GEOLOGY APPLIED TO ENGINEERING

Author: MORANTE CARBALLO FERNANDO.
Year: 2004.
University: POLITÉCNICA DE MADRID [www.upm.es].
Place of defense: ETS INGENIEROS DE MINAS.
Place of preparation: ETS INGENIEROS DE MINAS.

Summary: This Doctoral Thesis aims to make the study of natural zeolites from the coast of Ecuador (Guayaquil), specifically ESPOL reservoir and its relationship to surrounding denominated deposits: P119 and Police. The work has been based on three fundamental aspects: 1-Development of a geological map at a scale of detail (1:3000), in an area of 256 hectares, and geological resources estimated on the basis of 50 profiles located in areas potentially exploitable. 2-characterization of the samples taken from various outcrops in the field tours. 3-Applications samples taken in zeolites: Determination of the ability of the cation adsorption of lead, copper, zinc, ammonia and protons through trials columns fixed bed flow and constant refurbishment of the sample of zeolite with Police sodium chloride to make as sodium and improve their ability to trade; tests in fixed bed adsorption with the zeolite fitted, which showed a substantially better on the adsorption capacity of this zeolite: trials of the treatment of acidic mine water with the sample zeolite Police: effect of zeolites in the development and growth of fréjol able nursery: substrates in nurseries and lawn campaign of zeolites in raising chickens barley. Samples of zeolites were used for applications, were 3 sources: BTEZ (ESPOL), P119 and Police. The geological surveys, sampling and characterization, determined that the rocks have altered zeolítica in different proportions, and that the highest concentrations of zeolites are on the roof of the Training Cay. The results of adsorption tests showed higher adsorption capacity of the sample of the municipality of zeolites Police regard to the oil fields BTEZ and P119. In general showed that the zeolites the coast of Ecuador, have a cation selectivity in monitoring order: protons, lead, copper and zinc that were treated at the same flow rate. The order of exchange capacity ammonium faster flow was: Police BTEZ and P119. Notable improvements were observed in cultured fréjol and grass, with the addition of zeolites natural BTEZ, by the effect of ammoniacal nitrogen adsorption of it, and its slow release to the roots of plants. Likewise, the addition of zeolites as a bed of birds, an increase in animal weight and a decrease in mortality, the zeolite to act as an adsorbent ammonia and natural moisture. Moreover, as additional work has been carried out tests of clinoptilolite and synthesis; determination of the heat of immersion to determine concentrations of total zeolites in the samples. From the results obtained in this work, it seems that some zeolites deducted from the coast of Ecuador can be used in many applications: in the environmental water treatment, agriculture, livestock, among others, although it is necessary to conduct additional studies of adsorption and economic soon to implement on an industrial scale.

Author: GUILLÉN VIÑAS JOSÉ LUIS.
Year: 2005.
University: POLITÉCNICA DE MADRID [www.upm.es].
Place of defense: E.T.S.I. DE MINAS DE MADRID.
Place of preparation: ESCUELA TÉCNICA SUPERIOR DE INGENIEROS DE MINAS DE MADRID.

Summary: This aims Doctoral Thesis entered in the "world yesífero" considering various aspects, especially the most unknown, not only of calcined gypsum but natural. In addition to presenting a general description of the requirements and technical aspects of natural gypsum and gypsum from the industrial, exploring in depth the synthetic gypsum. The thesis has a dual purpose: The first objective would be to expand the applications of ceramic sector where the plaster is a key factor, analyzing developments of the ceramic plasters, and the second goal would be the development of an innovative product for the construction.

Author: ESCOLANO SÁNCHEZ FÉLIX.
Year: 2005.
University: POLITÉCNICA DE MADRID [www.upm.es].
Place of preparation: E.T.S.I. DE CAMINOS, CANALES Y PUERTOS.

Summary: The doctoral thesis, titled previously mentioned, comes to caring revise some of urbanization and construction works is found as a relatively frequent occurrence of some diseases, within them are noteworthy for its importance, which occurred at foundations and other structures urbanization when they are in transition facies and evaporíticas de la Cuenca in Madrid. Moreover, the increasing demand for land from the last decade makes it necessary to occupy such land before avoided, providing new and future expansion areas of the city of Madrid, with new urban, industrial and new avenues communication. What makes this dissertation ema a maximum of practical interest to the pair of unpublished. As a starting point, it has done a thorough geological characterization of this sector of the Basin Madrid, focusing on the transition facies and evapóriticas, on the alteration of these products and the processes that take place in them. All deposits described have been grouped into formations, resulting: "FORMATIONS GEOLÓGICAS TYPE." In a complementary manner, and after conducting an exhaustive data collection from the field, many of them unpublished, are discussed in irrigation in order to achieve a comprehensive geotechnical characterization of each geological formation before differentiated. These have been grouped into units of equal geotechnical behavior, resulting: "UNIT GEOTÉCNICAS TYPE." Being one of the goals he has achieved for being original and unpublished, to unify the two types of characterizations (GEOLÓGICA And GEOTÉCNICA), which is formed at all times can be established links between union FORMATIONS GEOLÓGICAS and UNIT GEOTÉCNICAS. In a complementary manner, has led graphically all the information obtained in a thematic mapping of great detail and this sector in the south and southeast of Madrid, which form the study area. Resultando together contribute most useful practice, scientifically based usable as technology support in civil engineering and especially in the future development, both urban, as the infrastructure for the area.

Author: ESPINOSA GONZÁLEZ ANA BELÉN.
Year: 2005.
University: BURGOS [www.ubu.es].
Place of defense: ESCUELA POLITÉCNICA SUPERIOR.
Place of preparation: ESCUELA POLITÉCNICA SUPERIOR.

Summary: The use of geophysical techniques as a method to recognize the subsoil has increased significantly in recent decades. Each of the different geophysical methods that currently exist analyzes a property physicochemistry of rocks or some other characteristic that may be associated with them, and based on the distribution of this property in the basement, a standard deduction provision geológico- structural. Within all of these techniques, one of which is the most common electrical tomography, which seeks to determine the specific distribution of the electrical resistivity of the subsurface through measures undertaken by conventional methods DC. The electrical tomography is probably the method of geophysical prospecting more versatile in the subsurface analysis, as can work in highly variable depths and address multiple objectives. The simplicity and ease of operations to be realizares for imaging subsurface contrasts with the complexity and difficulty in interpretation. The work done in this Doctoral Thesis incorporates a series of controlled trials performed on well-known where he says and discusses the impact of the major factors which determine the resistivity images. In this case study focuses on the applicability of the electrical tomography in identifying contacts litológicos through interpretation of the profiles that this technique provides. The work was divided into two phases, the first conducted in the laboratory on a reduced scale models, and with the results that this experimentation controlled supply is testing in the field, in areas geologically known and which provided additional information (surveys). In developing this Doctoral Thesis objectives are to improve the effectiveness of the method, focusing on the analysis of results you, getting you method is a useful tool and versatile at all levels: to know the behavior of the team before the various situations that can be filed, optimize the interpretation of the results with regard to the location of the contacts. We have identified the problems found this technique to specific situations, such as levels of high resistivity, and how they affect the making and interpretation of the images. It provides a methodology regarding the choice of configuration multielectródica most suitable to be used in each specific problem in identifying contacts.

Author: URIBE-ECHEBARRIA ORTIZ DE ZARATE GORKA.
Year: 2005.
University: PAÍS VASCO [www.ehu.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE CIENCIA Y TECNOLOGÍA.
Place of preparation: UNIVERSIDAD DEL PAÍS VASCO.

Summary: It has done caracterizaicón geomechanics the bed rock of Arc Basque. This characterization has been addressed, firstly, from the determination of the highest quality indices used in the field of Geotécnia, such as RMR, the GSO, and the system LDELOLWLHV Q. In total we have conducted 175 characterizations Rocky masses along the whole structure of Arc Basque. In parallel, taken matrix rock samples for later testing in the laboratory; have made a total of 92 determinations resistance understanding simple 34 tests for determining characteristic modules, 53 tests load index punctual and 28 determinations durability . This first phase is completed with the characterization of the Rocky masses from the criteria of ruptured Mohr-Coulomb and Hoek-Brown. All this volume of information collected has enabled the establishment of empirical relationships between different parameters geomechanicists. Parallel has done a field trial where a solid rocky flyschoide it has implemented a progressive increase in cargo and efforts are now under control deformations produced in the interior; this has enabled characterize the geomechanical behavior of the massif. From the analysis of the information has developed a new classification system Rocky masses of alpine regions. Finally, it has developed a system of risk assessment by landslides in rocky slopes, for application in alpine regions.