RAINFALL

Author: OROZCO IZAGUIRRE MARTHA.
Year: 2003.
University: LLEIDA [www.udl.es].
Place of defense: INGENIEROS AGRONOMOS.
Place of preparation: ESCUELA TÉCNICA SUPERIOR DE INGENIERÍA AGRÍCOLA.

Summary: In the watershed hydrology of the system and composition of the flow is the result of complex processes throughout. In this thesis arises know what variables territory, obtained by standard methods of prospecting, which identifies, and that can be extrapolated in the assessment of water resources in areas of pre-pirinio and forest use. As goals in this paper are to: 1-Knowing the sources of major ions in a basin representiva from that area and the influence of the use and management of land (agriculture, forestry, urban) in circulation by the same, as well as its variability over time and space. 2-To conduct an assessment hidroquímico of water that run through the basin at different scales. 3, - Provide risk of degradation of the waters in terms of land use present and future. The study was conducted in the watershed of the Ribera Salada, located in the district of El Solsonès, which has monitored during June 1999 -Junio 2000 streaming circulating and floods, and the concentrations of solutes in precipitation, trascolación cortical and flow in a forest Pinus nigra. The circulating flow and floods have been measured in five sub-between 2.6 and 222.5 km2, as an experimental design integrated watershed. It has also analyzed the soil solution under use of meadow and forest. It has been characterized by each sub prospecting soil and land use at 1:50000. The methodology used for chemical analysis of water has been the Elctroforesis ion Capillary where the contents have been measured cation (Ca2 +, Mg2 +, Na +, K +, NH4 +) and anions (Cl-, SO4 2-, NO3, CO3 2 - HCO3). We analyzed 200 samples flow basis, 56 of the floods, 13 of rain, 38 of trascolación and 26 of cortical flow. From the soil solution were taken 35 samples with low voltage lysimeters (porous capsules) and 27 with zero voltage lysimeters. From the results it can be concluded that although the water quality is good, there is a need for control over the management of watersheds to prevent degradation in the future, in order to use water from the reservoir Rialb.

Author: ROLDÁN SORIANO MARGARITA.
Year: 2004.
University: POLITÉCNICA DE MADRID [www.upm.es].
Place of defense: ESCUELA UNIVERSITARIA DE INGENIRÍA TÉCNICA FORESTAL.
Place of preparation: E.T.S DE INGENIEROS DE MONTES.

Summary: The impact of raindrops, and thus its kinetic energy is the main cause of the breakdown of the soil particles. Hence his interest especially in the studies of erosional processes. This interest has led to the search for relationships between the kinetic energy and some parameter of rain associated with it. The equations relate the traditional kinetic energy and intensity. It raises overall objective of contributing to the knowledge of the kinetic energy of the rain, and as individuals are chased two objectives: 1) evaluate the kinetic energy of rain from the intensity, but with information recorded in our latitudes. 2) To evaluate the kinetic energy of the rain depending on any parameters easier to obtain than the intensity. * The first objective is achieved by obtaining an expression from the data of rainfall recorded in our latitudes. The relationship EC = f (R) is obtained: EC = 65-e -9.8679 * 10-5 * I2-4.987 * 10-3 * I +4.1779 (R2 = 0,987) EC (J/m2 and min), I ( mm / h) presents the following advantages: 1) It presents limitacions in the range of application. 2) provides estimates of CD with some very small relative errors. 3) Compempla the fact of maintaining the maximum kinetic energy for high intensities. * The second goal is achieved by obtaining a combined rate equation potential: EC24h: -- 17882 (1-3.5 (-1.8392 * 10-6 * P24h2-8.322 * 10-4 * P24h)) (R2 = 0,997) P24h higher -140 mm EC 24h (J/m2 and day) -- 17882 (1-3.5 (3,279 * 10-6 * P24h2-6.2967 * 10-4 * P24h)) (R2 = 0,994) 1 minor P24h lower-140mm. This model has the following characteristics: 1) Range very broad applications. 2) Upper and lower EC24h. 3) Submits high correlation coefficients. 4) has been validated by analyzing the bands pluviógrafo. 5) Obtien quickly and easily the EC24h of P24h.

Author: VILLALOBOS DE ALBA ÁNGEL ALFONSO.
Year: 2006.
University: POLITÉCNICA DE VALENCIA [www.upv.es].
Place of defense: Universidad Politécnica de Valencia.
Place of preparation: Universidad Politécnica de Valencia.

Summary: Water resources in arid countries and particularly in the Mediterranean region are scarce and difficult to predict from year to year. With scarce water resources and growing demands, due to the growth and improvement of living standards of the population, the problems of water management are growing, even without the presence of drought events, as there is an imbalance between the availability and demand. The drought, as a normal feature of each appellant climate, combined with the scarcity of water in semi-arid regions itself, it has a dramatic impact on the economy, the welfare of the people and environment of the Mediterranean countries. In many cases, in these countries the management of water resources react to a drought responding to the immediate needs because there are no efficient structures and strategic plans to tackle the drought. Drought is a natural disaster that is developing slowly, therefore, there is no good reason for the surprise appearance of a drought. However, without constant monitoring that enables characterize and evaluate, through a set of indicators can be transferred without realizing significant thresholds. The supervision or monitoring "is an indispensable part of resource management. Human beings and natural resources are affected significantly by changes in the physical environment. As it is not possible now, and perhaps not ever possible to predict the behavior of weather beyond a limited degree, and because we can not predict the consequences of climate fluctuations on human and natural systems beyond any other limited degree (even if we had perfect weather forecast), there is no other choice, rather than continuing to monitor. The main objective of this research is to develop a methodology and tools necessary to facilitate the characterization, detection and timely analysis and tracking of the different types of drought: weather, soil, water and operational at various temporal and spatial scales. To achieve this, we reviewed some of the methodologies and systems for monitoring and tracking most commonly used in the world for detection, monitoring and characterization of different types of drought. Based on the results of that review proposes a methodology and develop software tools necessary for its implementation. The proposed methodology is the probabilistic analysis, both parametric and non - parametric, the series of monthly rainfall, soil moisture, inputs into rivers and storage volumes, in order to obtain the characterization of the different types of drought, through standardized indices and percentile at different temporal and spatial scales. This paper presents the results of applying this methodology to the Jucar River Basin. The analysis of drought espaciotemporal provides that the two major droughts were presented at the beginning of the eighties and nineties, respectively, the latter being the highest intensity and duration, manifesting itself more strongly at the regional level and as it progresses in the spatial and temporal aggregation intensity and coverage are attenuated, it is unlikely that the entire study area present drought conditions steadily. Given the level of development reached in the basins of some regions of the world, particularly in the Jucar River Basin, in practice it is very difficult to take measurements of available water resources in a natural regime. Under these circumstances it is desirable to use a simulation model lluvia - escorrentía to obtain the monthly series of hydro-climatic variables of interest, and a simulation system management of water resources in order to obtain the series of storage volumes.

Author: HERNÁNDEZ BARRIOS LEONARDO.
Year: 2006.
University: POLITÉCNICA DE VALENCIA [www.upv.es].
Place of defense: Universidad Politécnica de Valencia.
Place of preparation: Universidad Politécnica de Valencia.

Summary: Decisions regarding the water resources planning, design, construction of new infrastructure for water supply, the type and area of crops, urban water quotas, as well as the operation of dams and water supply depend on the weather conditions and make proper use of operators of hydraulic systems. In the past, these decisions assuming that the future weather conditions would have the same characteristics and variability that the conditions of the past, regardless of climate change that might arise. Therefore, the main challenge is to incorporate the uncertainty of climate change in the planning and management of water resources, and that given the uncertainties that currently exist on the future evolution of the climate, we can not assume that the future hydrological regime is similar to the past. It is important to investigate what should be the consequences of climate change on water resources, and thus begin to incorporate their impact on the planning and management of water resources. Recent climate scenarios of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) of the Organization of the United Nations suggest that Spain annual precipitation decrease and temperatures increase, before these changes anticipated in the future there will be a decline in water resources. This thesis has developed a methodology for the integrated assessment of the impacts of climate change on water resource systems complex, this methodology requires the use of various simulation models nested up sequentially because of the high level of complexity and interaction the various elements that make up water resource systems, in order to assess the effects of a quantitative way. The application of the methodology developed has been done to a large basin is the area of Hydrographic Confederation Júcar. An important part of the methodology for assessing the impacts of climate change on water resource systems and the proper selection of climate scenarios establecios by the international scientific community com the IPCC and eescenarios regional climate, desarrolaldos by the National Institute of Meteorology and model PROMES at the University of Castilla-La Mancha, these scenarios would analyze and assess resutlados for various periods seasonal, with the aim of understanding the overall conditions as those due to the seasonal variations in rainfall and the temperature and its potential effects on water resources. Another important aspect is the simulation of the hydrological cycle through a distributed model of rain runoff as PATRICAL (Precipitation contribution in Tranches Red with Integrated Water Quality) would know that that proportion would rise and reduced water resources and look at how they affect the various components and storage of water, for example at the piezométricos of aquifers. Along with the use of model rain runoff, it is possible to calculate the present and future demands farming of various crops for the study area, based on current weather patterns and estimated future climate models. Quantitative analyzed the impact on the watershed is through the model of water resources management, Aquatool to reproduce management system and evaluate the safeguards and failures qeu occurring in the urban and agricultural demands, established in that system. In this manner can concoerse impact future t 8 endría l 308 to declining water resources in the operating system.