GEOLOGY

Author: CAJA RODRҍGUEZ MIGUEL ҁNGEL.
Year: 2003.
University: COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID.
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS GEOLÒâGICAS.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE CC. GEOLÒâGICAS.

Summary: The ÃÂ ¡rea study focuses on the sub Western Basin Maestrazgo (Chain IbÃÂ © rich), Aliaga, and Penyagolosa Galvez, which were filled during the CretÃÂ ¡cico lower fluvial sandstones interbedded with lacustrine carbonates evolving into roof a marine carbonates. The caracterÃÂsticas petrogrÃÂ ¡graphic of the three sandstone formations sin-rift (facies Weald): 1-Predominance of grains of quartz with violet luminescence home igneo and subordinadamente marrÃÂ ³ n, home metamÃÂ ³ rfico (mÃÂ ¡s abundant in Sandstone infrayacentes of Mora and Castellar). 2-Increasing the amount of feldespato-K toward the ceiling (Fm. Camarillas). 3-Predominance of rock fragments metamÃÂ ³ rficos low and middle grade in the sandstone below. 4 - The rise of rock fragments plutÃÂ ³ nicos toward the ceiling. The caracterÃÂsticas geoquÃÂmicas are: 1-Trend calco-alcalina with impoverishment in Nb, Sr, P and Ti and enrichment in Rb, U. La, Nd, Zr and Y, in all sandstone, which is comparable to the rocks granÃÂticas System Central and the Montes de Toledo. 2 - Pattern of trace elements and REE metasedimentos comparable to the mountains of Toledo. 3 - Guideline of the shale (similar to PAAS and slates of Paleozoic of the Cordillera IbÃÂ © rich). 4, Major-REE abundance of elements in the sandstones of Mora. 5-ComposiciÃÂ ³ n quÃÂmica of Tourmalines (plover) in the sandstones are comparable to those in rocks granÃÂtico-gneisicas System Central. The combinaciÃÂ ³ n data petrograficos and geoquÃÂmicos suggests a contribution from rocks of the Massif IbÃÂ © rich granitos-gneises System of Central and Montes de Toledo, with input from subordinates metapelites and rocks metamÃÂ ³ rficas, ademÃÂ ¡s of the slates of Paleozoic the Cordillera IbÃÂ © rich. The observed differences in signal processing. Mora estarÃÂan linked at the beginning of tilting of the sub-Penaygolosa when todavÃÂa not habÃÂa lifted and erosinado the Central System, which is reflected as ÃÂ ¡rea source in the sediments of Castellar and Camarillas. The processes diagenÃÂ © Costa Ricans have been: 1 - The compactaciÃÂ ³ n mecÃÂ ¡nica and quÃÂmica which has caused the reducciÃÂ charges of porosity and has limited the precipitaciÃÂ ³ n cement tardÃÂos. 2 - The precipitaciÃÂ ³ n quartz cement. 3, - cements carbonÃÂ ¡ticos associated with fractures and faults, with the precipitaciÃÂ charges of saddle dolomite (Th- 110 to 155ÃÂ ° C) and calcite (Th = 160-260ÃÂ ° C). 4 - The transformaciÃÂ charges of caolinita in dickita. 5 - The Complete albitizaciÃÂ charges in the sandstones of Fm. Mora. SegÃÂ seventh No model tÃÂ © rmico done for the sub-Penyagolosa, sediments studied habrÃÂan buried up to 1700 meters with a temperature of 65ÃÂ ° C. However, high palcotemperaturas from the reflectance of the vitrinita (125 to 150ÃÂ ° C) and temperatures homogenizaciÃÂ charges of fluid inclusions in quartz cement, transformaciÃÂ charges of caolinita in dickita, or the presence of hydrothermal stages of dolomite saddle and calcite associated with fractures and faults during elperiodo x tensiÃÂ charges of Mioceno-Plioceno, implicarÃÂa the presence of conditions tÃÂ © rmicas mÃÂ ¡s high-related circulaciÃÂ charges of hydrothermal fluids from brines of the evaporites triÃÂ ¡sicas and the Lias. These fluids podrÃÂan be related to those involved in the events of generaciÃÂ charges of Mississippi Valley-type mineralization (Pb-Zn and Hg-Sb-Cu) during Santoniense and Daniense characterized by several authors for Basin Maestrazgo.

Author: GONZÁLEZ LAGUNA RUTH.
Year: 2004.
University: COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID.
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE CC. GEOLOGICAS.
Place of preparation: DPTO. DE PETROLOGIA Y GEOQUÍMICA - FACULTAD DE CC. GEOLOGICAS.

Summary: In the granite massif of La Cabrera has been represented largely dela hydrothermal activity that has taken place in the Sierra de Guadarrama. The textural study of the mineral accessories SEM alterations can be divided into 3 types: Type I: Concerns weakly to most of the granite (alteration Regional weak) and is particularly intense in the halos of cavities miarolíticas and bands dealteración with no visible fractures within. The alteration features are: Biotita Clorita + Ep (TR) / Ep ss; Ilmenita - Titanita + Anatasa; Monacita and Xenotima - Ep TR + Apatito +-Torita; Zircon - Titanita; Allanita - Titanita - Ep TR + Ep ss Type II; affects the central bands alteration complex with fracturing. The minrales hydrothermal features are as follows; Monacita (R) - Monacita (II) + Xenotima (II) + Torita and Type III: Located in the most internal bands with complex fracturing and halos of cavities miarolíticas. The mineralogical characteristics are as follows: rutile, Pirita, Hematites (Goetita), calcite, Cabronato KT, Cloria fibrosoradiaba. At the side of inlcuisones fluid (PIFS) granite massif of La Cabrera, were able to recognize two general types of fluids for their chemical composition: Fluent A belongs to the system H2O-NaCl- (KCI). The salinity is low to moderate (0.16 +5.3% p.eq NaCl) and a wide range of Thom: between 125 and 343Â ° C. Fluent B belongs to the system H2O-NaCl- (KCl) -CaCl2. The salinity is moderate to high (from 9 to 28% eq.NacL) and Thom are lower (62 to 194Â ° C). We have identified five episodes microfracturación, of which four have been recognized in the PIFS with fluid type A: 1) M1 (Thmodal = 260-280Â ° C; Family NS) 2) M2 (Thmodal = 210-240Â ° C; Family NS and EO ) 3) M3 (Thmodal = 160-180Â ° C; Family NS) 4) Without clear fashion but could be represented M1, M2 and M3 (Family NO-SE and NE-SO). With fluid type B 5) M4: (Thmodal = 90-130Â ° C; Family NS and EO). Through the study of fault analysis population (APF) has been possible to include tensors deduction for each station in 3 groups according (HMAX). GROUP I tensor paloesfuerzos way to the stations on a tear presents a HMAX of 93.3Â °. The only tensor contract extension deducted brings a HMAX of 110.5Â °. GROUP II tensor paloesfuerzos way to the stations on a tear, it provides a HMAX of 35.7Â °. The tensor paloesfuerzos means to the stations under the extension, presneta a HMAX of 27.4Â °. GROUP III tensor paleoesfuerzos half tended a HMAX of 135.2Â °. The tensor paleoesfuerzos half would HMAX of 137-1Â seventh. Group I represents on the one hand, for the formation of veins W (Sn) and porphyry dikes associated with a field of efforts compressive direction NO-SE with the development of desgarres typical end-of-cycle Hercínico and otherwise, the corresponding alterations episiníticas associated with normal faults with an address extension main N10-20Â º E. At least part of the directions of shortening application in the group tensors I have relates to the PIFS with primary address NO-SE with fluid Type A. Group I represents the oldest fragile tectonic events detected in the granite massif and at least in part for the beginning of the cycle Alpine. Group II is related to the primary address PIFS with NS fluid with Type A and with the primary address NNE-ESO (NS) PIFS with fluid type B. Both are congrurentes with the formation of barren quartz veins and veins fluorita-barita in the Sierra de Guadarrama. Group III would result from the reactivation of older faults and fractures generation horizontal 8 with ause 32c ncia an intense fracturing in the granite and the consequent percolation fluid.

Author: GARCÍA MAYORDOMO JULIAN.
Year: 2004.
University: COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID.
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE CC GEOLOGICAS.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS GEOLÓGICAS.

Summary: The analysis of the seismic hazard in the SE.de Spain is approached from the perspective of geological and geophysical data available. First establishing a model sources sismogenéticas distinguishes two basic types: flaws and areas. In the first case are considered fllas whose maximum recurrence of the event is less than 10,000 years. In the second case establishing some areas on the basis of the relationship between the resistance of the upper crust, and geothermal gradient occurrence of simicidad. Based on this model, and considering different assumptions about the occurrence of the events maximum is calculated in terms of dangerousness throttle acceleration and spectral.

Author: CRESPO FEO ELENA.
Year: 2004.
University: COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID.
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE CC. GEOLOGICAS.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE CC. GEOLOGICAS.

Summary: The origin of the graphite is linked to two types of processes: the transformation of the organic matter in sediments due to regional or contact metamorphism, called graphite singenético and direct precipitation from fluids containing carbonic species, called graphite epigenético graphite or type vein. "This report has dealt with the study of the similarities and differences between the geological and mineralogical characteristics of the two genetic types of graphite by studying various mineralization of both origin. To that end, we selected as areas of study Band Metamorphic Suite de Aracena (BMA) in Huelva, Horcajuelo de la Sierra (Madrid) and the Serranía de Ronda (Malaga) and Beni Bousera (Morocco). Study of graphite singenético in the BMA (Huelva) has established the this mineral capacity as a criterion and as reconstruction paleogeográfica ore valid to establish or verify stratigraphic correlations between different series lithological containing it. The presence of graphite detritico in materials Paleozoicos has identified the existence of an episode prior to the metamorphic orogeny Varisca . mineralization Horcajuelo de la Sierra (Madrid) evidence geological, mineralogical and isotopic indicate that the remobilization natural graphite is a possible alternative mechanism for generating concentrations of graphite morphology vein. Graphite epigenético appears in the BMA as recrecimientos on crystals of graphite singenético and veins within granulitas mafic. Early pervasivo are linked to the flow of fluids associated with an event during the extensional orogeny Varisca, while the second is due to a flow channeled. rocks of peridotitic Serranía de Ronda and Beni Bousera, graphite precipitated from carbon incorporated into the mantle during subduction. Carbon, concentrated in molten waste processes inmiscibilidad. crystallized as graphite sheet and replacing relict diamond grafitizados causing nodular aggregates. results obtained for the graphite singenético studied have reflected that the process of grafitización (metamorphic evolution of matter orgáiúca scattered in the sediments) is a mechanism that gives rise to giafito with some structural characteristics, thermal and compositional very definitive and that are related reached by grade metamorphic rocks containing it. Any variation in these features are linked to processes outside the grafitización. hand, graphite epigenético introduced some structural features very homogeneous place the major differences in the isotopic composition. This is linked mainly the origin of the carbon from which the ore is generated. The presence or absence of graphite mineralization epigenético not due solely to the composition and natUIaleza of fluids from which precipitates, but also to the trajectories PT developers rock encajantes and generating routes suitable for the movement of these fluids (fracturing processes).

Author: GOMEZ HERAS MIGUEL.
Year: 2004.
University: COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID.
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE CC.GEOLOGICAS.
Place of preparation: INSTITUTO DE GEOLOGIA ECONOMICA.

Summary: The deterioration térmicode the materialespétreos to frame a rea1idad complejaque induye two fundamental mechanisms: The call by weathering sunstroke, associated with environmental cycles of temperature change, and detelioro caused by the fire. The beginning of the discussion on these mechanisms can be traced back to the nineteenth century. However, so far there has been a relative lack of knowledge of the full scope of thermal deterioration in the stone naturaL This thesis explores various issues relating to the processes of deterioration ténnico and its impact on stone quarrying. The research is divided into two major subgroups of deterioration in the range from room temperature and high temperature. In both cases including laboratory analysis of the response ténnica of stone to the different ranges of temperature variation. In the case of temperature cycling environmental schemes are studied temperature distribution on the surface and within the maierial and its implications in generating various forms of deterioration such as granular disintegration and desplacado. It also explores the influence that regimes warming may have on the trial ténnico of materials and laboratory testing of other agents of deterioration as the crystallization of salts. With regard to the high temperatures, are investigated variations fisieoquímicas that fire occurs in various lithologies. Both cn case dc ambient temperatures as high temperatures, these studies are complemented by the development of innovative technology solutions for the testing laboratory in the deterioration and thermal studying à ¼ Ila series of case studies of buildings affected by processes of deterioration ténnico. The results show that in regimes of temperature in the range environmental mid-latitudes, meteonzación by sunshine is a small-scale physical process that appears limited to situations lithological, structural and environmental very específIcas. We test the influence of cycles ca1enta.rpjentopor radiation damage on other processes, such as the crystallization of salts or hielo-deshielo. By contrast, the thermal degradation at high temperatures produced by the fire is one of the most destructive processes for stone materials. The fire produces chemical and physical deterioration of the stone being impol1ancia relative physical or chemical processes dependent on lithology burning

Author: RODRIGUEZ MARTINEZ MARTA.
Year: 2004.
University: COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID.
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS GEOLOGICAS.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS GEOLOGICAS.

Summary: During the Viseense higher, and in a context sinorogénico, structuring block to the growth of small tectonically controlled carbonate platforms, which gave the optimal conditions for the proliferation of bioconstrucciones type mud mound.Se demonstrates for the first vz the existence of internal organization and character multiepisódico the parent bioconstrucciones of this type of Viseense superior.Se categorize, and quantify modeled various types of automicritas primary and secondary existing in these bioconstrucciones and notes that the rate of production of automicritas was domiante face The import of alomicritas. The records of sedimentary materials Mississippiense siliciclástico carbonático of Guadiato in Sierra Boyera sector, south of Bélmez sector and the Sierra del Castillo-Sierra de la Estrella, south of Espiel relate to a succession of 860m power it presents five stages bioconstrucción.La stage of the "whole blocks of limestone bioconstruidas" (olistolitos) corresponds to an episode of sedimentation catastrofíca after the collapse and destruction of a platform shallow mixed with mounds of development, coupled with a margin tectonically active that proprició developing fan deltas.La stage of "joint and gaps associated tabular" takes place in the distal position regarding the production of carbonartos someros, on the sidelines deun block unstable, whose pulses of tectonic activity produce breechificación sinsedimentaria of facies bioconstruidas already litificadas, and show a vertical evolution deepening somerización.La stage of the "whole biohermos amalgamated" production automicritas is extensively on the ramp and external media; vertical evolution reflects three major streams: one somerización, and two deepening somerización. final stage of bio, "the whole biohermos amalgamated" presents four somerización sequences, and is characterized by the progradation of the ramp facies domestic media and on biohermos. The production of carbonate on these platforms were linked to four "facorías", "choroforam", "microbial-rhodalgal", "bryonoderm-extended" and "mud mound ffactory", a model ramp carbonática in tropical to subtropical latitudes of flows "upwelling," meet the requirements trophic and grandiente temperature of the water needed for the juxtaposition of the "factories" recorded in the carbonate platforms of Missisippiense of Guadiato.

Author: LEÓN BUENDIA RICARDO FRANCISCO.
Year: 2004.
University: COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID.
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS GEOLÓGICAS.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE CC.GEOLÓGICAS.

Summary: The thesis shapes the field of stability of gas hydrates at the bottom marino.El model is built within a Sistama Geographic Information (GIS) and the variables used (depth and temperature of the substance, and gradient geotÂ'rmico) obtained from digital terrain models, built by the GIS data from the Campaign oceanographic and stored in its database. This model is based GIS scientifically comparing their results (depth of burial of the base camp stability of hydrates) withthe geological structures linked to emissions submarine fluid hydrocarbons (mud volcanoes, landslides, carbonates autigénicos, gravitational collapse and pockmarks) and processes that form (analysis of susceptibility).

Author: MEDIALDEA CELA TERESA.
Year: 2004.
University: COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID.
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS GEOLÓGICAS.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE CC. GEOLÓGICAS.

Summary: The Gulf of Cadiz is an area of great interest both for its geodynamic context, as for the relevance acquiring different geological processes that have taken place along its complex evolución.Esta Doctoral Thesis aims to contribute to geological knowledge of the Gulf of Cadiz and its evolution from a pespectiva regionally, through the study of the tectonic structures in the Gulf of Cadiz and the bark of margin sudportugués.Con this purpose, have been interpreted numerous profiles sínmica reflection and refraction multichannel / high angle of reflection. The information provided by the methods of exploration geophysics has been supplemented with other data obtained with different techniques (multi-beam probe, Sparker, dredges, etc.) that have combined to correlacionear structures deep and superficial to gain a fuller picture for the crust. The study area comprises the northern and central Gulf of Cadiz (continental slope middle and lower) to the eastern part of the Abyssal Plain of the Horseshoe and the northeast tip of the Abyssal Plain of Sena.A along this wide zoan , has been characterized primarily the basement and units sismoestratigráficas that constitute the cobertera sediemnteria of amargen, and then describe the main tectonic structures recognized and Unity Alóctona Gulf of Cadiz (internal structure, processes and mechanisms of deformation site) . The uniqueness of the slope middle of the margin subportugués, which are located only outcrops dela basement varisco in the continental margin, has required a specific study, which includes a description of their main features and determianción of the deep structure of the crust and compared with other areas of the Gulf of Cadiz a series of tectonic domains from the point of view of its topography, morphostructure, sismoestraigrafía, and tectonic structure of the crust and on the basis of two regional courts made between the coast of Cadiz and the Strait of Gibraltar and the plains abisales.Finalmente has been integrated regional tectonic analysis in the geodynamic evolution of the Gulf of Cadiz during the Mesozoic and Cenozoic, and discusses its meaning in the context of the limit plates Eurasia-África.

Author: Geis Nielsen Christian.
Year: 2004.
University: GIRONA.
Place of defense: Facultad de Ciéncias.
Place of preparation: Facultad de Ciéncias.

Summary: The doctoral thesis developed, framed within the field of Environmental Sciences, the Environmental Geology applies oriented knowledge of the geological processes and resources for planning and land use planning. As study area has been selected the Costa Brava southern coast specifically entire area covered by the watersheds of the Aubi, stream of Calonge, Ridaura, laugh and laugh of Tossa de Lloret (75 km of coastline and an extension of 291 km2). Therefore this dissertation, with the inclusive fitness of the concepts and methods of Geological and Environmental Sciences, as has been proposed overall objectives quality analysis and the physical and chemical behavior of the materials in front terrestrial human actions and their use as resources, the study of natural processes and the influence they may have about the man or the effects that this can cause on those, and finally, as a result of the above, the design and implementation tools type in the preventive management of the territory, ie planificción of land use. With the philosophy of investigation based on the geological factors are some elements of support for the comprehensive vision of a territory, have been studied different variables geoambientales seeking to translate the knowledge of the environment in information suitable for making decisions about the use and preservation of this area coastline. The Geographic Information Systems (GIS) have been key to the systemic vision of the territory for the integration of different variables geoambientales, as well as for the production and final thematic mapping. With regard to the geological processes related to the dynamics fluviotorrencial have been mapping the main areas of operation as well as analyze the factors indicate favors or magnify their occurrence. We have studied the actions denudativas, processes transporte-sedimentación and integrated with the study of estosprocesos and shapes resulting territorial units have been identified characterized by a behavior geomórfico uniform. As for the analysis of geological resources that gives us the scope of this study have deepened the understanding of groundwater resources, industrial rocks and georecursos coastlines. With regard to the first, we have focused on the delimitation of the major aquifer units and subunits, as well as narrow geometries and the main hydraulic characteristics. With regard to the arid and rocky construction of the basic objective has been the delineation of those cartographic materials for its physicochemical properties are potentially suitable for ususo indicated. Finally, it has made a study aimed at the factors that limit or condition the potential geoturístico of this coastal area, specifically the cliffs and beaches. The main contributions of this thesis can be framed in the regional and phenomenological, key aspects in the management and planning. With regard to the first, we stress the input data geoambientales level mapping of variables litoestructurales, i dynamic processes of geological resources. From the point of view of phenomenological field highlight the interplay of variables studied watershed level, inter alia, the relationships between the different aquifers training; possible involvement delas groundwater in the hydrological response of the system fluviotorrencial, or the problems associated with the antropización the sand beach as a result of discharges from land and inert waste to the margins of the streams.

Author: MARTÍN GONZÁLEZ FIDEL.
Year: 2005.
University: COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID.
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS GEOLÓGICAS.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS.

Summary: The reliefs generated by tectonic structures responsible for Orógeno Pyrenean have its completion in the northwest of the Iberian Peninsula. This region is part of the Iberian Massif and is characterized by being land polideformados and fractured during orogeny Varisca, with scanty and scattered tertiary registration. All this hinders the recognition and study of the tectonic activity cenozoica. This study has been addressed in this thesis, having developed a new methodology for this for such regions. This has been adapted analysis techniques morfotectónico, structural, termocronología fingerprint fission, gravimetric and sediment. This has recognized the geometry, kinematics and evolution of the main structures cenozoica activity in this area. The tectonic pineraica that is generated during the shock of the Iberian and the Eurasian plate, recorded in the study area during the Eocene and Oligocene through failures tear sinestral NNE-ESSO and sedimentation distal alluvial fans. This tectonic activity continues throughout the Neogene, producing cabalgamientos that raise major reliefs of the completion of the Western Cordillera Cantábrica (Sierra Ancares) via a pop-up type structure. Subsequently, and related, and not with the collision of the Eurasian plate Iberian, but the collision with the African and within an intraplate tectonic, are generated cabalgamientos vergentes to NO-NNO, which lift Montes Galaico-Leoneses and the Sierra del Caurel. These structures ride deposits latest Tertiary being responsible for the segmentation and current provision of tertiary basins of El Bierzo, O Ship of Valdeoras and Quiroga. This tectonic activity continues until today and is reflected in seismic activity is recorded in Lugo. The crisis seismic 1995 and 1997 are linked to failures of leadership NE-SO, both tear sinestral to reverse faults with buzamientos towards the SE.

Author: OREJANA GARCÍA DAVID.
Year: 2005.
University: COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID.
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS GEOLÓGICAS.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS GEOLÓGICAS.

Summary: The Batholith of the Central Spanish (SCE) is cut by different systems of dikes post-Hercínicos formed by rocks home mantélico. Two of them emerging with directions between N20W and N30E and constitute an alkaline suite consisting of lamprófidos and diabasas one hand, and porphyry monzo-sieníticos by another. The lamprófidos and daibasas are characterized by their appearance porfídico and abundance fenocristales máficos (clinopiroxeno, amphibole, flogopita and ulvoespinela), except in diabasas, which dominates the palgioclasa, and for the presence of megacristales and varied enclaves (which highlights xenoliths máficos and Ultramafic rich piroxinea). The trend of change in the composition of all states that have arisen should a process of fractional crystallization, essentially olivine amphibole + clinopiroxeno + - +-flogopita +-ulvoespinela. Its chemical trace elements is characterized by high content of the most cincompatibles, with positive anomalies of Nb-Ta and negative Pb diagrams multielementales standard in the primitive mantle. Relations between incompatible trace elements are those of molten generated from a source of enriched mantle that would be in the area of stability of garnet and that would have melted in the presence of apatito, amphibole and / or flogopita. The isotopic chemistry reflects the involvement of two different sources for the merger on the mantle: a source impoverished type asthenospheric (Nd in the range 4-7.1 and 87sr/88Sr initial equal to 0.70297-0.70378) and a more enriched source (similar to BSE) home litosférico (Nd between -0.9 and 1.4 and 87Sr/88Sr initial range 0.70438-0.70515). The latter may have undergone a process of metasomatismo due to the entry of molten rich volatile and incompatible elements from the asthenosphere. We can distinguish four types of sites: 1-Enclaves altered (ortopiroxenitas based on their membership rules). 2-Piroxenitas with spinel. 3-Clinopiroxenitas hydrated. 4-Hornoblenditas. PT estimates indicate a level of source close to the limit corteza-manto. The chemistry clinopiroxeno points to an origin-type accumulated or segregated in all cases, due to the high frequency content in Al, Ti and LREE and values meido-altos Mg #. The presence in the enclaves altered nafíbol and clinopiroxeno with a strong LREE enrichment would agree to a complete metasomatismo phenomenon caused by molten alkali - rich H2O and CO2 (probably due to alkaline magma that gives rise to you dams SCE) . Both enclaves altered some Piroxenitas with spinel show textures rebalancing in solid state and isotopic composition that suggests they are accrued prior to magmatismos alkaline. However, the xenoliths of clinopiroxentias hydrated and hornblenditas have textures and magmatic mineral chemistry and isotopic they relate to alkaline magmas of SCE. The megacristales of amphibole, plagioclase, clinopiroxeno and spinel, in the dams correspond well with fragments of genetic enclaves, along with accumulated ígneos high pressure formed by the molten alkali. The dikes órfidos monzo-sieníticos appear closely associated in the field of lamprófidos and diabasas. They are characterized by a chemical composition very heterogéna from basic terms acids, which suggests a strong crystal fractionation process that would be involved in at least the following phases: amphibole, biotite, plagioclase, feldspar similar to the dams amprófidos and diabasas of SCE. Moreover, the isotopic composition of the porphyry monzo-sieníticos coincides with that of maprófidos isotope enriched SCE, although it could have intervened a phenomenon of assimilation of rocks of the lower crust. The chemical similarities between the two groups indicate that the dams alkaline porphyry monzo-sieníticos must have been formed by fraccionam 8 iento cr 3e7 istalino from molten lamprofídicos. Geocronológicos existing data point to a certain range of ages from the East Permian High (265-250 Ma) and involve a contemporaneity between díques alkaline base (lamprófidos and daibasas) and the main types acids (porphyry monzo-sieníticos), which strengthens his inbreeding. This magnetism alkaline Permian attached to a period of rifting post-Hercínico, probably early in the opening nor-Atlántica, as a result dela decompression adaibática the asthenosphere and levels metasomatizados the mantle litosférico.

Author: ESTUPIÑÁN LETAMENDI JENNY.
Year: 2005.
University: COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID.
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS GEOLÓGICAS.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS GEOLÓGICAS.

Summary: The Ecuadorian Oriente basin is a foreland basin, which is structured as a result of efforts transpresivos from Upper Cretaceous, which has triggered the rise of the Cordillera Real in the western part of East and the formation of the basin tras-arco . The study area of these arguments rests with the sandstones "U" and "T" of the Cretaceous Fm Napo. The sediments of sandstone "U" and "T" are from the most eastern part of the basin, regionally sandstone to the west are more gluconíticas, grains finer and better selected. The parameters petrológicos were made to 54 witnesses drilling, 28 for the arrenisca "U" and the remaining sandstone "T". The average for the sandstone "U" is Q94.4 F2.6 FR2.5 and sandstone "T" Q 97.6 F 1.6 FR 0.8. The study indicates that the origin of these sediments came from the Guyana shield (gneises) and the former Fm (Jurássico). The cements quartz are the most abundant in the two reservoirs and influence the loss of porosity ranges initial value is above 15%. The cements are carbonáticos post cement and quartz are in the form of parch3es sporadic sandstone from different backgrounds. Most of these cements precipitated from mixing water meteóricas and navy. The analysis of the shale rich in organic matter indicate a kerógeno type II influential algal. The analysis of the reflectance of vitrinitas are usually less than 0.5% indicating that the reservoirs have not entered a window of hydrocarbons. Samples (Jivino-3, Limoncocha-9) were analyzed several times and were left free of hydrocarbons and came to give approximate values of Ro to 0.9%. Also the analysis done in oils on the basis of the degree of isomerization of esteranos to establish maturity gave approximate values to 0.9% values that are equivalent to the reflectances of vitrinita. The biomarker analysis in the different samples of oil from the two reservoirs, there are no differences, which indicate that oil come from the same source area. The interpretation of the thermal models indicate that oil will begin to generate between 7-16 Ma.

Author: CASAS LAYOLA DAVID.
Year: 2005.
University: BARCELONA.
Place of defense: INSTITUTO DE CIENCIAS DEL MAR.
Place of preparation: INSTITUTO DE CIENCIAS DEL MAR. CSIC.

Summary: Doctoral Thesis This is a contribution toward understanding the instabilities submarine in different geological contexts and with different degrees of resolution, a result of the application of different study techniques. The report also is intended as an integration of articles in scientific journals included in the science citation index. The study of sedimentary instabilities submarine has been structured in developing four basic objectives that are under the assumption thesis basic skeleton for the knowledge of these processes and the characterization of geological risk associated with them: 1-margin Characterization continental and historical record of instabilities submarine. 2-Definition of sedimentary facies, geometry, dynamic shearing and evolution of landslides. 3-Study of the physical, mechanical and elastic sediment. 4-Determination of forces and mechanical processes that can control the detonation of landslides. The submarine instabilities are an important mechanism modeller continental margins, especially of the continental slope. For geological risk characterization is essential to take into account all critical factors that allow you to perform a detailed analysis of the ground such as: the location and distribution of instabilities, physiographic parameters, the location of sedimentary systems, morphology and internal configuration of the instabilities , facies lithological and acoustic elements morfo-sedimentarios and morfo-estructurales and finally fluid dynamics. The risk characterization geological also requires multidisciplinary approaches that combine "acoustic models" with "geotechnical models" detailed that can explain all the morphological and genetic variability of the instabilities of a margin. The physical properties are an important knowledge base in the study of sedimentary instabilities. In the cases studied the "behavior" of the physical properties are so linked to the mineralogical composition as the factory and sedimentary processes. Critical factors that can control the detonation of instabilities are conditioned by local and regional factors. The most recurrent factors that could highlight is the volcanic and seismic activity in an area.

Author: GARCÍA-FRANK ALEJANDRA.
Year: 2005.
University: COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID.
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE CC. GEOLÓGICAS.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE CC. GEOLÓGICAS UCM.

Summary: The fundamental objective of this work is to determine sedimentológico a model to explain the development of facies deposited during the Aaleniense in the northwestern sector of the Cordillera Iberian. On the one hand has been given to the bases of sequence stratigraphy to these materials, in order to characterize the various stratigraphic discontinuities that are recognized at the regional level. These discontinuities have been dated with great precision, taking into account the content fossil, specifically through the study biostratigraphic of ammonoideos. On the other hand describes the variations in the content faunístico, explaining the reasons for these depend, as the evidence produced for the agencies are directly related to sedimentary processes involved. It is also conducting a study paleoicnológico and geochemical of materials content fossil framing a model paleoecológico reflecting the physicochemical characteristics of the environment of deposition. Finally, the factors and diagenéticos with tafonómicos taken into account in the interpretation. To achieve this work has been carried out a series of analysis, among them the campaign of field work, with a sampling paleontological and detailed lithological. The preparation of samples for further study and analytical, have included conducting thin films and levigados for study petrológico using optical microscopy and electronic sample preparation to conduct geochemical analysis of X-ray diffraction, and ICP-MS REE, as well as the treatment of fossils and polished section for study paleontólogico. The correlation of the different sections has helped establish a framework for sequential limited regional discontinuities. Within each sequence have been identified microfacies appearing, and where particle ferruginizadas, it has been noted that the state of evolution have evolved. The study of stratigraphic sections has led to a number of inferences about the conditions of deposition of materials alalenienses in the study area. This study has been conducted within the macro work of the sequence stratigraphy, which has taken into account issues ecoestratigráficas, paleoecológicas and geochemical, which allow the recognition and interpretation of sequences. We have identified the major areas of interruption and has inferred the dynamics sedimentaría within sequences, analyzing the responses in turn biotic and its possible causes. A model is proposed to explain the different sedimentary facies associations found in the study area, as well as the possible relationship between the appearance of particles ferruginizadas with evidence of volcanic activity described this period between other parts of the Cordillera Iberian. As for the genesis of the particles with covers ferruginizadas, it is proposed to link with mechanisms exhalativos as opposed to the climate models referenced in other studies. The appearance of volcanism in areas relatively close support this hypothesis, as well as the sedimentary architecture of the study area, which shows considerable variation in the various sub-areas that constitute it. This is manifested considerable changes in the sequence stratigraphic thickness. Another factor that indicates instability are widespread disappearance of taxa within succession ammonoideos, and the existence of periods with very low abundance of organic activity. This would suggest the establishment of conditions unfavorable to the development of benthic populations probably related to hydrothermal activity responsible for the deposition of particles ferruginazadas.

Author: LINARES FERNÁNDEZ LUCIA.
Year: 2006.
University: ALICANTE.
Place of defense: ESCUELA POLITÉCNICA SUPERIOR IV.
Place of preparation: ESCUELA POLITÉCNICA SUPERIOR IV.

Summary: Since in 1998 came into force the current Spanish instruction of Concrete, which imposes concrete for a minimum content of cement, it is necessary to have techniques to quantify the amount of cement and yet, so far, there is a precise method for find out the contents of cement mortar and concrete due to the complexity of the trial. This thesis has developed a methodology for quantifying hardened cement in concrete, concrete probetas AE 150x300 mm, based on the application of selective treatments that tieñen one of the species present in the cement paste, leaving unaltered aggregates. The process of quantification is a program based on the segmentation of color, specifically designed for this purpose. The method developed has been validated by comparison with the method of soluble silica of the ASTM to determine the quality parameters. Comparing the results of determining the contents of cement, concrete manufactured in a plant, there have been no significant differences in traceability (accuracy) and accuracy between the two methods. There have also been implemented staining desarrolaldas the Heritage Conservation, putting a methodology by which the products developed can be applied in thin films of mortars and concretes or directly on the construction itself, to determine the nature of the same water.

Author: SÁNCHEZ PASTOR NURIA.
Year: 2006.
University: COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID.
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS GEOLÓGICAS.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE CC. GEOLÓGICAS.

Summary: The dissertation presented by Ms. Nuria Sanchez Shepherd deals with the formation of carbonates and barium sulphate and strontium. This study is important because these minerals appear frequently asocaidos in nature and condicones crystallization and compositional relations are well known. Moreover, the crystals of solid solution barita-celestina can provide information on climate change, atmospheric chemistry and ocean productivity. All this shows the importance of this work that have studied the morphological changes of the crystals of solid solution barita-celestina depending on the chemical composition. The crystals were obtained apartir the technique of gel and growth amid the resutlados of these experiments may help develop morphological criteria related chemical composition and morphology of the solid solution crystals that form in natural environments as a result of crystallization inorganic and processes biomineralización. Furthermore, experiments have been conducted atomic force microscope to study the relationship epitaxiales growth celestina pure on the surface (001) of barite. The behavior of growth epitaxial described in these experiments to help interpret zonados oscilatorios that frequently appear in the crystals of solid solution barita-celestina both in synthetic crystals in nature. Furthermore, we have studied the inhibition of growth and recovery of the faces (001) and (210) of barite by atomic force microscopy. The results of these experiments have helped to understand the formation of crystals barite rose in the desert, obtained in experiments in the midst gel. Finally, it presents a chapter in which they have studied the processes of replacement between sulfates and barium carbonate and strontium.

Author: BODOQUE DEL POZO JOSÉ M..
Year: 2006.
University: COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID.
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE CC. GEOLÓGICAS.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE CC. GEOLÓGICAS.

Summary: This thesis is based on the assumption that it is possible to quantify assets geomorphological processes using methodologies varied depending on the scale of space associated hydrological phenomenon. In order to verify this hypothesis has been tested a number of methodologies, in order to establish and quantify the interactions between some geomorphological processes active in the sectors of Guadarrama and Gredos mountains and the surface and subsurface runoff. The selection of the process was based on the consideration of those who belong to different stages of the process lluvía-escorrentía, and whose performance is highly dependent on the existing geomorphologic features wide watershed. It has carried out a quantitative assessment of five different scenarios of the Sierra de Gredos and Guadarrama, whose definition and location has been given by the information available. To complete the characterization, have implemented a number of techniques and tools, such as geoindicadores and mathematical modeling. Also, apart from addressing the various issues from a geological approach, has also applied the principles associated with other sciences such as: dendrocronología; hydrology, hydraulics, geotecnia and statistics. The main results of this research were as follows: 1 - The use of techniques dendrogeomorfológicas in exposed roots of Pinus sylvestris offers good results to estimate rates of erosion laminar. 2 - The evaluation of erosion accomplished through indirect methods type RUSLE or MUSLE offers results similar to those obtained by direct methods. 3 - The use and a method of analyzing the stability based on the concept of infinite slope and its integration with a simplified hydrological model has enabled estimate rain critical threshold that triggered an avenue of derrubios occurred on December 18, 1997, and using the method of hydraulic critical draft made it possible to determine the flow of the peak flow. 4 - The monitoring of the surface of a restored mining, using needles soil erosion and indicators, has revealed the recovery of a dynamic surface hydrological aimed at producing pedogenesis, with the absence of water erosion processes. 5 - The use of techniques paleohidrológicas and modelso hydrologic and hydraulic has helped quantify the modification of the hydrological functioning (with respect to increased peak flow and decreasing characteristic of the times hidrograma) in a small basin as a result of a historical process of urbanization. In conclusion, the hypothesis is verified departure, referring to the possibility of quantifying geomorphological processes associated with active hydrological phenomena. However, the methodologies used presents some limitations and shortcomings that restrict the space extrapolation of the results, rather than the procedures are easily applicable to the quantification of processes in other places and times.

Author: OCHOA RODRÍGUEZ MARIA.
Year: 2006.
University: COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID.
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE CC. GEOLÓGICAS.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE CC. GEOLÓGICAS.

Summary: In this Doctoral Thesis has deepened in the characterization sedimentológica (facies, depositional systems and their correlation) of deposits that constitute the Group Urbión along the Basin Cameros. We have characterized composicionalmente sandy deposits of the Group Urbión to identify petrofacies sandy place. It has been made known the relationship between petrofacies encountered and the evolution tectonosedimentaria. It has been analyzed the influence of the source area and environmental factors (climate, transportation, etc.). On the composition of sediments during the generation of these sequences based on information petrofráfica and geochemistry of these sandstones. There has been the interpretation of the origin buying with the potential source areas. They have been studied processes diagenéticos that have taken place in the sandy deposits of the Group Urbión. There has been a model diagenético of the basin. Finally, it has made an assessment of the group as a possible Urbión warehouse hydrocarbons.