CHEMICAL SOIL

Author: MARTÍNEZ GUTIÉRREZ GABINO ALBERTO.
Year: 2003.
University: ALMERÍA [www.ual.es].
Place of defense: ESCUELA POLITECNICA SUPERIOR.
Place of preparation: UNIVERSIDAD DE ALMERÍA.

Summary: In different comoarcas agricultural sel southeastern Spanish coexist traditional agriculture in floor or ground midificado (sanding) and the cultivation hidropónico.Sin, increasingly, without increasing the surface soil of horticultural crops, and thus the demand for substrates. Most of the materialesactualmente used as substrates for this production system are synthetic origin, taking a serious environmental problem at the end of its cycle d use. It is therefore necessary to generate new knowledge in materials to replace or supplement the current, which debhen gather among other carcteristicas; be organic, recyclable at the end of its usefulness, native, available all year, close to the centers of consumption and cheap. In response to this problem, took place in the greenhouses at the University of Almeria, from April 2001 to February 2003, physical characterization, fisico-química chemical and biological the cáscada almond, as well as its evaluation agronomic comosustrato in the melon and tomato crops. In addition to its ability to reduce eutrophication of suelos.Utilizando as substrate witness to the wool roca.Los results showed that the values of the physical properties, chemical and biological weapons were found on the benchmarks, the ratio C / N was high puediendo impact on the immobilization of nitrogen. reuse shell almond comosustrato increased the values of all physical and chemical properties with the exception of the relation C / N and the cation exchange capacity and which fell. There was no diferncias between rock wool and almond shell for the production of melons and tomatoes, as well as in different granulometries. The largest volume of container slightly improved all parameters analyzed. The shell reused improved production in everyday usage and delivered to the ground less nitrates and phosphates that the rock wool. Concluding that the cáscada of almonds can be used successfully as an alternative substrate organic vegetables in a container, for up to 530 days of use, always deemed ls physical properties in scheduling irrigation.

Author: SAIZ DIAZ JOSE LUIS.
Year: 2003.
University: POLITÉCNICA DE MADRID [www.upm.es].
Place of defense: ESCUELA TÉCNICA SUPERIOR DE INGENIEROS DE MONTES.
Place of preparation: ESCUELA TÉCNICA SUPERIOR DE INGENIEROS DE MONTES.

Summary: This thesis has deepened in the environmental problem posed by mining waste of pyrite, either raw or transformed by washing or roasting. We analyzed separately aspects related to the properties of acid soils, the problems caused by high concentrations of metals and arsénicos. Relying on a network consisting of 168 research plots were established some benchmarks objectives, obtained from plots not affected vegetative cover of 100%, and marked the starting of the soil of mine, in order to identify needs corrective amendments able to modify the properties of the soil to situations closer to the benchmarks goals. It is therefore object of this study was to identify not only the method of calculating the corrective amendments, but also to test materials that give loans best result among selected (ash industry cellulose, foams and the sugar industry Compost waste) and plant develop greater resistance to this type of environment extremófilo among those selected (Pinus pinea, and Pinus pinaster Cistus ladanifer). Referring to the establishment of the Umbrian maximum target set from the plots natural unaffected directamnte by mining, it has been shown that the properties of these soils are characteristic of poor soils, in terms of soil, but that support coverage plant 100%. Moreover, tests conducted in areas including sen environment where mining has been observed presence of vegetation extremófila (Cistus ladanifer, Erica andevalensis and Erica australis) has measured the high acidity of the soil (median pH 3.4) and high total concentrations of trace elements (Fe, Hg, Cu, Pb, and As), which gives an idea of the conditions in which they live boundaries in a natural way some plant species. The affected soil are expressing an extreme acidity, total median pH 2.6 submit to turn a considerable poverty in essential nutrients, as evidenced by the results as a percentage of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus quantity; all in very poor levels over reference values consulted in the bibliography. The contents in zufre pirítico, median of 1.79% and pH values obtained oxidation, median 2.5, suggest the need to treat the soil to avoid the appearance of oxidation processes to increase further, if anything, the mobility of metals and arsenic abundates in this type of soil. Regarding the influence of pH on the survival and development of vegetation have been posido deduct the following conclusions: 1-A pH below 3.0., Survival is significantly low, even below 30%. At this pH range has shown a remarkable mobility of metals and Ace, which has led to the accumulation of high concentrations of metals and arsenic in lso tissues of the species tested. 2, Between pH 3.0 and 4.0., There is a notable improvement in the survival, but there is still uncertainty about the high percentage of this. In this situation the mobility of metals and decreases slowly staying active As the translocation of trace elements harmful to the vegetation. 3 - Above 4.0 survival is, in the vast majority of cases, more than 60%. This confirms that the definition of pH goal must always be above 4.0. With regard to the mobility of metals and arsenic in the soil dissolution, it is worth noting the remarkable influence of the iron, not only in the phenomena associated with ferric exercising buffer at pH around 2.5, but in the control it exerts in the mobility of certain metals 8 and to 739 rsénico, which is reinforced from pH 4.0 where cation Fe3 + precipitates enf mold of oxhiddróxidos of trivalent iron. As for the effectiveness of the materials used for loan recovery soil of mine (scum of the sugar industry, ashes from industry pulp and compost WPP), it appears that the worst response to treatment has given is the foam azucareza, still the best treatment ashes cellulose followed by the combination compost WPP more foam sugar. However, with regard to the response of vegetation except Cistus ladanifer, plots treated with materials encalantes have exceeded even the survival rates in natural soil. Regarding the response of vegetation, survival and development, to the application of the materials loan all species ensaydas have demonstrated a satisfactory adaptation to the systems acidic soils with pH above 3.5, giving survival rates in the plots pH above 4.2, since 68% of Cistus ladanfir, until 82% to Pinus pinea, being the most representative figure in the Pinus pinaster, with a 75% survival.

Author: SOLLA GULLON FERNANDO.
Year: 2004.
University: SANTIAGO DE COMPOSTELA [www.usc.es].
Place of defense: ESCOLA POLITECNICA SUPERIOR DE LUGO.
Place of preparation: ESCOLA POLITECNICA SUPERIOR DE LUGO.

Summary: Most of the 40.000-50.000 tonnes of ash is generated annually in biomass boilers of Galicia, located in the timber industry, are stored in landfill s authorized, but at present there is a proper reuse program. On the other hand, the intensive exploitation of forest plantations in Galicia, coupled with the absence of fertilization and the low fertility of the soil type, involving the removal of a significant amount of nutrients, especially in items such as P, Mg, Ca, and K Ytiende nutritionally unstable systems. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the response of the use of wood ash bark as enmendante and fertilizer from various youth planting of Pinus radiata, Pseudotsuga, mel ¡Zesii and Castanea x couderdique develop on different types of forest soil acids of Galicia ( granite, shale and sediment). The work consisted of a laboratory test prior five yen field trials. In one of the field tests were applied two doses of ashes in cobertera (5,000 kg ha-1 and 10,000 kg ha-1) and a dose of fertilizer mineral NPK 8:24:16 (150 g in hole) at the time of establishment of the plantation, while the remaining tests are provided two doses of ashes (10,000 kg ha-1 and 20,000 kg ha-1) on plantations already established 5 and 7 years of age prior to tangencia crown. In all these trials were conducted follow-up on some chemical and biological properties of soil, foliar analysis, measurement of growth, and in some trials, the accumulation of biomass and a first evaluation of the floristic composition accompanying wooded. All information gathered was treated statistically with analysis of variance covariance, repeated measures and non - parametric tests. The results showed the moderate encalante and fertilizing capacity of these ashes. These effects were demonstrated after temporarily increase the pH value at a maximum of 1 unit and the concentrations of Ca, Mg and K in the soil. Both the analysis of the soil and foliar not revealed worrying increases in the concentrations of microelements, despite the fact that some of the ashes used contenian moderate amounts of Mn and Ni. The contribution of ashes was a marked improvement of nutrition forest, mainly on those elements limiting growth tree. In some cases there was a slight decrease of N leaf, which can be positive in terms of stability and vitality of these plantations which generally have very high concentration of this element. As a result of the marked improvement in the nutritional status of these plantations, the contribution of ashes resulted in a positive response in growth, being larger in diameter than in height. The application of ash also resulted in greater biomass accumulation without causing a deterioration in the form of woodland in terms of greater ramosidad and branching. The alterations in the biological properties of soils were positive. At the same time, changes in the vegetation of leafy companion were evaluated positively with the attendant benefit of reducing the risk of fire. It concludes that if this practice is technically and economically feasible, it can be or 8 na inter 1d1 esante alternative safe reuse of this product.

Author: RUIZ CORTÉS EDUARDO.
Year: 2004.
University: SEVILLA [www.us.es].
Place of defense: INSTITUTO DE RECURSOS NATURALES Y AGROBIOLOGÍA DE SEVILLA.
Place of preparation: INSTITUTO DE RECURSOS NATURALES Y AGROBIOLOGÍA DE SEVILLA.

Summary: The soils are usually effective barrier against water pollution by metals, as the soluble forms of these are quickly frozen to form insoluble compounds, or be retained by the solid surfaces with high affinity for metal cations. These surfaces are present in the components or minerals in soil organic matter. Any deficiency of these metals, as well as their toxicity, stems in large measure not only by the amount present in the soil, but also by how they are. The mobilization or fixing metals in the soil depends on several factors, among which pay special attention to the pH and organic matter content. In particular, the presence of certain organic substances in the soil solution, able to form stable complexes with very soluble metals can cause mobilizing them and encourage their way to the water table. This may be the case with some organic waste are added to the soil as amendments, which because of its high organic content can form such complex, especially when they are rich in soluble components. Therefore study interactions between some metals and various organic substances, as well as the interaction of these metals with a soil that has received these organic substances with a view to a more rational use of them in agriculture. We have chosen three metals: copper, zinc and lead, whose presence in the system suelo-agua can have undesirable environmental effects, but the first two are both essential trace elements, and hence needed for the plants in small quantities. The organic substances were elected three amendments from various waste: composting municipal solid waste (MSW), provided by the treatment plant residues Villarasa (Huelva), a residue of trash (RP) from the pulp plant ENCE of San Juan del Puerto (Huelva), and a commercial product obtained from alpechín and other remnants agricultural called "Fertiormont" used in its solid form (RF) and liquid (FL). He also studied soil samples obtenídas from the surface layer (0-30) cm of sandy soil located in a ranch Cartaya (Huelva), which was treated for several years with these organic substances. The study of the behavior of these materials has been carried out both in the solid phase of the soil and amendments through experiments adsorción - desorción metal, as in the soluble components of the aqueous extracts of the amendments and fertiormont liquid through experiments the complexation of metal. To study the complex formed have been used: a cation exchange resin, selective electrodes copper and lead, and polarografía reverse pulse. As a result of this study will contribute to better understanding the effects of the use of organic amendments can cause on the availability of these metals. These effects could lead to a decrease in bioavailability, which sometimes can lead to situations of micronutrient deficiencies in the case of Cu and ln or otherwise provoking situations of excess metal becoming toxic to plants. The results of the experiments conducted to study the adsorption show in the case of the amendments the following order on the ability to retain metals: RP lower RF men 8 or RSU. 7 c6 In the case of soils, we see an increase in the adsorption of soils treated maintain the following order: SRSU lower SRP lower SRF minor ST. The order of adsorption of metals are as follows: lower Zn Pb Cu lower, although the proximity of the lines of solubility data from the adsorption isotherms of Cu and Pb to the lines of solubility of various compounds of these metals suggests that retention is closely related to precipitation processes. The ln is farthest from the ranks of solubility, and therefore is unlikely to be formed precipitates of ln in the pH range where we are. In conducting assessments of the acid aqueous extracts of waste, fertiormont solid is the one they have a greater concentration of active groups, and this material is also introducing a greater capacity to complejar Cu and Pb, according to the results the selective electrodes. The method used to calculate the capacity of complexation using a cation exchange resin is not applicable to several of the joint metal / adsorbent studied. The problems encountered when applying this methodology with some of these samples suggest therefore that this method is of limited applicability for amendments similar to those used here. The fertiormont liquid form complexes with labile Cu and Pb. The ability of this product for complexation of Cu, as measured by polarografía, is comparable to that calculated from the data obtained with the selective electrode Cu.

Author: SIMÒES MENDOÇA HORTA MONTEIRO MARIA DO CARMO.
Year: 2004.
University: CÓRDOBA [www.uco.es].
Place of defense: E.T. SUPERIOR DE INGENIEROS AGRÓNOMOS Y DE MONTES.
Place of preparation: E.T. SUPERIOR DE INGENIEROS AGRÓNOMOS Y DE MONTES..

Summary: The current accelerated eutrophication of aquatic systems is attributed in part to diffuse pollution in agricultural areas. Until now mátodos analítcos in use for cuantifiación P soil are very diverse and tallied P desorbible land targeted primarily agronomic. The goal dela this thesis was to provide information on the feasibility of the method of Olsen method universally known, in order to provide availability index P both agronomic and environmental. It took 32 soils, mostly acids and representative of agricultural areas of Portugal. In addition delas basic properties and forms of soil P dse characterized the dynamics of Pa through the sorption and desorption kinetics. The fitodisponibilidad P was evaluated in an experiment with plants grown in pots until exhaustion in P soil. It quantified the transfer of P from soil to water simulating what would happen in various aqueous environments through desorption ensuspensiones regarding soil. Dissolution 1:1000, 1:1000 and 1:10000, which simulate water drainage, and surface runoff, respectively. This experiment was developed in the long run. The results indicate that, in these soils, the method of Olsen presents a clear value agronomic infraestimanddo P fitodisponible. This infraestimación is markedly accentuated values for P Olsen higher than 50 mg / kg. The transfer P soil water appears to be controlled by a division of P forms between adsorbed and hasty. When predominate usperficies adsorbents adsorption is favored as opposed to the precipitation of phosphates. The method allows predecri desorption Olsen P soil water if in a multiple regression are some soil properties related to its ability to adsorb P are as different forms of Fe and Al. Simulations indicate that Olsen P values higher than 21 and 57 mg / kg respectively correspond to the points of change that accentuate sharply losses Pa. water drainage and water runoff or masses (rivers and lakes).

Author: NEGRIN MEDINA MIGUEL ANGEL.
Year: 2004.
University: LA LAGUNA [www.ull.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE QUIMICA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE BIOLOGIA.

Summary: The objective of this work focused on interpreting the interrelationships of phosphorus with aluminum, iron and organic matter in Andosoles and soil ándicos, their interaction with the dissolution of the soil and its impact on the bioavailability of phosphorus. They have investigated the following aspects of the interaction between the liquid and solid phases: (1) speciation of the dissolution of soil and different soil extracts, (2) use of enzyme tests to differentiate phosphorus organic organo- ore, (3) use of isotope techniques, (4) use of anion exchange resins and (5) calibration of the available phosphorus in biological tests. Highlights of the results of this research -llevada out in the laboratory, in the greenhouse and in the campo- heavy dependence presenting the reactions of phosphorus in the soil types of humidity, pH and concentration of phosphorus and as the close relationship between this element and aluminum, iron and amorphous organic matter. The results, together with the calibration tests, help to explain the high values of the so-called P available (for any of the methods used: Olsen, aqueous and resin) in connection with the optimal growth of crops as follows: 1 - The intimate relationship observed between P, Al (Fe) and organic matter both in solution and solid phase, determines a concentration of P free relatively low. 2 .- The solubility of amorphous phosphate similar type variscite and strengita, coupled with the high specific surface of the soil determines the ability of P saturation in Andosoles and soil ándicos. From the point of view analytical highlight two conclusions that fundamentally affect the process of extracting P in these soils: Â The fractionation of P in soil extracts given by Hedley et al. (1982), and its subsequent amendments, is not suited for this type of soil because the different fractions of P that are obtained with extraction processes "soft" as used in this work. Â The difficulty of using a specific method in the determination of available P for soil load variable as Andosoles and soil ándicos, lies in its reactivity, in the physical-chemical characteristics of the surfaces active and in the dynamics of the organic matter . This requires a thorough review of the concept of availability of P contemplating the intimate relations superficie-disolución taking place during the mobilization of these nutrients in soil and develop a methodology that allows ad hoc compatible with the proper calibration between P extracted and yields on crops, as well as in identifying the needs of phosphate fertilization that allows the conservation of these lands through a rational and sustainable use of them.

Author: PEREGRINA ALONSO FERNANDO.
Year: 2004.
University: POLITÉCNICA DE MADRID [www.upm.es].
Place of defense: E.T.S. INGENIEROS AGRONOMOS.
Place of preparation: ETSI AGRONOMOS.

Summary: In this paper provides an assessment of several agricultural products indusriales yesíferos and limestone as a correction of acidity in Palexerults of western Spain. The industrial products selected were phosphogypsum, yesorojo, dolomitic waste converter (DRC) and foams azucarería using a conventional gypsum and limestone as benchmarks. The present study aims to solve the problem on one side storage products in the industries and on the other to improving the agronomic characteristics of highly acidic soil and poor by an affordable way for farmers. To achieve the objectives, it raised a number of laboratory tests, field and productivity. In laboratory trials studied the effect of products sleeccionados applied in isolation or in combination on the complex dynamics of change and the dissolution of the soil through the use of columns wash with the Ap horizons and AB reconstructed and sampled water soil in these columns simulate one two washing cycles. Moreover raised another trial with columns of soil amended with the Rev phosphogypsum and yesorojo to be applied in various ways the DRC to study the ability of this product to offset losses Magnesium, which studied the effect of the application of phosphogypsum and yesorrojo next to the DRC. In greenhouse tests were conducted to evaluate the effect on the productivity of the Ap horizon for the implementation of presenting amendments yesíferos and limestone, and the joint implementation of the by-products yesíferos and DRC. Among the results obtained in each of the tests described highlights: Among the enmedantes limestone foam has a neutralizer power of the higher acidity and increases the availability of phosphorus in the soil. Both exercising their main purpose in the Ap horizon surface, where increases the pH, Ca change, drastically reduced the Al exchange and increasing CICe, with its effect on the horizon AB lower. The plaster, sofoyeso and yesorrojo, affecting both Ap horizons and AB, causing a temporary drop in pH (which is recovered with the progress of washing), the Ca exchange increases, decreases the Al change, and cause serious loss of Mg and Na and to a lesser extent K. The joint application of foam azucarería with phosphogypsum or yesorojo induce in the Ap effects similar to the foam you in pH, Ca and Al exchange, and CICe and similar to the product yesífero in Mg, Na, K change . On the horizon AB induces changes similar to those of byproduct yesífero. The effect on the dynamics of the composition of the soil dissolution is a reflection of the changes observed in the complex change. Within delos presenting amendments yesíferos, phosphogypsum differ Al speciation in the dissolution of soil due mainly to its content Fluorine. The Waste Dolomíticos of convertiro (DRC) are effective correction of the losses caused Mg in the ground for the implementation of presenting amendments yesíferos, its action is more effective when applied once the amendments yesíferas have experienced some washing. In the short term, all products yesíferos and limestone tested Ap increase productivity, and the increased production caused by the foam azucarería. Of the two products yesíferos, Durum wheat Triticum aestivum, responded better to yesorojo that phosphogypsum. The implementation of the DRC in conjunction with products yesíferos increase productivity.

Author: MICÓ LLOPIS CAROLINA.
Year: 2004.
University: VALENCIA [www.uv.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE FARMACIA.
Place of preparation: CENTRO DE INVESTIGACIONES SOBRE DESERTIFICACIÓN (CIDE).

Summary: Heavy metals in agricultural soils appear in a natural way, mostly come from the weathering of the material originates. However, the agrarian system can be affected by anthropogenic activities developed in the vicinity of these soils and the same agricultural practices. Due to the diversity of sources which can increase the content of heavy metals in agricultural soils, studies are required to evaluate the content and distribution of heavy metals, for estimating environmental quality and productive of these soils and prevent its further deterioration. Moreover, when addressing a study for the characterization of soil contamination by heavy metals, it is also necessary to establish quality standards for soil, ie background levels and benchmarks, in order to discern between soil contents normal and contaminated soils. The overall objective is to characterize raised the current state of agricultural soils with horticultural crops in the province of Alicante (Valencia). To achieve that objective, they have raised different specific objectives: (1) analyze soil properties and characteristics of these agricultural soils; (2) determine the content and total extractable nine heavy metals (Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn) in 54 soil samples, randomly selected, (3) determine the content of heavy metals above in some horticultural crops, especially in those plots that have high content in soil, (4) study statistics relationship (correlation, regression, factor analysis and cluster analysis) between different variables analyzed, and (5) make a proposal to background levels and reference values for heavy metals in this type of soil. The results indicate that the contents and total extractable heavy metals are similar to those found in the peer-reviewed literature, with the exception of some plots with high content of total Cr, Cu and Pb, and high extractable fraction for the Cd, Cu and Pb. As for the content of heavy metals in the horticultural crops, most of the analyzed samples do not exceed the maximum permitted levels set by the legislation, except for some samples with high contents of Cd. These findings recommend to conduct further studies to assess the risk posed by the presence of these concentrations on human health and the environment. Finally, we have proposed levels of background and reference values for heavy metals that are useful for the implementation of Law 10/1998 for the declaration of contaminated soil under a horticultural use irrigation. The comparative study of the plots analyzed with the values proposed means there is no soil heavily contaminated by human activities contaminants, while the 37% of the plots exceed the benchmarks proposed, it would be advisable to conduct additional research. Finally, 63% of the plots presented contents of heavy metals below the benchmarks established, and therefore reflect an acceptable quality.

Author: FERNÁNDEZ COVELO EMMA.
Year: 2004.
University: VIGO [www.uvigo.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS EXPERIMENTALES.
Place of preparation: UNIVERSIDAD DE VIGO.

Summary: In order to assess the competitive adsorption and desorption of six heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb and Zn), soils, establish sequences selective adsorption and retention and analysis of the contribution of various components of soil adsorption and retention competitive, we selected a set of soil with different mineralogical and chemical characteristics that are intended to be representative of some of the more common types of Galicia who are receiving various types of inputs that contain heavy metals various materials: mica, caolinita , sepiolite, and has been synthesized in the laboratory oxides of iron and manganese. We characterized soils showing significant differences in the components and properties with more influence on the ability of fixation. It developed the adsorption and desorption isotherms of metals in soils and other materials. All isotherms were comporaron with models Freundlich, Langmuir and BET. The results indicated that the adsorption and desorption reactions of most metals in different soils, and most of the materials can not be described by the outstanding and curvature of the isotherms, which are very plot Irregular indicating interactions between different metals and competition for the adsorption sites. Only Pb adsorption isotherms are generally type H and desroción type L, which concluded that the Pb +2 competes favorably, especially with Cb +2, Ni +2 and Zn +2, by adsorption sites. The most weakly fixed in the process of adsorption are Cd, Ni and Zn, as they are desrobidos almost entirely. We have demonstrated antagonism between amounts of adsorbed Cu and Cr, and between retained after the stage desorption. The adsorption and desorption isotherms of metals by clay materials selected are relatively highly irregular and not in conformity with the predictive models, except for adsorption of metals by sepiolite that are of type H conform to the model of Langmuir and the desorption, type L, as Freundlich. The most appropriate parameter for estimating the capacity of adsorption, or retention, individually or jointly by the different metals and materials soil is the distribution coefficient (Kd or Kespecies) calculation for the concentration of dissolved added (100 mg L 1) from which decreases adsorció, or retention, Cd, Ni and Zn. Soils that adsorb more quantity, as a whole, of the metals produced are of high content of vermiculite in his clay fraction. The selectivity sequences indicate that, in general, soil adsorb and retain more Pb, Cu and Cr that Ni, Cd and Zn. Lead is a metal that has a top position in the sequence selectivity adsorption by all soils. After the desorption process remains in first place in the sequence selectivity retention of most soils, although in some, Cr and Zn are preferentially retained, depending on the mineralogical composition of the clay fraction and the content of Mn oxides. Explanatory models have been developed for the adsorption capacity and retention of all heavy metals in soils, indicating the dominant contribution of humus to these processes. These models indicate that the organic matter content influences the adsorption of all metals in soils, but only on the retention of Cu, Pb and Zn. The amount of vermiculite in the clay fraction of the soil affects the ability of adsorption of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni and Pb and retention of Cd, Cr, Cu and Zn. 8 The cont 4cf enido of free manganese oxides influence on the adsorption capacity of Cd and Zn and retention of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni and Pb. Competition among metals, especially among Cu and Cr affect the adsorption capacity and retention of each of them. Choosing properties determination simple, accessible and economic health were developed predictive models of the total amount, and each of the metals, which may set soils with similar characteristics. It has been deduced the cation exchange capacity and effective content of organic matter and oxides free can predict the total amount of metal that may set soil and the quantity of each of the metals may retain are most affected by the the other competitive ions by the characteristic of the soil.

Author: FERNANDES MARÍA DA CONCEIÇAO.
Year: 2004.
University: SEVILLA [www.us.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE QUÍMICA.
Place of preparation: INSTITUTO DE RECURSOS NATURALES Y AGROBIOLOGÍA DE SEVILLA.

Summary: It has studied the behavior of two fungicide metalaxyl, triciclazol and herbicide traisulfurón in soils of Lower alentejo (Portugal) and Western Andalusia (Spain) and the effect that the addition of organic amendments is in its dynamics on the ground. Adsorción - desorción studies showed that the adsorption increased in the order triasulfuron lower metalaxyl lower triciclazol. The adsorption triciclazol is more that of metalaxyl irreversible, and both the organic matter (OM) as clay soil are key components in this process for both fungicides. The adsorption triasulfuron is very weak and reversible, and is inversely related to the pH. Accordingly, for triasulfuron dissipation and mobility in the soil are higher than for metalaxyl and triciclazol, metalaxyl being more mobile and less persistent triciclazol on the floor. It has studied the organic component d read soluble organic amendments used in this study using the technique of fluorescence spectroscopy. The results of fluorescence of the soluble MO (MOS) of the amendments fertiormont solid (FS), fertiormont liquid (FL) and the residual organic alperujo (A) illustrate the formation of these different: while the MOS FS comprises complex and aromatic molecules with high levels of humidification (HIX) SOM FL and A is made up for polar molecules of low molecular weight low HIX. This fraction is also the most is absorbed into the ground. Adding organic soil amendments has been affecting the behavior of pesticides. The adsorption of pesticides in soil amended with FS, FL and A normally increases compared with the respective original soil, with the exception of metalaxyl in the soil P10 (high clay content and high adsorption capacity of metalaxyl), as amended, with FL, in which the adsorption decreases because of competition from the MOS for the same adsorption sites on the surface of mineral soil. The half-life of metalaxyl and triciclazol in amended soil is higher than in the original soil, while mobility in general decreases after the addition of amendments. In addition, the SOM of the amendments FL and A has been available from the mobility of these fungicides. Over time residence in the soil, the MOS of soils amended with FS is not altered significantly, or its effect on the adsorption of fungicides. However, the large reduction in MOS FL and A with aging involves the adsorption of metalaxyl and triciclazol, and its effects depend on the pesticide, nature of the MOS and soil types, in particular, the composition of the fraction clay.

Author: IÑIGO MENDOZA VICTORIA.
Year: 2005.
University: LA RIOJA [www.unirioja.es].
Place of defense: UNIVERSIDAD DE LA RIOJA.
Place of preparation: UNIVERSIDAD DE LA RIOJA.

Summary: SUMMARY THESIS DOCTORAL "CONTENT AND DISTRIBUTION OF HEAVY METALS IN THE SOIL OF NATURAL RIOJA" MADE BY VICTORIA IÑIGO MENDOZA. La Rioja has 5,034 kms but because of its location northeast of the Iberian Peninsula between the River Ebro and the Iberian presents a wide variation in their characteristics, so that it can be divided into two distinct areas: the Valley and the Sierra. The Valley is very humanized in front of the Sierra that has suffered the least human intervention. It is in the latter where most of the natural spaces present. The objective of this paper is to analyze the content of heavy metals present in the area of the Sierra de La Rioja, studying their distribution across the surface of study and the main source of the content. This has been muestrado 125 locations distributed throughout the study area, taking the horizon soil sample surface and the deeper or next to the rock. We analyzed the contents and total bioavailable cadmium, zinc, copper, manganese, nickel and lead. Then a study has been made estádistico broad. Statistical common multivariate analysis and geostatistical study. In this way we have obtained the contents of heavy metals studied, their distribution over the study area, and has pointed to the source of these metals.

Author: MARÍN MENDEZ ÁLVARO JOSÉ.
Year: 2005.
University: LA RIOJA [www.unirioja.es].
Place of defense: UNIVERSIDAD DE LA RIOJA.
Place of preparation: UNIVERSIDAD DE LA RIOJA.

Summary: The study has been physical and chemical parameters and levels of heavy metals (total and bioavailable) from 106 soil of vineyards in the Rioja DOCa in both area and depth. Heavy metals were elected: cadmium, zinc, copper, manganese, nickel and lead. Heavy metals are dangerous in large amounts, for its toxicity as cadmium and lead and others are essential to life at low concentrations such as zinc, copper, manganese and nickel. When comparing the values obtained with international literature, we see that all the elements are below these levels except copper introducing highest values. We also carried out the distribution maps of the physical and chemical parameters (pH, organic matter%%% Clay and carbonates total), and heavy metals studied both in their ways and in their total and bioavailable in their populations. The soils of vineyards in the Rioja DOCa have an acceptable quality but must streamlined agricultural practices. Draws attention in the study of high levels of organic matter% on the horizon deep, even higher than the surface. This is due to soil type (Fluvisol) and the preparation of comprehensive mechanical ground through desfonde.

Author: Escoto Valerio Marlon Oniel.
Year: 2005.
University: GRANADA [www.ugr.es].
Place of defense: Facultad de Ciencias.
Place of preparation: Edafología y Química Agrícola.

Summary: The soil is the receiver, par excellence, of pollution, since interacts with the atmosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere and also receives the impact of the living. This interaction makes the chemical equilibrium established he can break at any given time. Until this chemical imbalance established occurs, there is a reaction period, during which the soil has the capacity to respond to impacts from reaching you. This responsiveness of the media, promoting reactions neutralization, precipitation, adsorption. Was known as buffering capacity or capacity buffer. When the buffer capacity is exceeded, that is when the problems begin and you can talk about pollution (Macias, 1993). This paper shows the distribution of the concentrations of heavy metals in the soil of the province of Malaga, considering the physiographic features, soil and lithological. It includes a detailed description and distribution

Author: HITA NIETO RAUL.
Year: 2005.
University: CÓRDOBA [www.uco.es].
Place of defense: E.T.S.I. AGRONOMOS Y MONTES.
Place of preparation: E.T.S.I. AGRONOMOS Y MONTES.

Summary: On April 25, 1998 broke down the walls of the retention basin Aznalcóllar, vertiéndose a large volume of water polluted by heavy metals and mud pirítico containing sphalerite (ZnS), and other metal sulphides. The central objective of this thesis was to evaluate the fitodisponibilidad Zn in the soil remediated. To find out what factors affect the release of Zn and its shift to other forms of alteration experiments were conducted in vitro mud. It discussed ways of Zn in soils contaminated / recovered, which has led to evaluate the result of the disruption of sludge in soils of different features, and studied the relationship between the Zn-making by plants and certain characteristics of soils (Zn forms and other chemical properties). It was found that the rate of oxidation of sphalerite significantly increased when mixed with the mud of Aznalcóllar or an array pirítica reference, which was attributed to the interaction galvanic. The addition of calcite did not significantly affect the rate of oxidation of sphalerite, formed carbonates (hydroxy) and Zn (oxy) hydroxides little crystalline Fe containing Zn in the form occluded. Oxidation by Fe3 + was less important due to galvanic effect. The rapid oxidation of sphalerite mud, it is necessary that a quick response in similar accidents. It collected 31 soil samples in November 2000 and 32 in June 2001. Contain residual amounts of pyrite and sphalerite up to 109 and 3.5 g kg-1 respectively. The greatest degree of oxidation of the remaining samples was accompanied by an increase in the amount of Fe oxides, which ocluían Zn. The best estimator of the availability of Zn in soils studied was the concentration of Zn citrate with removable? Bicarbonate soil. It was found that the ratio between it and phosphorus removable by the method of Olsen had a good ability to predict the concentration of Zn leaf, which can be explained by the possible interaction Zn-P on the floor.

Author: ESCOTO VALERIO MARLON ONIEL.
Year: 2005.
University: GRANADA [www.ugr.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS.
Place of preparation: EDAFOLOGÍA Y QUÍMICA AGRÍCOLA.

Summary: The soil is the receiver, par excellence, of pollution, since interacts with the atmosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere and also receives the impact of the living. This interaction makes the chemical balance established he can break at any given time. Until this chemical imbalance established occurs, there is a reaction period, during which the soil has the capacity to respond to impacts from reaching you. This responsiveness of fear, promoted reactions neutralization, precipitation, adsorption. Was known as buffering capacity or capacity buffer. When that capacity is exceeded, that is when the problems begin and you can talk about pollution (Macias, 1993). This paper shows the distribution of the concentrations of heavy metals in the soil of the province of Malaga, considering the physiographic features and litologicas. Includes in detail the distribution and toxicity by heavy metals in soils and sedimientos of the Green River Basin (Malaga) as a representative unit of values anomalous metals that are linked primarily to peridotitic rocks. The manner in which they are heavy metals in soils and sediments of water bodies determines its biodisponbilidad and therefore their toxicity (Salomons and Fóster, 1980), which explores the different fractions as far concentrations totals they are not representative of pollution potential (Jain and Sharma, 2001). Finally include toxicity studies soluble heavy metals content in soils and sediments on the root elongation of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.), as biondicador of pollution.

Author: LOPEZ CUADRADO MARIA CRUZ.
Year: 2005.
University: POLITÉCNICA DE MADRID [www.upm.es].
Place of defense: E.T.S. INGENIEROS AGRONOMOS.
Place of preparation: E.T.S. INGENIEROS AGRONOMOS.

Summary: There are a lot of organic products from different activities of production and consumption that can be reused, recycled and recovered. In this regard, the production of ornamental plants and green areas is an interesting recovery for this type of material to be used as components of growing media, thereby minimizing the environmental impact posed by the exclusive use or control of peat as a component substrate. The objective of this study is to characterize different growing media, prepared with mixtures of organic residual materials, with different backgrounds, comparing them with traditional substrates in the ornamental industry. It also raises study the behavior at different times of the year as selected substrates alternative culture medium and analyze the response agronomic three species of ornamental container. The characterization of materials has been done, basically following the norm UNE-EN, through the study of physical properties as physico-chemical and chemical nine growing media. In addition to a comparative analysis of two methodologies to determine the characteristic curve of moisture at low succiones, standard UNE-EN 13041 expanded and the method of De Boodt. The choice of products was carried out considering the waste composted organic materials existing in the Madrid region and bordering areas: urban product (vegetable remains pruning and gardening, with composted sludge WPP), agricultural product (residue of mushroom cultivation and pomace grape) and forest-product (composted pine bark). These materials are mixed with peat and perlite, depending on the case to adjust their properties. Substrates were used traditional base TOTAL 276turba control of the trials. Initially there were two previous trials in order to meet growing methods suitable for each crop and its varieties, particularly implementation of fitorreguladores. Subsequently, it carried out a total of three Tests Osteospermum ecklonis, Pelargonium zonale and Dianthus caryophyllus with the aim of studying the behavior of the proposed alternative substrates. In each case, we studied the evolution of the properties of these substrates along the growing cycle. Likewise, assessed the response of vegetation each of the ornamental species selected on the basis of a number of parameters which advocate the development of the art aerial and root, in addition to the commercial quality of the final format. From the results obtained in relation to the study of the comparison of methods to calculate the characteristic curve of moisture in five growing media from different sources, it is noted that there are differences between applying the method of De Boodt and proposed by the standard UNE-EN . Specifically, substrates more varied, depending on the method applied, as are those with major component pine bark. In prior testing of growing conditions confirms that the cultivation area of the Community of Madrid, the most appropriate treatment is the lowest concentration of chloride clormecuat used, since there was a saving of the product without diminishing the final quality plant. There are differences in the properties identified in the initial substrates by source and the percentage of peat of its membership. However, all of them to respond correctly handling applied in different cycles. In growing O.ecklonis highlights, for its further development, the mix of plants with spent mushroom compost and the substrate control based peat and perlite. Both have agreed pH greater than 7, the lower level of phosphorus in plant and lower substrate and manganese content in plants. The substrate control based peat and mixed with 80% of composted pine bark, have the lowest values in the parameters that indicate des 8 arrollo 7fd air and root of the plant, coinciding with the presence of a higher content of manganese plants in lower pH in the substrate. In cultivation P.zonale true, plants that have greater development are obtained with the mixture with 80% of pine bark and the substrate control based peat. Both agree capabilities have aeration and lowest percentages of readily available water taller than the rest, pH less than 6, a higher content of phosphorus, and substrate plant at the end of the crop, and higher content of manganese plant and chlorophyll in the first phase of the trial. The trial of D.caryophulluys confirms the results obtained in the trial of P.zonale, stressing also the mixture with 50% of residual pruning composted sludge with WPP, with a good vegetative development and pH in the substrate close to 7 . As a conclusion it can be said that all alternative substrates tested under growing conditions of the Community of Madrid, have resulted in good quality plants with a format suitable for sale. It was in this way that justifies the use of peat majority is not strictly necessary, because the crops respond in a similar manner with substrates based spent mushroom compost, pine bark or remnants of pruning, with small changes in their properties by adding small quantities of peat.

Author: JIMÉNEZ CÁRCELES FRANCISCO JOSÉ.
Year: 2006.
University: POLITÉCNICA DE CARTAGENA [www.upct.es].
Place of defense: E.T.S. DE INGENIERÍA AGRONÓMICA.
Place of preparation: ESCUELA TÉCNICA SUPERIOR DE INGENIERÍA AGRONÓMICA. UNIVERSIDAD POLITÉCNICA DE CARTAGENA.

Summary: The present work has been studied water and soil of a coastal wetland southeastern Spanish, salador the Navy's Carmolí, on the shores of Lake del Mar Menor (Murcia). The territory, which coexist tourism and an important agricultural activity, receives significant environmental impacts, including eutrophic water discharges, agricultural and urban origin, and the presence of mining waste from the extractive industries that developed in the nearby Sierra de La Unión-Cartagena. The objectives of this study were: 1-Know if the wetland receives eutrophic waters and to establish the extent to which it operates by filtering excess nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus), thereby reducing the risk of eutrophication in the Mar Menor. 2-To assess the risk of contamination due to the presence of mining waste with high content of heavy metals in the area. 3-To determine whether changes in the distribution of vegetation found in the salt marsh between 1991 and 2004 may be affected by changes in soil conditions and whether they, in turn, may be related to the impacts they receive, so the plants can be used as bioindicators of those impacts. To achieve the goals 1 and 2, we explored the water from two channels draining the salt marsh before entering it, as well as inside it, which was sampled surface water from the soil solution and in subsurface several pitches installed for this purpose. También se analizaron numerosas muestras de suelo con el propósito de establecer el papel de los suelos en la retención de fósforo y analizar sus contenidos en metales pesados y arsénico. To achieve the third objective, it was a study with data collected between 1991 and 1993 and between 2002 and 2004 in which he compared certain soil conditions and the distribution of different plant species. Results of the analysis indicated that the lake water and its surroundings were eutrophic waters, home and agricultural waste, increasing the risk of eutrophication of ecosystems, and that the wetland serves as an effective filter green retaining nutrients that lead to it . In addition, the wetland soils were a sink of phosphorus contributed by water from the wadi, which was set to mainly composed of calcium and to a lesser extent, the oxides of iron and aluminum. The data indicated that the wetland soils are heavily contaminated by heavy metals and arsénicos, but the presence of calcium carbonate and conditions anóxicas favors that most of them are stranded. Activities anthropic as increasing fertirrigación in the region appear to be the causes of observed changes in the distribution of salt marsh vegetation, which have resulted in increases in flooding and decrease in salinity in soils, favorecíendose expansion as a species Sarcocornia fruticosa, Pharagmites australis and Juncus maritimus.