of education which provided the referees for analysis. As a result of the investigative process which used the methodological tools indicated, it was possible to arrive at a series of findings that add new knowledge on the subject in the area where the work is confined, while concrete is exposed as a result further exposure an important part of the Cuban Social Thought in its environmental dimension, which can be used thereafter to improve environmental education in such courses. It also sets out a plan for Environmental Education that is based on the conclusions reached in the investigation.

Author: CHICO VÉLIZ BELKIS.
Year: 2005.
University: GIRONA.
Place of defense: UNIVERSIDAD DE MATANZAS, CUBA.
Place of preparation: UNIVERSIDAD DE MATANZAS, CUBA.

Summary: Due to the considerable negative impact of the synthetic polymers derived from the same socio-economic progress achieved by mankind, imposes the replacement of this type of composite materials compatible with the environment. The objective of this work has been to prepare and characterize enzymatically biodegradable films of chitosan and proteins, as well as assess potential environmental uses. Como materia prima para la preparación de la quitosana se utilizó la quitina obtenida a partir de carapachos de langostas. Both substances were structurally characterized. An enzymatic method was developed for the preparation of chitosan films with whey proteins from the milk through intermolecular cross catalysed by the transglutaminase, which was confirmed by spectroscopy FT-IR and differential thermal analysis. The films were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, besides checking their properties biodegradability compared to the action of proteases. Also, it was determined the influence of protein content on the mechanical properties, swelling and permeability of the films to different gases, revealing characteristics were superior to those of the polymer base and several films of synthetic polymers. Los materiales fílmicos preparados presentaron buena capacidad de adsorción frente a colorantes aniónicos y metales pesados, así como en procesos de inmovilización de la enzima catalasa. With the above results are confirmed that the films of chitosan and whey proteins in milk can be enzymatically prepared replacements of existing biodegradable materials synthetic nature.

Author: CRUZ CABRERA ELPIDIA CARIDAD.
Year: 2005.
University: GIRONA.
Place of defense: UNIVERSIDAD DE MATANZAS.
Place of preparation: UNIVERSIDAD DE MATANZAS, CUBA.

Summary: It is social responsibility of scholars and propose and implement solutions to environmental problems being faced, which is not enough with the efforts of the last decade of the twentieth century, it is necessary to address the problem with a broader and inclusive the concept of Cleaner Production (P & L). The process of production of sulfuric acid on Enterprise Rayonitro Matanzas, Cuba, is one of the most contaminants in the industrial area of this city. The sulphurous gas fumes pollute the air, aggressive in its dual capacity as industrial and marine. Next to a population group and the road linking the capital with the greatest pole tourist sun and beach, Varadero, which is an issue of great interest to specialists and managers. In the present work is defined as objective: 'Develop a strategy for P & L with a view to achieving a more eco-efficient production of sulfuric acid by the method of contact and from the burning of sulfur in the Company Rayonitro of Matanzas, Cuba ; from the opportunities identified with the application of a methodology for the design study as Cleaner Production '. At the theoretical level, it incorporates the design socio-humanista of the problem under study as part of the research methodology, which was conceptualized and bring theses terms and definitions in the field of triad Science-Technology - Society (CTS). The paper proposes a methodology for the design study of Cleaner Production, which is applicable to processes and services, according to which explores the process of producing sulfuric acid as a system, using engineering tools, exchange specialists and application of surveys. It identifies the main problems or opportunities to implement actions to achieve a process of Cleaner Production and proposes a concrete strategy for the implementation of this concept to production process under study. For the main problem, air pollution by sulfur gases, presents the results of experimental adsorption of the same in zeolite and performs the design and climbed inverse column adsorption fluidizada is required according to the proposed recovery gases to be done . This constitutes the basis for further studies at the bank, which proposes the constructive design of the same. It prepares a proposal for a flow chart for the process to the recovery phase gas proposal, which includes columns adsorption and harnessing the potentials of different energy flow in the process, according to the concept of Cleaner Production.

Author: DIAZ DIAZ JULIO ERNESTO.
Year: 2005.
University: GIRONA.
Place of defense: UNIVERSIDAD DE MATANZAS, CUBA.
Place of preparation: UNIVERSIDAD DE MATANZAS, CUBA.

Summary: The world situation for most countries, is a complex and difficult obstacle to their economic development, even more if your goal contains a proper environmental approach. The state and regional plans, in all cases, state precepts sustainable positive and consistent with the guidelines sucked internationally but in practical reality successful cases, suffer substantial changes. This indispensable as a basis initial state, it is operationally cumbersome, especially if it involves the desire to undertake plans in parallel and aligned in several branches and with little financing. The ability to study, analyze and propose contact of business opportunities and needs a case by case basis, with a sustainable approach from its conception to its materialization, is a successful way to resolve gradually, the development of social needs, industrial and others. The research carried out within the Doctoral Thesis entitled, 'Business, consulting and comprehensive efforts for sustainable development in conditions Cuban', demonstrates the possibility of combining business and academic consultancies through integrated efforts of the Intellectual Capital that promote sustainable development the town and the Market. La Universidad Matancera puede brindar un aporte significativo a la solución de problemas para un desarrollo adecuado, con un cambio de mentalidad en el enfoque y en los mecanismos prácticos de interacción con el Mercado y la Sociedad. They were executed actions consulting tailored to the need of the customer and / or the Intellectual Capital Partnership with the University available, using a minimum of technical support current computer and the Theory of Knowledge Management applied to the University and to the Society Matancera as a basis for the development of models and successful actions. The first chapter outlines the historical conditions and socio-cultural territory of national, provincial and municipal levels, prior to its foundation and until now, linked to its unquestionable natural conditions of their environment; which enable and enhance comprehensive business appropriate actions for the benefit the people and their environment. The condensation of the background on consulting, knowledge management, and various business efforts are compiled in Chapter number two, being essential core aspects of the investigation. With regard to the consultancy, which allowed testing has been an activity conducted by man which provide solutions to people in general, according to the needs expressed, and why establishing a business where half a monetary reward and / or otro tipo; donde siempre, el activo intangible comercializado en las consultorías ha resultado el fundamental, lo cual ha ido adquiriendo importancia notoria hasta la actual Era del Conocimiento. It comes in the universities, a huge and varied Human Potential, unsurpassed source of knowledge to interact with the Society and the Market. The possibility of converting the potential in Capital, presents the need for a transformation in the structure of human resources for best performance with the dynamism and flexibility to provide its intensive use. As far as the background on the various efforts are implicitly used with the intention of widespread human problem solving, based on the use of accumulated knowledge, and the genesis of its operation Knowledge Management, although in some cases is not clearly stated the performance of the cycle. A useful conclusions on the business, presented as a human activity arising from the dawn of mankind, and keep in force in time as a form of rational understanding among people, thus imposin 8 ble n 1ff8 or take into account human relationships, but it requires a change of conception elitist obliged to avoid massacre and preserve the global environment. This is the dilemma to save men and other living species, and the third track for a sustainable development of Planet Earth, that is, the time has come to make effective and efficient attribute rational beings. The third chapter presents the research objectives, which were fully carried out, and propose a change in strategy and the use of the Book of Intellectual Capital University, argued with the full implementation of four consultancies comprehensive university. The development of the application of the Theory of Knowledge Management to educational activities, through consultancies comprehensive prospectively from conception to completion in territorial space, was a significant achievement; models and their application to each of the possible actions, the adequacy of DAOM for consultancies and despite the lack of material and financial resources, innovative and important results for the Company, with the possibility of widespread international. The panorama of Cuban environment from macroespacio national to the provincial / municipal up to the university, is the fourth chapter in a remarkable extent that contains all the details about natural characteristics, the social structure of the various subsystems and the possible interaction of the object under investigation within the town / Sociedad Cubana. The findings are pronounced by the partial implementation of the activity possible college consultant in space Cuban within the state structure and university; propose an outline dynamic interaction between VMs for the operation, with special significance for the relevance to the people of territory, through established mechanisms for the operation of People's Councils, the essence of popular participation in decisions and actions in the demarcation of their territory. The research methodology proposed in the fifth chapter, covering the research planning, evaluation of the functional object, consulting as integral tool in the Knowledge Management and the Environmental Diagnosis Opportunities Minimizadas (DAOM) for consultancy. Planning was formed primarily with an updated literature search of international thinking on the subject suggested, stressing the importance of using the systems approach to design a proper scientific issue and proposed a broad discussion of the business environment, where the interaction between sistemas Cliente, Universidad y Localidad tienen al elemento 'negocio medioambiental' como común denominador de todos los esquemas sistémicos a establecer para cualquier consultoría; resultando culminante, en la labor del equipo consultor conformado, el momento inicial donde los intereses disímiles de los entes involucrados necesitan a collective thinking and prospective environmental prevail for the adjective of the environment, provided the business. The evaluation of the object envisioned a search and discussion of the literature on knowledge management, intellectual capital and its measurement, and the role of self-support of the object. The substance developed in the section on knowledge management was the proposal for new models and general applied to East University, which enabled the theoretical basis sufficient for the further development and validation of the procedures presented. In the case of the discussion on the subject of Intellectual Capital and was referenced chosen a definition, identifying the potential Intellectual University and its functions at the University of Matanzas' Camilo Cienfuegos' (UMCC), the measurement of Intellectual Capital of the UMCC proposal, it a novel method to dispose of a quantification that will facilitate the management of its operation as a source of self-financing college, based on the regulations established by the Ministry of Higher Education (MES) for the Business Improvement in the university sector. It proved essential to study the activity of consultancy established in the universities, which with a critical analysis and implementation of surveys concluded that consultancies executed in the UMCC were thematic and without a theoretical basis / practice allowing systemic approaches ; these elements were developed strategies immediate, medium and long term. Subsequently developed at the Center for the Study of Anticorroasivos and Tensoactivos the preliminary implementation of the elements analyzed A study from the Center with its particular theme, the tree competitiveness inherent in its educational and research functions, execution of a consulting thematic corrosion where since its conceptual discussion is preserved environmental values associated with caring for the ecosystem Beach, and was assessed a new concept referred to the need for centralization of consultancies integrated in a direction that the group Intellectual Capital available in the UMCC. Lastly, the procedure DAOM to tailored consultancy as a tool and guide work, which facilitates and makes prevail since its inception to the continuation of future research, a proper environmental approach. The procedures to implement featured three primary elements: the insertion procedure within the Business Improvement of Economic MONTH, as a way of expediting the compression and minimize the adjustments to the implementation of the comprehensive consultancy college, the other element was the design of a dynamic model for consulting comprehensive university that allowed discern moving operating with all the bodies involved, based on the model proposed in section V.2.1, and finally necessary at the present time, have a tool capable of promoting digital , organize, direct and lead consultancies with maximum effectiveness and efficiency in the use of the Intellectual Capital of the UMCC therefore developed a software that enables consultancies in the desired manner. The completion of the procedures was the implementation of four consultancies integrals, which is the best test of truth and validity of the research conducted, named as' Hotel Complex Puntarena Paradiso ',' Adaptation in transport equipment signature SHERRITT SA ',' Land Management of the Industrial Zone in Matanzas' and 'Proposal Prospective an OTEC (Oceanic Thermal Energy Conversion) coupled to a CTE (Central Thermal). The first provided a monetary contribution and the first implementation of DAOM consultant, is working not only to the corrosive problem, but asked for or detected in other problems existing customer, for which the team was formed incorporating other specialties and also participated pupils . The second, with monetary contribution, it was a consulting monotemática in its application problematic but from multidisciplinary work with the methodology DAOM Consultant four teachers were contemplated environmental problems and the proposal to convert the trucks to protective functions, such as: cleaning and treatment of metallic surfaces corroded because of the aggressiveness of marine and atmospheric work area. The Land Management was a Collaboration Agreement of CEMAM and Municipal Physical Planning Directorate, its importance for the area is essential for the development of the Industrial Zone, allowing the adequacy of existing areas, environmental remediation of errors in the functioning of industrial and service and rectific 8 ation 1ff8 conceptions harmful to the environment. The ability to dispose of Land Management provides a tool for decision making by the government and the projected decrease or eliminate the effect of air pollution on residential areas adjacent and / or nearby. Its unanimous adoption by the Council of the government's Municipal Administration (OLPP), formed their official validation. The fourth was validation consultant on the application of technology OTEC, constituted the largest application in the social practice of Intellectual Capital at UMCC and proof of concept environment in DAOM Consultant established when confronted with a problem either. No sólo fue la aplicación del Capital Intelectual sino cómo funcionó integralmente el equipo constituido por diferentes carreras, desde ingeniería química hasta contabilidad y lengua inglesa con estudiantes de diferentes años de sus carreras y diferentes profesores, agrupados por medio de trabajos de curso, investigaciones, tesis Diploma and projects were developed a chain harmonious working with final results endorsed by various prizes, some groups competing in senior years of their university. Moreover joined other professionals in the territory and the University of Villaclara, which together with teachers and a student at the UMCC, drew up a proposal for a patent for technology OTEC. An important element in the planning and foresight of implementing knowledge management consultancy in this university, is the continuation of the movement and energy inherent in the Knowledge Management of Intellectual Capital in the upward spiral in growth, as defined in model figure N0 20. The job outlook enabled the continuation of other consultancies, research and patents addendum to the original running today. The discussion of the results relating to the implementation of the Theory of Knowledge Management has used a simple result: 'the need for cyclical, as a' necklace 'at the appropriate management actions', with three fundamental principles: implementation and feedback, systemic approach and vision environmentally appropriate, taking into account the duration of materialistic thinking of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, with respect to the need to take into account the conditions and socio-economic and political factors for a correct approach in the development of productive forces. The successful results of the application of the models and guide DAOM Consultant, without financial backing, is the best proof of their technical economic road. It shows that the possibility of achieving results for the UMCC and Society, is at the University Intellectual Potential, but at its best change to 'Capital', must unite teachers, students, workers and others outside the University; investigations, ongoing projects, diploma thesis and other forms of education, organization, change of thinking and flexible structures; talent, creativity, encouragement and willingness; financial support and other distinctive elements, depending on each case. It widespread international criterion of the necessary transformation of the universities, or turn them of academic pure engine or 'Cluster' knowledge, which affect so relevant with the Society who deliver their products but also trained with which they have the obligation and need to contribute their knowledge management steadily for the benefit of everyone and do at present with an environmentally appropriate action. As in Cuba, the conditions exist and until all the legal requirements necessary but insufficient application, not constant and inefficient in practice, we just obtain results that are in hand despite the real economic difficulties. The implementation of the consultancy showed that anything is possible even if they have adopted and implemented the dynamic model, without the INTRAWEB University Software Consulting Comprehensive University and the unavailability of the financial framework of the different drafts. The results of impact on the Company of consultancies executed are remarkable, describing them with short words: in Hotel Paradiso Puntarenas was an example to continue on the CEAT and other centers of study for consultancy integral to the Company; consultancy to the modification of transport was testing the possibilities of the relationship University / Company and the execution of a task in the time desired by the client; Land Ordinance on Industrial Area is of vital importance to the harmony between the industrial development and the environment the territory matancero, in addition to taking the UMCC an important source of application for Intellectual Capital, and in the case of OTEC technology, introduced the importance of a contribution to a new technology for advanced P + L in the production of electricity , desalinated water, proteins and inorganic salts and others. The impacts of consultancies executed on the Territory Matancero have a common denominator, its positive sense for sustainable development. Los principales ganadores, la Universidad de Matanzas 'Camilo Cienfuegos' en el corto plazo y la Sociedad en el mediano y largo plazo. The UMCC receiving immediate monetary benefits of the two consultancies executed, it will have its greatest benefits when they agree to the changes that will facilitate the comprehensive consulting activity. The findings and recommendations reflected the fulfillment of the goals set and testing of hypotheses raised. The proposal validated through models, and methodologies developed cases showed that with a change in strategy and the use of the Book of Intellectual Capital through integrated actions consultancies are achieved important results for the UMCC and Society Matancera; and the specific case of OTEC technology, represents an international impact. Secondary objectives are fully completed, especially the new elements in the model Knowledge Management and Consulting University applied to the Cuban reality and for the university, the use of the Theory of Knowledge Management to support the university consultancies; prospective system and approaches for the introduction of appropriate environmental concepts within the business opportunities and needs territorial adaptation of the methodology DAOM the consultancy; digital consultant for the implementation and four cases of consultancies comprehensive university executed . The application in social practice as the best test of truth of consultancies university makes assumptions established thesis tested, which showed that the chances of a change of mind and systemic approach in the different characteristics of knowledge management within the university, enabling the successful action of Human Capital in the solutions of problems of Market and Society, with the improvement in the Knowledge Management and internal territory, and also an increase in the self-financing college.