EARTH SCIENCE AND SPACE, 3

Author: FUENTES CHAVIANO PEDRO FIDEL.
Year: 2005.
University: GIRONA.
Place of defense: Universidad de Matanzas, Cuba.
Place of preparation: UNIVERSIDAD DE MATANZAS, CUBA.

Summary: The investigation was conducted in the agricultural ecosystem of Banao, situated 17 km from the city of Sancti Spiritus, Cuba, during the period September 2002 to June 2004, with the goal of estimating the production of crop residues in rice this area and assess the influence of these used as a cover dead soil (mulch) on some physical properties of soil and agronomic parameters in the cultivation of onion (Allium cepa L.), variety Caribe-71. To know the amount of residual rice harvests, it was felt across the product of the ratio of waste production by growing rice production in the agro-ecosystem, estimated that there were 5636, 09 Mg waste in the area, which may cover some 281 ha of farmland, accounting for 66.2% of the total area that goes to this crop. The survey applied to producers in the region show that 77.3% of them burned remains of these crops and that only 8.6% are aware of the effect of this burning. El experimento de campo No.1 se realizó en la Finca No. 1 of the Company Crops Several Banao, in the province of Sancti Spiritus, during December 2002 to May 2003, in a complete block design at random, with three treatments and four repetitions on soil Pardo Grayish typical . The treatments used were: (Witness) bare soil, soil covered with the remains of rice crop (RCA) at a dose of 20 Mg has-1 and soil covered with grass guinea (HG) at a dose of 20 Mg has -1. It shows that the soil temperature at 8:00 am was similar in all three treatment comenzándose to warm the soil from this hour. At 11:00 AM the Witness was warmed in 4.8  ° C, while the treatment RCA did in 3.1  ° C and HG was the least warmed only 2.2  ° C. At 2:00 PM the ground in all treatments the highest temperatures of the day, being the Witness the higher value with 31.6  ° C as average, while showing the treatments covered values of 27.2  ° C the RCA and 26.4  ° C treatment HG. At 5:00 PM, and the soil has begun to lose heat and soil treatment HG lost 3.4  ° C while the Witness loses 3.0  ° C and soil treatment RCA lost 2.2  ° C . The thermal variations of soil at 2:00 PM with respect to 8:00 AM were lower in treatments with the ground covered, showing the slightest variation HG treatment with 6.6  ° C, followed by treatment with RCA 6.8  ° C and greater variation was the Witness with 11.4  ° C. The soil moisture at the depth of 10 to 20 cm was higher in the treatment coverage. Treatment RCA humidity reached 26% based on dry soil (hbss) while HG recorded na humidity 27% and lower humidity that was reached Witness with 23%. In other depths showed no behavior homogenous. The incidence of weeds in the soil covered was less on treatment with bare soil, so it was not necessary for application of herbicides or weeding with hoe in the first. Yields were higher in the treatment HG with 13.7 kg plot-1 followed by treatment that RCA was 12, 6 kg plot-1 and finally reached a Witness the performance of 10.1 kg parcela-1. We performed an economic analysis, which showed that the practice of covering the soil with traces of the rice harvest or guinea grass is profitable. The field experiment No.2 took place at the Farm. 1 of the Company Crops Several Banao, Sancti Spiritus Province, during the months of December 2003 through May 2004, with the aim of evaluating the effect of the coverage of dead soil with traces of harvest in the incidence of thrips the onion (Trips tabaci Lind.). We rode three parcels of 20 m long and 20 m wide. The treatments used were: floor covered with the remains of rice crop, soil des 8 covered 434 and without chemical treatments to control thrips and a plot with a conventional system of cultivation. In all three treatments thrips appeared at the end of January and after this date are increased populations, being the largest increase in the non-treated with insecticides, whereas in the conventional plot and that holds soil in coverage dead behavior was similar.

Author: GARCIA PLASENCIA LUIS.
Year: 2005.
University: GIRONA.
Place of defense: UNIVERSIDAD DE MATANZAS, CUBA.
Place of preparation: UNIVERSIDAD DE MATANZAS, CUBA.

Summary: This research related to the solid waste from the production of one of the new drugs that are produced in Cuba, Policosanol, proposes a physico characterization of the same, parameters such as physical examination, temperature fusion temperature drip, density, solubility and fractionation in different solvents, moisture and volatile matter, index acidity, saponification and esters and absorption in the regions ultraviolet, visible and infrared spectrum, to gather data on composition and properties as part of its environmental management , which allows its use or reuse, mainly as a new raw material in the production of fats and conservation corrosion mastics asphalt. The investigation also envisages a study of the interaction of these residual natural water samples, laboratory-scale, and in terms of pH, alkalinity, content of sodium ions, potassium and calcium, Total Solids and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), to give a measure of the possible contamination to the water resource. For physical and chemical analysis techniques such classic analysis of fats and waxes and instrumental techniques of Ultraviolet spectroscopy, Visible and Infrared. The analysis of natural waters and those obtained as a result of interaction with the waste, were performed according to the techniques recommended by the Standardized Methods for Water and Sewage (Standard Methods), which includes classical and instrumental methods as Gravimetry, Complexometría, Valuation redox, Potenciometría and Flame Photometric. The results yielded values of the parameters of physical and chemical characterization comparable to those of Wax Raw Cane and waxy compounds in general and potential contamination of the water, at that level, by incorporating, mainly solid and high proportion of organic matter, characteristic of these residues. The results of physical-chemical characterization and study water contamination potential of these waste are two necessary actions in the environmental management of the same and have been valued by the leadership of the Center for the Study of Anticorrosivos and Tensoactivos (CEAT) of the University Matanzas as an important contribution to research and practical work in quality control of different raw materials that are used in the production of fat storage, mastics asphalt and waxes.

Author: GONZALEZ HERNANDEZ JOSEFINA DEL CARMEN.
Year: 2005.
University: GIRONA.
Place of defense: UNIVERSIDAD DE MATANZAS, CUBA.
Place of preparation: UNIVERSIDAD DE MATANZAS, CUBA.

Summary: Caring for and protecting the environment is one of the key tasks facing today's society as a guarantee of life for future generations. In Cuba, tourism development helps to improve the economic situation facing the country, so it is very important to ensure the environmental conditions that characterize national tourist areas and that both attract visitors. The subject is addressed in this paper is directed to the evaluation and decision-making that underlie the efficiency of wastewater treatment in coastal tourist areas. It took as a reference the pole of Varadero tourist and environmental characterization was carried out in the area. All systems were evaluated wastewater treatment and sewage located in Varadero were valued alternatives for improving the quality of the effluent treatment plant in each study. We discussed the use of activated carbon as adsorbent national production in the treatment of wastewater sewage. We designed a system of indicators to ensure the sustainability of wastewater treatment in coastal tourist areas. The results obtained in the study reflected the effectiveness of wastewater treatment based on the levels of clearance and possible reuse of treated water and finally allowed to establish a methodology for selecting the treatment systems, which is an essential step in the road to achieving sustainable development.

Author: GONZALEZ SAEZ LOURDES YAMEN.
Year: 2005.
University: GIRONA.
Place of defense: UNIVERSIDAD DE MATANZAS. CUBA.
Place of preparation: UNIVERSIDAD DE MATANZAS. CUBA.

Summary: It examines an alternative to the use of biosolids WWTPs of urban and developed the methodology for obtaining activated carbon to be used at the stage of adsorption to remove organic compounds in plant wastewater treatment industry. The experiment is conducted in two stages, the first is obtained laboratory-scale activated carbon by chemical method with sulfuric acid from the sludge in the province of Leon, Spain. At this stage marked as much sludge as adsorbent obtained with the aim of studying the influence of their characteristics and size of particles in the adsorption mechanism. The second phase will extend the experimental results sludge national origin sampled a WWTPs in the province of Matanzas, Cuba and includes the activation method used and widespread in the country (physical method with water vapor). The results obtained show the environmental and economic feasibility of the implementation of the physical activation with water vapor in the development of activated carbons. These adsorbents are used in the removal of phenol from wastewater in the Enterprise Laboratory Biologicals Matanzas (LABIOFAM). The novelty of the research is that it obtains a new adsorbent allowing replace, on a competitive basis, the current imports of activated charcoal.

Author: HERNANDEZ PENTON FELIPE ANDRES.
Year: 2005.
University: GIRONA.
Place of defense: UNIVERSIDAD DE MATANZAS, CUBA.
Place of preparation: UNIVERSIDAD DE MATANZAS, CUBA.

Summary: The Cuban agricultural model dominates the trend of collectivization, though in general, the system is heterogeneous, even within the cooperative economy. Studies sustainable agrosystems, usually present us with the typical rural economy as the closest to the ideal to be achieved, however, throughout the universe countryside has remained successful and many problems remain without a adecada solution. The UBPC, such as cooperatives of former farm workers, hold a variety of concentrations in its operations that inevitably include ecological aspects. These generate practices and views not correspondientess with the current agricultural policy of the state. The country has carried out numerous studies on these companies, but in the province of Sancti Spiritus, the few available are cutting financial purely economic or sociological. Therefore it is necessary to analyze in depth and interesting the status of UBPC cañeras, which is known as belonging to the Ministry of Sugar (MINAZ), which is still in a process of reforms. Since the author has participated and developed partial studies of the matter, but the work of the doctoral thesis of this research, analyzes holistically the problem of sustainability à «conómica-social-ecológica, based on a case study (UBPC Tuinucú) and proposes measures and possible changes to reverse the complicated situation; dominate the logic pressure.

Author: Del Hoyo Leal Alberto.
Year: 2005.
University: GIRONA.
Place of defense: Facultad de Ciencias.
Place of preparation: Facultad de Ciencias.

Summary: ABSTRACT This paper has studied gender Androcymbium (Colchicaceae) at two levels: macro-and micro-evolution. At microevolutivo has been obtained for that species of the eastern South Africa interpoblacional component is very important to explain the distribution of genetic variability, as in western South Africa. For species of Namibia, the most important component is the intrapoblacional, as in northern Africa. At macroevolutivo has been obtained that the origins of the genre in South Africa is Western datándose in 11.2 2 ma. This genre has proved parafilético, given the joint appearance in the same clade of Androcymbium and Colchicum species, and species of northern Africa from a taxa of Namibia who arrived in the Mediterranean basin in early Pliocene thanks to the formation of a corridor between arid arid southwestern and eastern Africa

Author: IZQUIERDO HERNANDEZ IDALMIS.
Year: 2005.
University: GIRONA.
Place of defense: UNIVERSIDAD DE MATANZAS, CUBA.
Place of preparation: UNIVERSIDAD DE MATANZAS, CUBA.

Summary: This doctoral thesis focuses on the study of the major theoretical - methodological issues that should form the basis for study and guide the environmental education through the media in terms Cuban. This has been one of the edges or scenarios of environmental education less studied in the context Cuban (and also in the literature on environmental education in general globally there are some empty theoretical aspects or ambiguous, little worked). This issue is particularly important as part of an alternative approach in the conditions of today's world where the vast majority of the major media, greatly centralized, responded with their information flows to the major economic, political and military key power centers, which also spread the values or anti-consumer society in many developed countries.

Author: JARDINES GONZALEZ SONIA BEATRIZ.
Year: 2005.
University: GIRONA.
Place of defense: UNIVERSIDAD DE MATANZAS, CUBA.
Place of preparation: UNIVERSIDAD DE MATANZAS, CUBA.

Summary: A study of the characterization of natural grasslands in different environmental conditions in areas of the Enterprise Livestock Genetics Matanzas (EPGM) and the vaquería Monticelo belonging to the University of Matanzas' Camilo Cienfuegos' The work has two stages: diagnostic phase where they discussed changes in the frequency with emphasis on the presence of pulses at different soil types, different weather conditions (wet and short rainy season), system operating in the area of grazing. We also carried out a characterization bromatológica of the main species of grasses and legumes that make up the pasture. The following results were obtained: A great diversity of species of grasses and legumes in lecharías of EPGM. The predominant species were A. Vaginalis; D. Scorpiurus; D. Triflorum, P. Notatum; Dichantium spp. There were differences in the presence of legumes for soil Ferralítico Red and Brown with carbonates. The frequency of natural pulses is higher in the rainy period in the short rainy. Legumes are most abundant in areas not grazed, and only a few species are found within the area of grazing resist the continued presence of animals. The percentages of protein native pasture grasses and legumes before and after grazing and leaves and stems separately are acceptable, comparable to commercial species engaged in livestock feed. The digestibility are species is high and ranges from 87% in T. Labialis and 72.37% of D. Scorpiurus for the leaves of these legumes and 67, 62% in P. Notatum to 76.21% Dichantium annulatum. The second was the experimental phase where he rode an experiment to evaluate the performance of native grasslands with applications of organic matter, (30 and 60 ton / ha) chemical fertilizer and a combination of both. Sectional biomass production of key species for each of the treatments in two seasons and total. It was determined by the frequency treatment and behavior of the main species of grasses and legumes that make up the natural pasture. We analyzed the relationship between the underground and aboveground biomass was studied by processing and production for the same treatment and layers of natural pasture. We ecological studies for determining levels of biodiversity for each of the above conditions. The following results were obtained: the total biomass production showed no significant difference between treatments of organic material 60 ton and chemical fertilizer. The species best behaved in terms of biomass production was P. Notatum applications chemical fertilizer. The production of biomass of native legumes were rare and were favored applications of organic matter. We studied the relationship biomass air / ground and noted that the lower values are consistent with the treatment chemical fertilizer. The best diversity indices referring to the more equitable distribution of the species in the ecosystem pasture also relate to their highest values for organic matter 60 ton and the lowest values for chemical fertilizer. It is concluded that the annual production of natural grasslands acceptable to the CF treatments and MO 60t, especially grasses for CF with the highest values and legumes submitted their applications with higher performance MO. The applications of chemical fertilizer are not conducive to the presence of native pasture legumes and create imbalances in the stability of the stocks that comprise it, the community of species grasses for treating organic matter 60t presents an improved structure expressed by a more equi 8 tativa d 2cd and its individuals.

Author: LEON AGUILAR RONALDO VENANCIO.
Year: 2005.
University: GIRONA.
Place of defense: UNIVERSIDAD DE MATANZAS, CUBA.
Place of preparation: UNIVERSIDAD DE MATANZAS, CUBA.

Summary: The Urban Agriculture has had an explosion in recent years in our country. Water resources play a decisive role in this endeavor. The work is performed with the objective of evaluating the production of vegetables and vegetable able to Urban agriculture in the municipality of Matanzas, from the optimization of water used in irrigation, the exploitation of the irrigation systems used, the quality water used, as well as consideration of alternatives to increase the water content in soil. From this model was developed optimization program by allowing us to target optimize the volume of water used in irrigation of vegetables in a position to organopónicos. To which part of the information related to five organopónicos territory. It provides a strategy for sowing and planting in the organopónicos studied, which manages the optimization of the available water resources. Achieving a 10 percent decrease in the volume of water was sued by the organopónicos, achieving compliance with the goals of maintaining a high coverage of the areas of the same. We evaluate the flow delivery issuers, in irrigation systems used in the organopónicos studied to determine the coefficients of uniformity of irrigation in each of the organopónicos studied, estimated time for each irrigated crop, taking into account the allocations by stage of development and delivery costs of issuers in the organopónicos evaluated. We characterize the irrigation water used in the organopónicos studied, from the indicators, physical, chemical and biological established. Evaluating the quality of irrigation water used in the organopónicos studied, evaluated the same as highly saline in one of the organopónicos studied were evaluate alternatives that would allow for a Closer content or water conservation on the ground, facilitating their use by crops horticultural able to organopónicos and intensive gardening. For two factors which explores the content of organic matter and plant cover, obtaining an increase in the moisture content in the soil of a 10% percent when using these practices compared with the control treatment, bare soil.

Author: LIRIANO GONZALEZ RAMON.
Year: 2005.
University: GIRONA.
Place of defense: UNIVERSIDAD DE MATANZAS, CUBA.
Place of preparation: UNIVERSIDAD DE MATANZAS, CUBA.

Summary: This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of the incorporation of organic matter and application of biofertilizers (Azospirillum sp and Micorrizas) in horticultural crops in terms of bags and organopónico as well as assess the cost-effectiveness of the use of these products , which carried out two experiments: one in bags, in the area of subsistence at the University of Matanzas and the other in production conditions in urban areas in the organopónico 'Dignity', in the city of Matanzas. In both experiments were studied 13 treatments (witness, organic matter 5, 10, 15 kg/m2, organic matter, 5, 10, 15 Kg/m2 more Azospirillum, organic matter 5, 10, 15 Kg/m2 more Micorrizas and organic matter 5, 10, 15 Kg/m2 more Azospirillum and Micorrizas). The Micorrizas were inoculated at the time of transplantation at the rate of 5 g per plant in the nest planting and tillage were inoculated through the seed coating technology for them in a ratio of 10 to 15% by weight, his part Azospirillum were inoculated asperjando the surface of the bed at a dose of 4 mL/m2, at the time of planting or transplanting. The organic matter cattle manure was used and applied in part prior to planting or transplanting crops to complete the total dose in the rotation sequences studied. The design used in both experiments was a random block with four and five bags mirror mirror organopónico with a distribution factor modified witness reference. The data were processed by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test of goodness and adjust all the variables, testing Bartlet and factorial analysis of variance, using the multiple comparison test mean Tuckey with the help of statistical package Statgraphics version 5.0. We performed the chemical characterization of organic matter and inorganic materials used in the preparation of the substrate bags, as well as the substrate of organopónico and microbiological characteristics of these substrates, were studied two sequences of rotation, Radish and Lettuce Lettuce - - Radish-Carrot, evaluating performance and its components. The economic evaluation was conducted. The results show a favorable response to the incorporation of different levels of organic matter and application of biofertilizers, it was noted that as declining levels of organic matter incorporated increases the effectiveness of biofertilizers and studied to the extent that they increase organic matter levels without application of biofertilizers increases crop yields. The analysis of the economic feasibility shows favorable results with profit.

Author: LUIS OROZCO JESUS DELFÍN.
Year: 2005.
University: GIRONA.
Place of defense: UNIVERSIDAD DE MATANZAS, CUBA.
Place of preparation: UNIVERSIDAD DE MATANZAS, CUBA.

Summary: This research deals with the study of the thermal pollution in enclosed premises for the development of the food chain Rumbos. At the same is carried out in the first place a compilation of the most important indices that exist internationally for evaluating thermal load on this type of local and provides a selection of the most appropriate method of experts. Since this outcome is the evaluation of selected local Rumbos chain with the use of four indices (Vote Dear East, Required Sweating Index, Index overload Calórica and Temperature Effective Corrected), it was made for a the total of 480 measurements during the months of January, April, July and October, obtained as a result the level of severity of the pollution presents each of these locations, as well as the effectiveness of different indices to detect thermal pollution. With all the information gathered and knowing the limitations presented indices used internationally, we proceeded to obtain a new index account for its simple calculation with only three variables microclimaticas and three levels of contamination derived from physiological indicators. For the validation process and putting into practice the new index took a total of seven premises, obtaining it is suitable for this kind of assessment on the premises closed for the production of food and its efficiency was higher than the best indices used internationally, except East Dear Vote (PMV).

Author: MARTINEZ OCHOA YAMILE.
Year: 2005.
University: GIRONA.
Place of defense: UNIVERSIDAD DE MATANZAS, CUBA.
Place of preparation: UNIVERSIDAD DE MATANZAS, CUBA.

Summary: For the development of the research is taken as a reference plant wastewater treatment by activated sludge installed at the Tourist Complex Sol-Melia Varadero pouring in between 40 and 60% of its effluent into the Bay of Cardenas, which through the years has been affected by different sectors pollutants included in the composition of its residual nitrogen and phosphorus. It develops a methodology for the statistical characterization of influent and effluent Station Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTPs) located in tourist areas. In addition experimentally determining the different fractions of the Chemical Oxygen Demand, nitrogen and phosphorus in the effluent from the treatment plant under study and estimated kinetic parameters that characterize the biological sludge. For the influent values of the Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and total Kjeldahl nitrogen (NKT) differences between high and low season tourist demand for the effluent while there were no differences between the values of these parameters investigated two stages. Except phosphorus, whose concentration exceeds the maximum value allowed, all variables that are analyzed in the effluent comply with the levels laid down in the Manual Operation of the plant for dumping. To reduce the levels of phosphorus in the effluent was analyzed various alternatives operational through mathematical simulation of the process. The selection process was obtained that alternatives that can be applied to the plant in order to promote the study of biological phosphorus removal are: 'A / O' Modification operational activated sludge process. 'Sequential batch reactor (SBR) For the study of the simulated process is dynamic state implements the mathematical model ASM2d of the International Water Association (IWA) for the biological nutrient removal Stations Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTPs) in the software Berkeley Madonna , which allows the adequacy of the same conditions in Cuba. The model was calibrated using the protocol calibration developed at the University of Ghent, Belgium and adjust the weightings of the model for the treatment plant under study. A check for adecuabilidad model to the real data and sensitivity analysis suggests that the model adequately represents the system under study. The study simulated system indicates that all alternatives be studied can improve the efficiency of the system to remove phosphorus, but in some of the alternatives are exceeding discharge limits for other variables. It demonstrated the technical feasibility of implementing the alternative A / O and the intermittent aeration reactor (tanaerobio = 1 h) which achieves a significant decrease in the concentration of phosphorus in the effluent to the levels recommended for the dumping. After an economic analysis is selected alternative intermittent aeration as the best alternative to installing for the removal of nutrients, particularly phosphorus in the wastewater treatment plant tested.

Author: MATIAS GONZALEZ ALBERTO.
Year: 2005.
University: GIRONA.
Place of defense: UNIVERSIDAD DE MATANZAS, CUBA.
Place of preparation: UNIVERSIDAD DE MATANZAS, CUBA.

Summary: The underlying problem is that the investigation is part of a series of reflections made in connection with the need to achieve sustainable practices in peasant agriculture, from techniques that incorporate the environmental dimension into their performance, the argument is the logical starting recognizing the existence of a degree of consistency between the technologies that a company is able to create or to assimilate and the rest of the cultural traits that characterize this company, its aim is to explain the impact of cultural factors in the technical change of farmers Units of Economics Peasant, who live in the People's Council of Four Corners of Saint Lucia, and his speech on the environment, in order to propose recommendations for environmental management locally. The dissertation includes criticism, through specific case selected, the traditional historical approach, which tells the story from their human and socio-economic dimensions, without factoring in man's relationship with the natural environment and on the other hand also makes criticism of the tendency to disseminate technologies without considering the cultural spaces.

Author: PETERSSON ROLDAN MARITZA.
Year: 2005.
University: GIRONA.
Place of defense: UNIVERSIDAD DE MATANZAS. CUBA.
Place of preparation: UNIVERSIDAD DE MATANZAS, CUBA.

Summary: The pollution of coastal waters is an environmental problem of the contemporary world, so attention to this problem is a priority of the scientific community concerned about the protection and preservation of the environment. The Bay of Cardenas has been subjected for years to the dumping of waste that have compromised the quality of their water, which has affected the ecological functions offered with the resulting deterioration of environmental goods and services associated with it. All of this has an impact in terms of not only economic but also environmental and social. In the present investigation is conducted an economic assessment of the effect of this pollution up to evaluate various alternatives to reduce the pollution load, represented tons of BOD per year, using an approach multicriterial.

Author: RODRIGUEZ NOGUEIRA TERESITA.
Year: 2005.
University: GIRONA.
Place of defense: UNIVERSIDAD DE MATANZAS. CUBA.
Place of preparation: UNIVERSIDAD DE MATANZAS, CUBA.

Summary: The steam generator for the Central Thermal 'Antonio Guiteras' after more than a decade of operation has been affected by problems inherent to a deterioration in their aggregates and the inability to repay their characteristics and parameters of original work when scheduled maintenance, this has joined the replacement of fuel oil by the domestic crude oil has led to an increase in fouling of heat transfer surfaces, so that the system of preventive maintenance planned in the plant does not guarantee the right time in the state of technical equipment needed for their cleanups, also was unaware of the new parameters and operational maintenance of the Hot-Air Regenerativos and Energy for these conditions, which has led not to be able to diagnose and reach technical determine their status. Coupled with this is the little use that so far has been given to the information that is able to handle the data acquisition system installed at the plant. The working party to implement a diagnosis environmental CTE Antonio Guiteras according to the methodology of cleaner production, determined that it should aim at minimizing resources through the operation and maintenance. It proposes a series of steps to incorporate the methodology cleaner production with a view seize the benefits of proper selection of a maintenance system. It provides variable to be used to diagnose the state of technical Hot Air Regenerativo and for the Energy from two methods applied. One of the methods used is the coefficient matching Kendall or method of experts and the other performs a statistical study of trends and the behavior of variables that provide more information fouling of the equipment between two sopleteos continuing. There is also the tendency to increase presenting losses due to the work of forced draft fan in a position to fouling through the calculation of the net efficiency of the steam generator. It calculates the optimal time between sopleteos whose findings help reduce 2 sopleteos per day in each of the survey teams, as reflected in the cleaning steam every five hours, ie four sopleteos per day. There will always be a study of energy unavailable in the period that has been burning crude oil domestic plant, and is determined using the technique Paretto stops and limitations representing 80% of the losses by the economic impact resulting in that period. We implement the methodologies for calculating the pressure drop for the survey teams depending on the load conditions for cleaning and for the state limit of the variables that establish the time of diagnosis for maintenance. From these results are obtained from the respective models pressure drops depending on the load and implement follow-ups that can be made and the benefits.

Author: SUAREZ OJEDA ROBERTO LUIS.
Year: 2005.
University: GIRONA.
Place of defense: UNIVERSIDAD DE MATANZAS, CUBA.
Place of preparation: UNIVERSIDAD DE MATANZAS, CUBA.

Summary: The environmental improvement projects related to tourism in Cuba are the subject of study of this work. Tourism has in recent years been the driving force of the Cuban economy. Increasingly the development of tourism needs a proper environment for their development, which emphasizes the need for achieving environmental improvement projects that make possible the continuation in the country for a sustainable tourism development. Despite the attention afforded by the Cuban state to environmental problems such projects face specific difficulties in obtaining the necessary financing and implementation, given both by the unfavorable external scenario in which it operates the country's economy, for its own character, which are particularly highlighted difficulties associated with the economic valuation of its benefits and the presence of subjective or uncertain information. The paper proposes the use of support tools for the economic evaluation of environmental improvement projects associated with tourism within the Cuban economy and its management control. The possibilities of application of different methods of economic evaluation of the environmental quality and basics of fuzzy logic, as well as the use of the tool box command Integral to the management control of these projects. Typical cases are studied in the framework chosen. Finally tools proposals are linked to a case of interest regarding the issue analyzed: the Protected Area River Canímar.

Author: GIL UNDAY ZULEIQUI.
Year: 2005.
University: GIRONA.
Place of defense: UNIVERSIDAD DE MATANZAS, CUBA.
Place of preparation: UNIVERSIDAD DE MATANZAS, CUBA.

Summary: This work was carried out in the community Tuinucú belonging to the municipality Taguasco, in the province of Sancti Spiritus with the purpose; to study the environmental impacts produced by the generation of energy from biomass (bagasse) in the central Cuban sugar. Case Study sugar company 'Melanio Hernandez'. This assistance was provided by the Center for the Study of Energy and Industrial Processes (CEEPI), the Centro Universitario de Sancti Spiritus and using different methods and investigative techniques, we were able to conduct a study of the environmental area, and the behavior of the morbidity of respiratory diseases, time of occurrence and the areas most affected. The characterization of the gaseous and solid particles suspended enabled know that these concentrations do not exceed the emission ceilings set by the Cuban standard. The model was also applied dispersion DISPER which allowed us to get information to crisis conditions of atmospheric emissions of Central sugar and distillery associated with this leading to the conclusion that emissions from the distillery are contributing more pollutants the atmosphere affects the town at a higher rate in the areas most exposed to the pollutants. By correlating emissions with respiratory diseases, ARI or Subagudas (IRA) and Asthma, shows a relationship between these resources, especially significance more pronounced in the case in Bronchial Asthma Crisis (CAB). Calculándose the costs associated with these diseases, which amounts to $ 119599 .23 per annum. In order to minimize the negative impacts are proposed alternatives to implement in industry and the community, aimed at highlighting the environmental education and the reduction of emissions of pollutants.

Author: Rozalen Astudillo Maria Luisa.
Year: 2005.
University: GRANADA.
Place of defense: Estación Experimental del Zaidin.
Place of preparation: Estación Experimental del Zaidin (CSIC).

Summary: In this dissertation research has been the effect of pH and temperature on the kinetics and mechanism of dissolution of the smectite. This has been calculated speeds dissolution of the montmorillonite in saturated potassium solutions tamponadas between pH and 13.5, free ligands to 25, 50 and 70Â ° C, able to balance distant. The dissolution experiments have been performed in cells as a continuous flow reactor type batch. The speeds of dissolution have a minimum value close to pH 6-7 to 25Â ° C, increasing the speed as the pH is more acidic or basic. Also with increasing temperature also increases the rate of dissolution especially since most extreme is the pH. The experimental results have been modeled by an Act of speed which includes contributions from three processes of dissolution: attack by proton molecules d water and hydroxyl. Calculándose the kinetic constants orders reaction to each temperature. Both groups values depend on the temperature. Moreover, the dissolution speeds of each pH have allowed calculate the activation energy of the dissolution process, which depends on the pH of the solution with minimal conditions slightly acid. To delve into the mechanism of dissolution have been characterized mineralógicamente samples has been made and altered valuations potenciométricas acid / base aqueous suspensions of smectite. The change results in an increase in the number of layers in the inflatable not solid. Amid acid no change seen cristalquímicos very important while in basic means there is an increased burden tetrahedral and retention of Fe and Mg, perhaps associated latter to the formation of brucite or esmectitas rich in magnesium The application of a model capacitance constant has enabled determine the density and nature of the surface laden groups that participate in the process of dissolution. These are groups silanol weakly acidic, gurpos aluminol anfoteritos and groups known as ion exchange and located all on the edges of the crystals. L have been used term aluminol to refer to gurpos surface containing at least one cation Al (III). The dissolution rate depends linearly on the density of surface groups aluminol, loaded psitivamente amid adversely acid and an alkaline medium.

Author: YBAÑEZ GARCÍA JOSÉ LUIS.
Year: 2005.
University: GIRONA.
Place of defense: UNIVERSIDAD DE MATANZAS, CUBA.
Place of preparation: UNIVERSIDAD DE MATANZAS, CUBA.

Summary: It is that the hotel facilities maintenance has been characterized by the absence of mechanisms to ensure the practical implementation of the objectives and policies, in addition to the mismanagement of labor resources and techniques for this purpose. The planning, implementation and control of maintenance not reach the required levels in terms of structure, methodology, development and training of technical and human resources which, moreover, do not reflect any link with environmental management systems. It describes the implementation of the Productive Maintenance Management System Integrated and their performance on the environmental impact in different hotel facilities, where an analysis of performance indicators vacation, allowing for the diagnosis and monitoring of the maintenance activity. The paper discusses the application and implementation of some advanced techniques of leadership and management as an integral part of Productive Maintenance Management System Integrated, including the implementation of management by objectives and results assessment, which examines surveys applied to staff working in maintenance, which determine areas of management erroneous management. It defines strategies for energy savings to be followed by the Department of Maintenance. It provides management methodology for the implementation of the Environmental Management System Modern Productive Maintenance Integral. And an analysis of the emission of gases into the atmosphere.

Author: MARTÍNEZ PAGÁN PEDRO.
Year: 2005.
University: POLITÉCNICA DE CARTAGENA.
Place of defense: E.U. DE INGENIERIA TÉCNICA CIVIL.
Place of preparation: ESCUELA UNIVERSITARIA DE INGENIERÍA TÉCNICA CIVIL - UNIVERSIDAD POLITÉCNICA DE CARTAGENA.

Summary: In the region of Murcia, antrópicas different activities over time have changed the landscape dramatically, causing even, at times, very significant environmental risks. So on the one hand, a metal mining activity that has operated for more than 2500 years, and finished rise has a lot of waste and that an unstable source of contamination can be direct or diffuse affecting soils, waters and especially man. Similarly, another important economic activity in Murcia is the livestock of pig waste generator which by their very nature are sources of contamination. This thesis identifies the potential for application of geophysical techniques such as topography electric 2D and tomography electric 3D to get useful information that could cubicar the volume of these barren regions of miners and characterize mineral deposits where there are high concentrations of heavy metals (Pb, Zn, Cu, Cd) and sulfates, or areas characterized by varying pH, all of which corroborated with the geochemical analysis. Also addressed in this Doctoral Thesis a study of the temporal evolution of the impact from slurry ponds with both geophysical techniques in order to: develop and calibrate a work methodology for this type of storage structures, assess whether electric tomography is capable of revealing possible leaks of slurry in the subsoil. Determining the depth at stretching, the results are collated by polls conducted mechanical and geochemical analysis.