LIFE SCIENCES (10)

Author: Senovilla González Laura.
Year: 2005.
University: VALLADOLID [www.uva.es].
Place of defense: Facultad de Medicina.
Place of preparation: Facultad de Medicina.

Summary: The pituitary gland is made up of two separate lobes of embryonic origin, or neurohipófisis and posterior lobe lobe earlier or adenohipófisis. The adenohipófisis is composed of at least five types of secretory cells that are called hormone that store. Thus, the cells corticotropas stored adrenocorticotropina (ACTH), the cells gonadotropas stored hormones gonadotropins, which are the follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), the cells tirotropas stored thyrotropin (TSH), the cells lactotropas or mamotropas that store prolactin (PRL), and, finally, the cells somatotropas that store growth hormone (GH). Controlling the hormone adenohipofisaria is secretion controlled by the hypothalamus via the release factors (HRHs), basically. The HRHs classics are corticotropin-releasing factor (CRH), the gonadotropin-releasing factor (LHRH or GnRH), thyrotropin-releasing factor (HRT) and the liberating factor of growth hormone (GHRH). According to the Vision Classic, each of the cell types adenohipofisarios is characterized by being stimulated by a specific form of HRH, and likewise releasing hormone adenohipofisaria thus provide five main endocrine totally different and independent. However, what we find described by Vision Classic, have been described with cell phenotypes hybrids, as cells mamosomatotropas described by Frawley and cells somatogonadotropas described by Childs. These hybrid cells phenotype are capable of storing more than one hormone adenohipofisaria (cell polihormonales) and / or to express its membrane receptor for more than one HRH (cell polirreceptoriales). At cells polihormonales and cell polirreceptoriales we call multifunctional cells. These cells would be multifunctional hybrid phenotypes can behave like one kind or another depending on the requirement of a hormonal moment. In the capacity of the adenohipófisis to change in times greater physiological demand of a hormone known as plasticity Adenohipofisaria. Moreover, the presence of the multi-cell secretion may explain the paradox. Secretion The paradox is defined as the secretion of a hormone adenohipofisaria stimulated by HRH not. This paradoxical secretion has been widely described in patients with tumors adenohipofisarios humans. These tumors have an impact on the population of 20%. They are classified according to their characteristics and secretory the most common are GHomas, prolactinomas, ACTHomas and not Funcionantes. Besides presenting paradoxical secretion, these tumors are characterized by very heterogeneous. Therefore, in addition to the five cell types described by Vision Classic, we know that there are other cells with phenotypes hybrids you do not know if they are present in all cell types, cells polihormonales are the same as those cells polirreceptoriales, if these phenotypes are changing in certain situations specific physiological or pathophysiological as in tumors adenohipofisarios humans. To answer all these questions if necessitated the characterization of the cells adenohipofisarias, especially multifunctional cells. To do so we should develop a technique that allowed us to analyze the level of the 4 receptor cell only functional and 6 hormones adenohipofisarias, in order to characterize the different cell types and the possible differences between the sexes, and see if the change in stress phenotypes already throughout life, and if they are present in tumors adenohipofisarios humans. It has developed a methodology based on the original image combination of calcium and inmunoct 8 iquímica be0 sequential multiple that has enabled us to make the first characterization of the cells adenohipofisarias mouse when it comes to storing hormones and responses to HRHs . Most of the cells somatotropas and mamotropas presented a classic phenotype. The cell type corticotropo presented a great sexual dimorphism. In males predominated the classic phenotype, whereas in females were polihormonales and polirreceptoriales. Most cells gonadotropas were monohormonales in the male, but the female over half of the other cells stored other hormones, especially ACTH (cell corticogonadotropas). Most cells tirotropas were polihormonales both in males as in females. Ultimately, though hybrids phenotypes occur in all cell types, were more abundant in the cell types minority: tirotropos, gonadotropos and corticotropos. Within the phenotypes hybrid cells polirreceptoriales were more plentiful than the polihormonales, and multifunctional cells were more common in females than in males. As for the response to stress, we are witnessing a sexual dimorphism in response to it and that only the fraction of cells were modified classic which plasticity adenohipofisaria not only involves multifunctional cells but also cells with classic phenotype. The cells adenohipofisarias can be classified into three groups according to their responses to the HRHs in monorreceptoriales, polirreceptoriales and not sensitive to HRHs. The abundance of each ranged along lavida, in the birth abounded cells not sensitive to HRHs, senescence cells monorreceptoriales and puberty cells polirreceptoriales. Finally, the cells were characterized phenotypically of various tumors adenohipofisarios. We found a large heterogeneity among the different tumors and even between different cases of tumors of the same type. They were very common phenotypes hybrids, formed mainly by cells polirreceptoriales. This abundance of multifunctional cells could be related to the secretion paradoxical, as described in many patients. And I might suggest, too, a relationship fisiopatogénica between plasticity and susceptibility to pituitary adenomas.

Author: LUZON TORO BERTA.
Year: 2005.
University: GRANADA [www.ugr.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS.
Place of preparation: UNIVERSIDAD DE GRANADA.

Summary: Alzeimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD) and multiple sclerosis (MS) are neurodegenerative processes of multifactorial origin, who are studying with inflammatory reactions, glutamatergic neurotoxicity, increased levels of nitric oxide and iron, removing the endogenous antioxidants, reduction of trophic factors and neuronal loss. The fact that a process neurodegnerativo is a multifactorial mechanisms could explain why the limited number of clinical therapies using neuroprotective drugs simple, fail to generate significant results. The neuroprotective mechanisms can be met from dietary changes, which is the basis of this report, based on the application of polyunsaturated fatty acids omega-3 and a polyphenolic compound (2 - (3,4-dihidroxifenil) ethanol) in a series systems in vitro and in vivo and processes associated with neurodegenerative diseases such as AD, PD and MS. It will analyze markers of each pathology parameters oxidation and changing the lipid profile.

Author: ROMERO LÓPEZ CRISTINA.
Year: 2005.
University: GRANADA [www.ugr.es].
Place of defense: INSTITUTO DE PARASITOLOGÍA Y BIOMEDICINA LÓPEZ-NEYRA.
Place of preparation: INSTITUTO DE PARASITOLOGÍA Y BIOMEDICINA LÓPEZ-NEYRA.

Summary: There are many viral diseases for which no effective therapies exist. Therefore it is necessary to develop alternative treatments to combat an efficient way to these pathogens, and in his case, they are insensitive to the acquisition of resistance by the viral agent. The main purpose of the Doctoral Thesis has been made in developing new RNAs inhibitors based ribozimas. As a model against which to direct the design has been chosen genome of the virus causing Hepatitis type C. The discovery of RNA molecules with catalytic ability (known as ribozimas) dating back to early 1980. Most of the ribozimas occurring in nature catalyze the court and / or ligación a molecule of RNA. Among the many features of ribozimas stresses that are highly specific and selective of the substrate molecule to process, which since its discovery emerged as excellent candidates to be used as therapeutic agents. So far the ribozimas have been widely used for the specific inactivation of viral or cellular RNAs involved in the generation of various diseases such as AIDS or various processes tumor. In some cases ribozimas technology has been clinically tested. However, there are still a number of factors that limit their use, including the stability of the inhibitor and effective partnership to RNA substrate. This union is required to be sufficiently stable, fast and effective as to the target is actively processed by the catalytic domain. The paper presented at the Doctoral Thesis has been developing ribozimas directed against the etiologic agent of the hepatitis C virus (HCV). One of the main stumbling blocks to overcome in the design of anti-HCV agents is the high ability to evade the immune response and its high rate of mutagenesis. However, the viral genome there are highly conserved regions among different isolates described one of which is the region 5'UTR. This sequence is also relevant to the viral cycle, as it contains essential elements for the start of genomic RNA replication and a place of internal ribosome entry (IRES), which directs the translation dela viral polyprotein. This region is therefore a good target for new action alternative treatments, and in our case as an excellent target for the development of ribozimas. The large number of factors are proteins that bind to this region, as well as its complex secondary and tertiary structure, may limit the ability of union ribozimas in a cellular context. To solve this problem was proposed incorporation of a domain of RNA capable of joining the IRES (ie, acting as a aptámerto of IRES) in 3 'of a catalytic domain consisting of ribozima hammerhead processing viral RNA in position 363 (HH363). The incorporation of this new domain aptámetro encourage the association of ribozima its target site without abolishing the catalytic role. The design of these novel RNAs do inhibitors has been carried out through an experimental approach, using a selection process molecule in vitro. Such strategies are very powerful and allow mimic the effect in the laboratory on the nature of nucleic acids. In our case has been used to identify domains of RNA with a capacity of the association of HCV IRES. The selection method has been developed using a population of RNA molecules based on ribozima HH363. At its extreme 3'se has incorporated a random sequence of 25 nucleotides, which generates a number of theoretical alternatives over 10e15. Through this domain is expected to IRES union. In 3'de such construction added to a stream known 8 and 5 'd3f the promoter sequence for the enzyme T7 RHNA polymerase, which allows transcription in vitro construction. The presence of known sequences at both ends allows retro-transcripción and amplification of the molecules selected by hybridization with oligonulceótidos primers specific. During the selection process were incorporated two steps: 1-Selection for the association: it designed a RNJA substrate that lacked the processing site for ribozima HH363. Thus molecules of the population may be associated to the IRES but not prosecute. Therefore, in this first step active molecules are selected for the partnership through its domain aptámero. 2-selection for the court, in this second step the substrate design containing the IREs and processing site for HH363. The population resulting from the first step is incuabada in his presence, which allows you to select molecules carrying able to join the IRES and whose presence does not eliminate the catalytic activity. As a final result of the two steps identified 30 sequences independeintes, all with reasonable consensus that allowed clustering in families site. These reasons are complementary to consensus unique regions in the HCV IRES. During the thesis Doctroal presented showed that eesto smotivos consensus were directly implciaso in interacicón with IREs HCV through its partnership with complementary sequences and unique present in the RNA substrate. It also proceeded to analyze the ability of asocaicón and prosecution of a representative from each family. It was found that all of them are effectively linked to its RNA substrate and precoesaban in a specific manner. Finally, we studied the ability to inhbir translation dependent IRES each of the representatives. Different inhbidiores chosen inteferían one way efica and specific translation dependent IREs, alcanznado values inhbición of 97% in some cases. It was also found that the different domains aptámeros identified exerted an inhibitory effect, although to a lesser degree than the molecules that combined both the catalytic domain and the domain aptámero. This enabled him to conclude that powerful observed effect is due to an action combianda both domains, and that their presence is needed in the joint inhibitor to obtain the greatest impact. To conclude the work, it can be said that the selection method developed allows the identification of new RNAs inhibitors highly effective, and can be extended for selection against other viral or cellular substrates.

Author: LLORENTE LÓPEZ JOSÉ IGNACIO.
Year: 2005.
University: GRANADA [www.ugr.es].
Place of defense: UNIVERSIDAD DE GRANADA.
Place of preparation: UNIVERSIDAD DE GRANADA.

Summary: In recent years there has been a growing interest by the research community in understanding the development of ontogénico sturgeon species of great economic importance. Although there have described the general patterns of development in the Acipenséridos, the existence of interspecific differences in temporal order, is necessary to determine the chronology of embryonic development in Acipenser naccarri, sturgeon native to the Iberian Peninsula. For the observation optical microscopy, whole animals, after anesthesia, were fixed in Bouin including paraffin, then were cut at different levels and sections were stained obtained with the technique of PAS (Mcmanus, 1948), Blue alcián (AA ) pH 2.5 and pH 1 (Lev & Spicer, 1964) and technique combined PAS-AA pH 2.5 (Mowry, 1963). For consideration with transmission electron microscopy and scanning, portions of the digestive different regions, after fixing in the 4% glutaraldehyde, were subjected to the usual protocols of sample preparation. For studies of enzymatic activities analytical perform the following determinations: activity alfa-amilasa (Somogy-Nelson, 1951), total proteolytic activity (Kunitz, 1947) and protein content (Bradford, 1976). In Acipenser naccarii, hatching occurs around the 7b days 18 hours post to 15Â ° C, at which time the embryos possess a digestive system partially developed and represented by a large sack vitelino and primorido valve spiral. The presence of enzymatic activities at this stage of development would relate to the digestion of the components of vitelo and preparation for the embryo to hatch cover. By day 7 post-eclosión (dpe) in the epithelium lining the oropharyngeal cavity can be seen from the presence of mucous cells showing positive compared to the techniques of PAS and AA pH 2.5. Other structures in the eptileio bucafaríngeo are buttons taste and teeth. The esophagus is maintained undifferentiated until 6-7 dpe when elcual can see that in the stratified epithelium esophageal distributed ciliated cells and mucous cells that are characterized by PAS-positividad and his alcianofilia, both at pH 2.5 as at pH 1. In the days after hatching, the portion gastric undergo a series of changes aimed at the acquisition of cecal structure, so that some day 7 dpe the gastric epithelium is mucosecretor type columnar and is characterized by PAS-positividad the apical portion of its cytoplasm. The gastric glandular cells, called oxíntico-pépticas, no granules zimógeno at this stage of development. The development intestinal starts to the day 3 dpe, from a fold of the wall of vitelino sack. In embryos 7 dpe, the intestinal epithelium and the spiral valve, is a columnar and possesses some ciliated cells and cells caliciformes. The latter show positivity compared to the techniques of AA pH 2.5 and pH 1, which indicates the presence of mucosustancias acid (both carboxiladas as sulfates). The ultrastructural features of intestinal enterocytes and the blind pilóricos end the period lecitotrófico associating with lipid absorption process. In the first spiral valve cells caliciformes appear towards the day 3 dpe and are characterized by strong alcianofilia at pH 2.5 and pH1. During the final stage of development, the ultrastructural features of this portion of intestinal enterocytes indicate their involvement in processes of absorption of proteins by pinocitosis. The transition to food exogenous coincides with an increase in digestive capacity totaling 8 the emb 5d8 riones free. The increase in the activities alfa-amilasa and proteásicas relates to the presence of a functional pancreas, although we can not rule out the influence of exogenous food. The observation granules zimógeno only in the cells oxíntico-pépticas copies of more than 19 dpe indicates that the acid digestion of the food is not assured in individuals who initiate exogenous feeding. From the beginning of the period lecito-exotrófico, histochemical and histological features of the gastrointestinal tract are not changed for consideration, can only include a aaumento widespread in the number of cells producing mucosustancias in all digestive compartments, but especially in the portion more distal valve spiral.

Author: GINER SANCHEZ DANIEL.
Year: 2005.
University: ALICANTE [www.ua.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE MEDICINA.
Place of preparation: INSTITUTO DE NEUROCIENCIAS DE ALICANTE.

Summary: The images obtained by transmitted light microscopy using targets show a large increase in complex and dynamic network structural cytoplasmic cell cromafines cattle growing. These structures are affected by chemicals that alter the distribution and / or function of the complex f-actina-miosina. Besides these structures colocalizan with the barrier peripheral f-actina, beta-actina and subtype of myosin II. On the other hand, inducing secretion produced a process of disorganization dependent calcium, fast (less than 10 seconds) and transient (in cycles of approximately 60 seconds) of these cortical structures. These changes are accompanied by the formation of two structures characteristics. First, these structures are arranged perpendicular to the plasma membrane forming channel type structures that allow the transport of secretory vesicles from the inner regions citoplasmáticas to the outer limits of the cell. Secondly, we see the formation of open spaces devoid of f-actina in regions citoplasmaticas more internal. The vesículas moving through these structures f-actina avoiding spread by the regions citoplasmáticas without f-actina. In addition, these reorganizations are for a transfer of f-actina from regions outside for the barrier until cortical regions adjacent citoplasmáticas as demonstrated by studies on the changes associated with fluorescence in these regions in cells that sobrexpresan GFP- beta-actina. Finally, the characterization swings suffered by the levels of calcium during secretion using fluorescent probes related to this ion (fluo3-AM) were detected both of which relate the cytoskeleton of f-actina with the areas of greatest levels calcium. Firstly, it was noted as areas citoplasmáticas higher levels of calcium corresponded to regions of the cytoskeleton of f-actina more active and secondly, the hot spots of calcium (or areas with higher levels of calcium) relate to citoplasmáticas areas devoid of f-actina. These early observations on the levels of calcium during secretion in relation to the cytoskeleton deserve further study in detail and depth that unveils the true relationship between the two systems and open lines of future research. These data reflect the role played by cytoplasmic complex network formed by the combination f-actina-miosina acting concurrently as a barrier and as a driver in the transport of secretory vesicles during exocytosis and demonstrates the usefulness of the transmitted light microscopy as an alternative to Confocal fluorescence microscopy in the study of the dynamics of the cytoskeleton in a neuroendocrine model.

Author: COROMINAS TABARÉS LLUÍS.
Year: 2005.
University: GIRONA [www.udg.es].
Place of defense: Facultad de Ciencias.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS.

Summary: In this Thesis a control system has been developed which permits optimizing the performance of the Sequencing Batch Reactors (SBR) within the field of organic matter and nitrogen removal. This control system is based on the adjustment of the length of the reaction phases using directly or indirectly the on-line data acquired from the sensors. In a first stage of the Thesis the calibration of the activated sludge models is studied what permits obtaining models for testing different operating and control strategies. From the analysis of historical data several options for controlling the SBR are obtained and most suitable is tested using a simulation approach. Afterwards, the control strategy is implemented on a semi-industrial plant obtaining promising results. Finally, a proposal for a supervisory control system is presented which can be in charge of controlling the performance of the SBR not only at a phase level but also at cycle level.

Author: SÁNCHEZ RUIZ NOEMÍ.
Year: 2005.
University: GIRONA [www.udg.es].
Place of defense: UNIVERSIDAD DE GIRONA, FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS.
Place of preparation: UNIVERSIDAD DE GIRONA.

Summary: The objective of this dissertation is to examine taxonomic level and ecofisiológico, species of the family Faucheaceae (Rhodymeniales, Rhodophyta) on the coast of the Iberian peninsula and the Balearic Islands: Fauchea repens (C. Agardh) Montagne and Bory in Montagne, Gloiocladia furcata (C. Agardh) J. Agardh and Gloiocladia microspore (Bornet Rodriguez and former Femenías) Sanchez and Rodríguez-Prieto, comb. Nov. The taxonomic study has been carried out on samples collected off the coast of the Iberian peninsula and the Balearic Islands, and has completed the review of the copies kept in the herbarium of several Spanish universities and copies kind located in the herbarium of C. Agardh or the JJ Rodriguez and Femenías. Thus, in this paper we have been able to supplement the existing data in reference to the morphology, structure vegetative and tetrasporófitos of the three species, and have contributed unpublished data regarding male reproductive structures of Fauchea repens and structures women's reproductive and stadiums postfertilización F. Repens, G. Furcata and G. Microspore comb. Nov. It also detailed the corologia, habitat and phenology of the three species. Following these results and the study of F. Repens and G. Furcata, species and genera of its kind, in the case of the first well of the family, it is proposed a correction to the original description of the family Faucheaceae IM Strachan, GW Saunders & Kraft, as well as the new combination Gloiocladia microspore comb. Nov. For the species named so far as Fauchea microspore Bornet Rodriguez and former Femenías. The data obtained was associated with the iconography of the original drawings and photographs, and a key determination for the taxa studied. As for the study ecofisiológico, there have been several laboratory tests to determine the requirements for light, temperature and photoperiod for the growth and survival of the three species. Finally, we have provided unpublished data for Fauchea repens, Gloiocladia furcata and Gloiocladia microspore comb. Nov. Systems and the results have enabled us to explain the bathymetric and geographical distribution of each species.

Author: ALAZZOUZI Hafid.
Year: 2005.
University: AUTÓNOMA DE BARCELONA [www.uab.es].
Place of defense: Hosp. Universitario de Vall d Hebron.
Place of preparation: Hospital Universitari de Vall d Hebron.

Author: Martínez Bueno Manuel.
Year: 2005.
University: GRANADA [www.ugr.es].
Place of defense: Estación Experimental del Zaidín (CSIC).
Place of preparation: Estación Experimental del Zaidín.

Summary: The transcript is the major component of the control of gene expression. The first level in the hierarchy of control is a transcription factor sigma of the RNA polymerase determines specificity by the developer. At a second level are situated factors transcripcionales both activators ccomo repressors. This paper datectan, describes and discusses the factors sigma present in the genome of Pseudomonas putida KT2440 and compared with represtorio factor sigma of the microorganism phylogenetically closer at the time of the study, Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1. Besides conventional build a profile that defines the family TetR of repressors of transcription, the process of comprehensive study of the family. An analysis of the co-cristales DNA / protein available, it appears a model of interaction with the DNA to family members and makes the prediction of waste from interaction with DNA for 2353 family members TetR selected by our profile. The infromación reccopilada in the study of family TetRse has organized in a database. For them, we built the database of regulatory transcripcionales BacTregulators which updates and includes the previous AraC-XylS. The entry of BacTregulators defines four levels: (1) amino acid sequence, (2) taxonomic level source of the organism, (3) element in the genome which is in the gene coding sequence, and (4) position of gene element in the genome. This structure avoids redundancy. The information contained in the entry is of two types: information extracted automatically from otrass databases and information manually removed the references. The latter is organized into paragraphs referenced individually to the chip Medline's work to be extracted. Other highlights include the fact 'evidence' pilot 'to support the statement in paragraph also connected to abstract labor source. Thus BacTregulators is the union of a Database Proteins and another referncias literature. Other highlights include a database of relationships that will allow the user to interrogate the database. Another novel aspect is the tool that allows the user to obtain a composite report knowledge of a set of related sequences by taxonomic level and / or sequence similarity, which contributes to the spread of knowledge sequences scoreless.

Author: Rodriguez Rincón Francisco.
Year: 2005.
University: GRANADA [www.ugr.es].
Place of defense: Facultad de Farmacia.
Place of preparation: Facultad de Farmacia.

Summary: Q. Flavido-alba eliminates the toxicity of alpechín (OMW) by the oxidation of aromatic compounds monoméricos and polymeric. Several enzymes ligninolíticas were identified as responsible for this transformation. Among them was the only enzyme laccase detected in crops added aromatics monoméricos of alpechín, suggesting an important role in their detoxification. This study identified and characterized the gene for the laccase P. Flavido-alba (pfaL). It has a size of 2755 nt. It consists of a sequence coding 1704 nt, 19 introns and a regulatory region UTR-3 '244 nt. At the other end 5Â 'consensus sequences were identified regulatory and other frequent genes lacasas such as antioxidant response elements (AER), metals (FM), xenobiotics (XRE), regulated by nitrogen and carbon (NIT2) (Mig1). The structure of the gene and the protein are similar to those of multicobre oxidasas P. Chrysosporium, which

Author: MORÓN GARCÍA ESPERANZA.
Year: 2005.
University: COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID [www.ucm.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE EDUCACIÓN.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DDE EDUCACIÓN.

Summary: This thesis seeks to develop, in terms of historiography, the history of the Spanish population in localities, especially in the near large cities such as Pozuelo de Alarcon, where there have been a series of transformations socioeconomic that have prompted a change in the lives of its people from the second half of the twentieth century. For this reason, we performed this study and contributed to this research brings us closer to understanding these processes of change that have taken place in locations that traditionally had based its economy on agriculture and livestock and have gone from relying on the industry, construction and services. The study was conducted from the rolls municipal 1940, 1950, 1960 and 1970 and the Census 1990 and 2000 published by the National Statistics Institute. Furthermore, the slope is the development of educational tools for use in project design curriculum tailored to the designs curriculum in the subjects of Social Sciences, Geography and History, Geography Humanan, economics, sociology, etc.. Which can bring multiplicity uses in the levels of compulsory education, and high school. Being elected Pozuelo de Alarcon is because it is one of those municipalities where clearly there have been these transformations, from an agrarian economy to industrial and timidly early twentieth century, an economy dependent on the construction and primarily of services.

Author: SANZ MONTERO ALBERTO.
Year: 2005.
University: COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID [www.ucm.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE BIOLOGÍA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE BIOLOGÍA (UCM).

Summary: Aging is one of the most serious problems facing the social security systems of Western countries. To solve this problem it is necessary to change the current approach symptomatic (focused on treating diseases individually) by one that goes to the root of the problem: delay the aging (and thus all the illnesses associated with it). The latter option requires in-depth knowledge of the causes of aging and, combat directly. In recent years, the mitochondrial theory of aging by free radicals has emerged as the strongest candidate to explain this complex phenomenon. According to this theory, aging occurs as a result of damage caused by reactive oxygen species produced during aerobic respiration. This theory also states the mitochondria as the main target of the operation of these free radicals. Calorie restriction is the only experimental manipulation that increases the average and maximum longevity in all species that have been studied. According to the mitochondrial theory of aging animals restricted free radicals (more long-lived) produce fewer free radicals in their mitochondria and suffer lower levels of oxidative damage. So far, the mechanisms of action of calorie restriction on oxidative stress continue to remain mostly unknown. Therefore, this argument has been devoted to studying the mechanisms of action of calorie restriction on oxidative stress. First it should be noted that calorie restriction continues to oxidative stress when they start at a very advanced age, and using the same mechanism: the decline in the leakage of free radicals in the complex I and oxidative damage to mitochondrial DNA. Moreover oxidative stress and fasting punctual have totally different effects on oxidative stress, while calorie restriction reduces oxidative stress, fasting is incremented. Our experimental results show that calorie restriction does not diminish the oxidative stress through the route of insulin signaling / IGF I, but that is the intake of protein or demetionina which controls the escape of free radicals in the transport chain electrons and levels of oxidative damage on mitochondrial DNA. These results are in agreement with the literature showing that both protein restriction like that of methionine increased longevity mean and maximum of rodents. The physiological mechanism by which the flight reduces free radicals is associated with a decrease in the concentration of respiratory complex, which is curiously the same phenomenon that seem to use a different model of extreme longevity: birds.

Author: MERINO GARCÍA RUBÉN.
Year: 2005.
University: COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID [www.ucm.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS BIOLÓGICAS.
Place of preparation: INSTITUTO DE QUÍMICA ORGÁNICA GENERAL, CSIC.

Summary: This thesis has been assessed chemical contaminants in the eggs failed to populations of peregrine falcon and the black milano regional park southeast of Madrid. The pollutants studied were PCBs, PCDDs, PCDFs, DDTs, Pb, Cd and Ace. Of these PCBs accounted for the higher risk due to high concentrations found in a species, the Milan Black, in some cases higher than those described in other birds as harmful. The second section assessed the possible impact of the PCB, DDTS, CDs, Pb and As on the levels of thyroid hormones and plasma proteins of live chickens from milano two breeding seasons. The results did not allow demonstrate a clear relationship between these levels and contaminants. The complex interactions between contaminantes-proteínas-hormonas thyroid suggest that the protein could mediate the tirotoxicidad of chemical contaminants.

Author: HOYO BECERRA CAROLINA.
Year: 2005.
University: MÁLAGA [www.uma.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS, UNIVERSIDAD DE MÁLAGA.

Summary: The body subcomisural is a differentiation ependimaria located in the dorsal midline of prosomero 1 (region flow of diencéfalo), just below the comisura later. These cells ependimarias specialize in the secretion of high molecular weight glycoproteins (including OSC-espondina) to the cerebrospinal fluid, which can be soluble or cure in a structure called fibrillary fiber Reissner. This thesis provides new data on: 1 - The secretory activity of these cells in early embryonic stages. 2 - The polimorización of fiber Reissner during embryonic development. 3 - The role of cells in the body subcomisural in shaping the comisura later. All experimental designs have been made in the chicken embryo and the results suggest that: 1-In very early stages of embryonic development of chicken (4-5 days of development) there is material soluble in the cerebrospinal fluid, with immunologically related material secretion of the body subcomisural. 2 - The formation of the fiber Reissner during embryonic development depends on a factor extrinsic to the body subcomisural this factor appears from the stadium in the 11 days of embryonic development. 3 - The body subcomisural produces molecules of the guide axonal and has in vitro effects on the formation of neuritas that are generated from explants kernel magnocelular of comisura later (nucleus that produces the greatest pate of the fibers that form the comisura back in early stages) These results suggest that cells in the body subcomisural could participate in shaping the post comisura during early stages of embryonic development of the chicken.

Author: PALOMINO NANTÓN DAVID.
Year: 2005.
University: COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID [www.ucm.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS BIOLÓGICAS.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS BIOLÓGICAS.

Summary: Despite its short history in evolutionary terms, urban development is one of the forms of human disturbance of ecosystems more disturbing because its effects are prolonged in time and space almost unlimited. To resolve this conflict requires rigorous study protocols, based on basic knowledge of ecology, which generate reliable diagnoses and predictions, which: 1-Take steps to preserve the integrity of areas not yet affected by urban development. 2, - Implement measures for restoration of the areas already impacted. The birds are very frequently chosen as a model for defining management practices that enhance biodiversity conservation, as are an animal study group for which there is a large amount of information gathered, and to be abundant and environmentally be very diversified, its marked habitat preferences makes them very good indicators of environmental changes. In the specific case studied in this thesis, various municipalities in the southern slopes of the Sierra de Guadarrama are experiencing a very rapid urban growth, potentially problematic for preserving important breeding populations of bird species conservation status with a delicate at the provincial level, national and European level. This thesis deals with various aspects of the effect of urban (and roads and leisure activities outdoors more associated with urban development) on the distribution and abundance of birds in the Sierra de Guadarrama player in the run, trying to provide information applicable in terms of conservation biology.

Author: TENA GARCÍA DAVID.
Year: 2005.
University: COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID [www.ucm.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS BIOLÓGICAS - UCM.
Place of preparation: INSTITUTO DE RECURSOS NATURALES-CENTRO DE CIENCIAS MEDIOAMBIENTALES DEL CSIC.

Summary: The construction of new infrastructures several leads associated a whole series of actions such as generation of artificially embankments, logging, land movements, asphalting of the firm and movement of vehicles. From ecology, the result of these actions is the creation of large areas of bare soil on numerous occasions levadas outstanding, which creates a vegetative cover consisting of herbaceous species eminently year. This paper seeks to provide information about characteristics, patterns and underlying mechanisms that characterize a particular community developed in the southern slopes of roads dela Iberian Peninsula.

Author: MARTÍNEZ BUEY RUBÉN.
Year: 2005.
University: COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID [www.ucm.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS BIOLÓGICAS.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS BIOLÓGICAS / FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS QUÍMICAS.

Summary: The microtubules are highly dynamic cellular structures essential for the segregation of chromosomes during the eukaryotic cell division. This dynamic behavior is primarily due to cycles on / off, induced nucleotide, tubulin, its main component. From a few decades ago, the pharmacological modulation dela dynamics of microtubules has proved an efficient tool for the anti-tumor chemotherapy. The successful clinical use of taxol, a compound that stabilizes microtubules to block its dynamics, triggered the search for new compounds antimitóticos with similar mechanisms of action but to avoid the drawbacks of this (low water solubility, difficult synthesis, chemical effects unwanted side and emergence of resistance in tumor cells as a consequence of prolonged treatments. intensive search for such compounds has led to the description of a wide variety of compounds, chemically unrelated to possess activity stabilizing microtubules. Between them, are epotilonas, discodermolida, dictiostatina, sarcodictinas, eleuterobina derived steroids, ciclostreptina, laulimalida, pelorusido A tacalonolidas, lonafarnib, dicumarol, etc.. collaboration with various research groups that have purified or synthesized these compounds, a study has been made details of its interaction with microtubules. Thus, by monitoring the movement of a fluorescent analog of taxol, Flutax-2, or laulimalida have gone on to most of the compounds described as a stabilizing microtubules into three main groups . A first group would be composed of those ligands Site of taxol, a second group consisting of the ligands site laulimalida and a final group that would include those compounds not behaved as a real stabilizing microtubules in vitro systems tubulin pure. addition, it has been quantified thermodynamics of the reaction of the ligands binding to the site of taxol and found apparent reaction enthalpy of binding to this site as a parameter can predict their cytotoxicity, which could prove useful in the rational design of drugs. Given that epotilonas are one of the groups of ligands site taxol more promising future as antitumor drugs, a study has been made of the relationship structure of these compounds. This has generated information on the influence of simple chemical modifications on the affinity, thermodynamics of union activity and stabilization of microtubules and cytotoxic. has been shown that some of the thermodynamic parameters of the union are able to predict the cytotoxicity and they have been used to optimizing the cytotoxic properties of these compounds. Lastly, have studied the mechanisms of ligands binding site of taxol. This has been used covalent interaction of the ciclostreptina this website. ligand This is the first stabilizing microtubules known amending covalentemente to tubulin. in a thorough analysis for liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry to determine what has been achieved tubulin residues are being modified for ciclostreptina, both microtubules in the tubulin dimérica not polymerised. This has allowed us to propose a mechanism, at least two stages, whereby ligands agree to the site of taxol, which is located inside the mcirotúbulos. As a first step, the ligands would join a possible site of taxol on the outside of microtubules , which had been previously proposed. In the second phase, the ligand is translocarían the internal site, following a reaction monomocelular slow, which may involve local conformational changes of the waste involved.

Author: CRUZ MATA ISRAEL.
Year: 2005.
University: COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID [www.ucm.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE CC. BIOLÓGICAS.
Place of preparation: CENTRO NACIONAL DE MICROBIOLOGÍA, INSTITUTO DE SALUD CARLOS III.

Summary: The episode Visceral Leishmaniasis was monitored by a total of 24 patients (13 children and 11 adults HIV +). Sample blood and bone marrow was extracted at the start of the episode, in the control post and to follow up. In each of these moments samples were analyzed by IFIs, techniques Gold Standard (NNN amid growing microscopy and bone marrow) and LnPCR blood and bone marrow. The parasite burden was estimated by real-time quantitative PCR, and serum levels of TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma were determined by ELISA. The cure sterile (Gold Standard and PCR negative) occurred in 7 pediatric patients and was associated with elevated levels of IFN-gamma serum as well as a lower parasite burden, coupled with low levels of TNF-alpha. Patients with parasitological cure (Gold Standard PCR positive and negative) in this group (n = 4) showed moderate levels of both cytokines, and low parasitic burden. However, 2 patients who relapsed had an increased expression of TNF-alpha along episode and also increased parasite load. In the group of HIV + patients got no cure sterile, but a group of 3 patients with parasitological cure had no episode relapse along the track, this group was the only one capable of expressing IFN-gamma showed a low parasitic load , in connection with a lower expression of TNF-alpha. Other patients in the group of HIV + relapsed (n = 4) or had a therapeutic failure (n = 4); in these patients were detected increased parasite load along the episode together with the maintenance of high levels of TNF-alpha and a capacity of TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma in primoataque can help in forecasting episode of Visceral leishmaniasis in pediatric and adult HIV +.

Author: TECEDOR CABRERO LUIS.
Year: 2005.
University: COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID [www.ucm.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS BIOLÓGICAS, UNIV. COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS BIOLÓGICAS (UNIV. COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID).

Summary: The expression of glucocorticoid receptors by the fetus begins in the development from day 13 of gestation, while the synthesis and release of fetal glucocorticoids does not occur until day 17 of gestation. This leaves a period of time in which the only active glucocorticoids on the fetus are home mother. Using a model with adrenalectomía bilateral mother on the first day of gestation were studied the effects of the absence of maternal glucocorticoid in the development of the brain of the offspring. Studies of neurogenesis with injection bromodeuxiridina showed that this increased cell proliferation in the brain of the offspring engendered in the absence of maternal glucocorticoids. Results matched with those obtained by immunohistochemical staining for the marker neural NeuN. these markers. Results in line with those obtained in studies with carbocianina Dil charted the development of various pathways encephala. The study of development patterns of expression of the protein binders calcium Calretinina and Parvalbúmina showed that the differences caused by the absence of maternal glucocorticoids during pregnancy goes beyond the first postnatal week. Being able to be the cellular basis of the behavioral differences found in adult individuals whose gestation smoke changes in the levels of glucocorticoids.

Author: AGUILAR CALAFELL HELENA.
Year: 2005.
University: POMPEU FABRA [www.upf.edu].
Place of defense: DEPARTAMENTO DE CIENCIAS EXPERIMENTALES Y DE LA SALUD.
Place of preparation: DEPARTAMENTO DE CIENCIAS EXPERIMENTALES Y DE LA SALUD.

Summary: In order to identify new members of the family of receptor CD300, was searched in the database using genomic sequences IREM-1 and CMRF-35, and described a new family member called "Immune Receptor Expressed on Myeloid cells (IREM-2/CD300e). The gene located on chromosome 17q25.1 encodes for a protein of 205 amino acids formed by an extracellular region with an immunoglobulin domain and a transmembrane region that contains a positively charged residue (Lys), which allows us to predict their possible association with a molecule adapter. The interaction of IREM-2 with PDA-10 and DPA-12 was confirmed in transfected COS cells. Using specific antibodies in cells generated from peripheral blood and bone marrow samples note that the expression of IREM-2 is restricted to cells hematopoéticas mature linage mielomonocítico. The differentiation in vitro monocyte to immature dendritic cells leads to a decrease in the expression of IREM-2. The stimulation with specific antibodies, IREM-2 associated with DAP-12 in the cell line RBL (leucémia basofílica rat) induces transcriptional activity of NFAT and auséncia of DAP-12 requires the presence of a coestímulo, WFP to produce transcriptional activity. The stimulation of IREM-2 monocytes induces TNF-ay the release of intracellular calcium. In conclusion, these results indicate that IREM-2 is a new receptor activator of the superfamily of immunoglobulinas expressed in the linage mielomonocítico.