GEOGRAPHY OF NATURAL RESOURCES

Author: ARANZABAL ODRIOZOLA ITZIAR DE.
Year: 2003.
University: COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID [www.ucm.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS BIOLÓGICAS.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS BIOLÓGICAS.

Summary: The Mediterranean landscape is the result of traditional agricultural activities based on the sustainable management of natural resources and conservation of the diversity biológica.En them there is a close correspondence between the characteristics of the landscape and the history of human uses of territorio.Estos spaces presents interesting possibilities for the development of new land uses such as cultural tourism. The territory is analyzed at different scales through the development of mathematical procedures differently complejidad.Se has done a sectorization of the territory from a set of variables with reference espacial.Los landscape ecological and socioeconomic were described by multivariate analysis to management allowed highlight the main trends of variation paisajístas and socieconomicas.Se has formalized the corresponding descriptors were socioeconomic municipalities in the area and the dependent variable coordinates them in the areas of management paisajística.Los models calculated allow test this relationship in simulated scenarios. The correspondence has been established between the supply of land and tourism demand and has been quantified and expressed satisfaction spatially this demanda.El calculating surfaces tendency adjustment between satisfaction and variability paisajísta predicts the changing landscape in front of scenarios hipóteticos evolution of the territory. An estimated costs and environmental benefits from tourism activities, taking into account the characteristics and responses of ecological tourist attraction as its territory and the pressure exerted by the different types of visitors. The models developments establish and quantify the relationship between landscape, socioeconomics and uses turístivos and provide a basic scientific tool for the planning and management of the territory and for the preservation of cultural landscapes.

Author: VIRGILIO SOBRINHO ANTONIO.
Year: 2004.
University: BARCELONA [www.ub.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE GEOGRAFIA E HISTORIA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE GOGRAFIA I HISTORIA.

Summary: The thesis has corno objetivó understanding of the geographical area of Bahia, between 1912 and 2002, through the press, speech and televised. The research is based on the shipping news from the Interior and the capital and the existence of newspapers with offices, branches and correspondents in various locations. Among the newspapers Salvador, was chosen for analysis, A Tarde by widespread regular events, sent by their correspondents and appearing in the journals in circulation in a few dozen municipalities. Fourteen were carried out administrative units and thematic references to the dia - a-dia of places, the news being designed by the system centímetro-columna. Cone arrival of broadcasting news multiplied. Cities, with newspapers, or without them, install radio and television giving sequence to the expansion of the media, used more often corno form of pressure for improvements that would ensure the progress of cities and their regions. The newspaper was owned by individuals, the radio and television business were controlled by the political groups. Authorities, in addition to supporting their newspapers supported the expansion of community radio. The appearance of six poles of communication, in the cities of various regions, decreased the primacy exercised by Salvador at the beginning of the twentieth century. Different towns tended to own all types of mass media with the aim of enhancing the growth of the school network and to obtain public and private financing for the continued modernization of newspapers, radio and television, as well as the equitable distribution of government funds. Giving news of the dynamic socio-economic, territorial, cultural and political life, the mass media give a Geography of the Bay and its evolution, but also, the prograsión of Geography of the Press Bahia. Keywords: media, newspaper, radio, television, news, community, region, Salvador de Bahia, Brazil.

Author: JUÁREZ SÁNCHEZ JOSÉ PEDRO.
Year: 2004.
University: BARCELONA [www.ub.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE GOGRAFÍA E HITORIA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE GEOGRAFÍA E HISTORIA , UNIVERSIDAD DE BARCELONA.

Summary: Ways to promote agricultural and rural development in Mexico changed from 1982, with the adoption of the development model neoliberal.Bajo the influence of the structural strategies, agricultural policy has undergone a change radical.Dentro this arrangement the government raised the transformation of the structure of the earth, namely, ending the minifuncio to strengthen larger farms. This action of the government, was accompanied with the decision to gradually do away with subsidies that are provided to farmers in rainfed . This would exclude a significant segment of farmers, the model of development of the country. The research results show that the land market in the region is embryonic and sale of land was not determined by the type of property or productivity, but by the economic resources of the demandantes.La sale of land, was to office of the ejidatarios who did not wish to continue working in the campo.El credit and support governmental benefited a few farmers and those not contributing to the increase in producción.Ante this situation farmers decreased investment in the use of high performance input . Moreover, increased remittances to the countryside, the product of non-agricultural work to finance productive activities. Farmers also tried to take advantage of the limited support that the State destinó.Estas actions were undertaken before a policy agraría believed that the farmers are dispensable, in order to meet their basic needs, prevent the sale of their land and thus the demise of its production units.

Author: BRENNER GUILLERMO JORGE.
Year: 2006.
University: POLITÉCNICA DE CATALUÑA [www.upc.edu].
Place of defense: AULA DE TESINES C1-002-CAMPUS NORD.
Place of preparation: EDIFICI D1 Campus NORD.

Summary: This study assumes that ecosystem services are becoming increasingly scarce due to the serious degradation of its ability to deliver services efficiently on the Catalan coast, Spain. The study is a contribution to the analysis of natural capital that is not part of the market from an economic perspective efficient allocation of resources in the coastal zone. The overall objective was to "determine the value that is not part of the markets for ecosystem services provided on the Catalan coast, in monetary terms." The work begins with a description of the three main dimensions for the integrated management of the coastal zone: socio-economic, natural and administrative. The 12 counties and the coastal marine area to a depth of 50 m formed the operational definition of the study area. The methodological approach focused on the functions and ecosystem services, and natural semi-natural, terrestrial and marine ecosystems that are not counted in economic markets today. The results provide an overview of the ecological functions and services provided by ecosystems in the Catalan coast, as well as data on its monetary value. The study consists of three methodologies that contribute to estimate the value of ecosystem services dl to be considered as relevant in the management and coastal environment. The first proposes a method based on indicators for identifying spatial heterogeneity of the size socio-ecológica the coast and that led to the identification of homogeneous units for the management in which the rating system socio-ecológico was done at the county . Four different kinds d homogeneous units for environmental management were obtained. The regions vary from highly natural and less developed economically at least natural and highly developed economically. Secondly, it was used as a space d transfer of profits to estimate the annual contribution of the value of ecosystem services for the welfare of citizens. According to the information found in more than 90 scientific studies, based on individual preferences, it was observed that the services of terrestrial and marine ecosystems provided at least 3.2 billion USD in 2004 (2,572 x 106 euros) in the the study area. We found that when ecosystem services are provided by different ground cover, its economic value that reflects this variability vary substantially. The results show that the study area has a positive ability to provide services, as well as its geography represents a surrogate for the structure and natural processes. As a result was obtained integrated value of ecosystem services from 3.37 thousand million USD / yr (2,712 x 106 euros). This new estimate represents a 42% increase in the value of terrestrial ecosystems obtained from human preferences. Both valuation processes maintained a close spatial relationship to the geography of environmental homogeneous units. It was felt that the valuation method consists largely reduces bias induced (via human preferences) and provides a more realistic estimate of the value of the flow of ecosystem services. It is believed that the estimate of the monetary value of the services reveals the costs or social advantages they provide and which would otherwise remain hidden or undervalued. This work can be useful in the analysis of the costs and benefits between economic development and conservation in the coastal zone. Qu 8 and is believed to hac 32e er more explicit the role and contribution of ecosystem services to human well-being will motivate a policy of integrated sustainability in the future.

Author: Gonçalves Seco Luis Carlos.
Year: 2006.
University: SANTIAGO DE COMPOSTELA [www.usc.es].
Place of defense: Escuela Politécnica Superior de Lugo.
Place of preparation: Escuela Politécnica Superior de Lugo.

Summary: This research work, it tries to respond to the growing need for appropriate and effective methodologies for rapid acquisition and processing of data relating to natural resources inventory. Thus, from the perspective of contributing to better management of the territory, they point to various methodologies that allow expediting forest inventories and also provide new advances in the prevention and control of forest fires. To achieve these goals has been necessary to rely on the generation of Digital Terrain Models (MDTs) and Surface (MDSs), representing both the relief and the objects that are placed on it. The technology employed, the Airborne Laser Scanning (ALS), better known as LiDAR (Light Detection And Ranging) has proven to be an alternative / complementary to other technologies traditionally used for the production of such high resolution models. Moreover, allowing the extraction of TDM below the tree cover, which has allowed the principal remedy that deficiency presents aerial photogrammetry in this regard. In this research, developed a methodology based on given LiDAR low frequency pulse allowed both the acquisition of DTM as MDS, which has allowed us to estimate variables related to the volume of timber and forest fuel. This methodology consists of two major stages interrelated if: i) Removal of TDM, MDS and classification of objects. Ii) Obtaining variable dasométricas and fuel relevant to the management and risk assessment of forest fires. To that end, it has carried out a pilot project in a forested area of 4 square kilometers, characterized by masses of Eucalyptus globulus, the importance he introduced this species in these latitudes, from an economic point of view. In the first phase, we developed a method of automatic filtering of data LiDAR based on mathematical morphology operations, which uses the coordinates (X, Y, Z) to identify the points of land and generate TDM. In addition, an integrated approach was designed classification vertical vegetation specific forest areas. Here, we studied the possibility of using the information intensity of each data LiDAR, to do a supervised classification of objects, which has led to discriminate between roads, buildings, vegetation high and low vegetation. In a second stage, we explored the ability of LiDAR to obtain automatic variables some special interest in forest management, for example, the number of feet, the height and tree cover. Subsequently, we studied its versatility in providing explanatory variables likely to be incorporated into models to estimate, in the case of forest attributes that can not be extracted directly. To obtain these variables were established empirical relationships based on two techniques: the variables at the level of mass and individual tree. Finally, we developed a methodology for the application of LiDAR in determining the structural risk of forest fires, associated with the fuel surface bush at the local level, where they took advantage of the ability of this laser sensor to provide high-resolution spatial data, including under tree cover presenting wooded forest areas of high production. The overall results were aware of the effectiveness of LiDAR in obtaining this type of variables. In the extraction of TDM, the methodology developed proved to be valid and can be used in such areas. However, we verify that there is no algorithm capable of overcoming all the adversities on the morphology presenting different surfaces. On the other hand, there were no significant differences between different methods in 8 terpolac d57 ion studied, with the density, the variable that can play a decisive role in selecting the interpolador reconstruction of TDM. The high density scrub of this forest area has been the main obstacle to study the accuracy of TDM. With regard to the classification of objects, the intensity allowed to separate vegetation lower remaining group of objects, the heights allowed to discriminate roads objects high and the texture was achieved isolate objects that have some altitudinal variation with respect to its neighbors . The methods of supervised classification study helped identify quite effective up to four classes of objects, however, it has not been possible to draw definitive conclusions on the same comparative, since there were no external data to conduct a more rigorous evaluation. It has demonstrated the validity of the data LiDAR, when extracting information for the modeling of the main variables of interest to forest management, using methods at mass. Thus, the results obtained in such important variables as average height and dominance of the mass area basimétrica and volume are quite promising in this regard, taking into account the difficulties of study area. It has been found that the density of laser pulses of 4 points / m² is low or inadequate when the size of the tops of the eucalyptus adults is reduced or presents a sharp defoliation, thereby hampering the delineation of the tree singles. It also appears from this study that model single tree could possibly be improved if a higher density of laser points allowed calculating the diameter of the pot for each tree. LiDAR has proven to be a useful tool for determining structural features relevant forest fuel, such as height, coverage, or the horizontal and vertical continuity. Have been able to determine topographic variables, variables and variable fuel antrópicas exclusively from data LiDAR. It has been found that the measurements made with this technology tend to underestimate the actual heights of vegetation. Finally, in light of the findings that emerged from this research, one can say that the technology LiDAR can get information from very different in nature and relevant in determining both the structural risk of forest fires, as other variables of particular interest to the cubicación forest, which will facilitate the conduct of forest inventories and forest fire prevention at the regional level and an agile way.