LIFE SCIENCES, 14

Author: Montserrat Sentís Bàrbara.
Year: 2006.
University: AUTÓNOMA DE BARCELONA.
Place of defense: Hospital del Mar, Barcelona.
Place of preparation: Institut Municipal d'Investigació Màdica (IMIM), Barcelona.

Author: Moreno Moreno Olga.
Year: 2006.
University: AUTÓNOMA DE BARCELONA.
Place of defense: Inst. de Biolo. Mole. de Barcelona.
Place of preparation: Instituto de Biología Molecular de Barcelona (IBMB-CSIC).

Summary: The centrómero is a specialized structure of the chromosome, which has a key role in the proper chromosome segregation during mitosis and meiosis. Although histone proteins are among the most conserved, a feature of the chromatin centromérica is the presence of a variant of the histone H3: CENP-A, which replaces the nucleosomas the histone H3 canonical both in vitro and in vivo. Variants centroméricas of histone H3 (CenH3) are characterized by having a C-terminal domain with folding type histon highly conserved and, instead, a N-terminal end that shows no significant homology with each other, either in size or in sequence . It is believed that CENP-A is epigenético determinant of identity centromérica, their presence being needed for the assembly of Kinetochore and for proper chromosome segregation. However, still very little is known about the mechanism by which CENP-A is located exclusively in the centromeres. We only know that your location centromérica requires the presence of the C-terminal region L1/a2 domain and that his deposition is independent replication. In this paper we show as a mechanism for degradation via proteosoma aid to the location centromérica by Cid, variant of Drosophila melanogaster. At sobreexpresar Cid under the control of its own promoter, through transient transient cell Kc, is seen as Cid is capable of depositing all along chromatin. However, as it progresses cultivation, this location is restricted to centrómero. Trials with inhibitors proteosoma and analysis location of endogenous Cid flies in presenting mutations in subunits of proteosoma suggest the existence, both in vitro and in vivo, a proteolytic degradation mechanism that would regulate the levels of Cid. This process should be required to take place proper cell division because we have seen that most cells Cid delocalised stand in G2 and problems of chromosome segregation.

Author: PEDROSA MORO SUSANA.
Year: 2006.
University: LEÓN.
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE VETERINARIA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE VETERINARIA.

Summary: This project uses information on mitochondrial DNA (D-loop and cytochrome b) to deepen the study of the origin of two populations of great interest productive at this time, sheep and cows Iberian origin. To address the knowledge of the sheep were obtained samples from the area where there is a greater likelihood that began domestication. It agreed to races from Turkey, 79 individuals for 5 races; Akkaraman, Hemshin, Karayaka, Morkaraman and Tuj. Our results suggest, in contrast to previous theories, which in sheep household there are at least three different maternal lines, type A, B and C, which probably represent three independent domestication events in the case study of sheep Iberian , have been analyzed a total of 501 animals, of which 381 are distributed among 19 races peninsular and the 220 remaining representing 6 races of foreign origin. As for the races of Spanish origin, have been included: Alcarreña, Castellana, Churra, Churra Lebrijana, Latxa, Manchega, Merino, Merino de Grazalema, Montesina, Ojalada, Rasa Aragonesa, Segureña and Xalda. Among the breeds of Portuguese origin: Bordaleira Entre Douro e Minho, Churra Galega Bragançana, Merino Branco, Merino Beira Baixa, Merino Preto and Serra da Estrela. Lastly, races of foreign origin: Awassi and Assaf, of Israeli origin, Lacaune and Milchschaf of European origin and Ossimi and Rahmani, of Egyptian origin. In sheep Iberian identified three types of mitochondrial DNA as described, with a predominance of B followed by the type A and less frequently in the C. The study of the bovine species is conducted with a total of 388 individuals, 360 of them distributed among 25 races of the Iberian Peninsula, Spain, represented by 18 races: Alistana, Asturiana de la Montagne, Asturiana de los Valles , Avileña, Berrenda in Colorado, Berrenda in Black, Betizu, give Cárdena Andaluza, Lidia, Monchina, Morucha, Pajuna, Pyrenees, Retinta, Rubia Galician, Sayaguesa, Serrana Black and Tudanca. As Portuguese, represented by 7 races: Alentejana, Arouquesa, Barrosà £ Cachena, Maronesa, Minhota and Mirandesa. Finally, 28 individuals from two races of European origin: Frisona and Brown. In cattle Iberian identified four types of ADNmt described globally, with a predominance of European style (T3), a modest presence in the Asian (T2) and the type Ty a notabilísima frequency African (T1). The high number of races in which it is the latter, their wide geographical distribution and the remarkable frequency in certain populations, suggests that cattle Iberian is highly African influence, in sharp contrast with the situation proposal for the rest of Europe .

Author: López García Carlos.
Year: 2006.
University: MURCIA.
Place of defense: Facultad de Medicina.
Place of preparation: Facultad de Medicina.

Summary: IMPLICACION SYSTEM ORNITINA DESCARBOXILASA / POLIAMINAS IN DEVELOPMENT OF PRENATAL RATON Doctoral Thesis. Carlos Lopez Garcia. March 2007. University of Murcia The primary objectives of this work focused on the study of the variations of polyamines putrescina, espermidina and espermina over the past two thirds of prenatal development mouse fetus, placenta and sac vitelino, as well as various aspects related molecular the enzymes of its routes biosintética and retroconversión and catabolism, and its possible role in the process of embryo development, placenta and other tissues related, pregnant mice Swiss CD1. The polyamines were determined by HPLC, the enzyme activity of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), diamino oxidase and S-adenosilmetionina decarboxylase by radiometric methods, the ODC protein by immunocytochemistry and western blot, and the expression of mRNA for various enzymes and proteins through semi-quantitative RT-PCR, RT-PCR and real-time analysis of microarrays. The possible involvement of ODC, a key enzyme in the path biosintética in gestational development was studied by using a specific inhibitor of the same, alfadifluorometilornitina (DFMO), which is administered in different periods of gestation. It showed that the concentration of different polyamines experienced little variations accused during pregnancy, and are more pronounced changes in the ODC activity and other metabolic enzymes of polyamines, mediated mechanisms transcripcionales, traduccionales and postraduccionales. The results showed that the cancellation of peak ODC in the conceptus in the day 8 pc produced a dramatic effect contragestacional, while inhibiting the activity during the second half of gestation reduced the content of polyamines in placenta and fetus, delaying the fetal and placental growth. The comparative analysis of different cellular and molecular events in the conceptus controls and treated with DFMO during the critical period showed that the treatment affects the development of the labyrinth and layer espongiotrofoblastos in the placenta, as well as the acquisition of activity esteroidogénica of same method reduces the levels of expression of StAR, 3 betahidroxiesteroide deshidrogenada VI and cytochrome P450 c17, and the fetal hemoglobin. It is concluded that the system ODC / polyamines is indispensable for the development of events cell differentiation conceptus mouse, related placentation, steroidogenesis and hematopoiesis.

Author: GÓMEZ VALERO LAURA.
Year: 2006.
University: VALENCIA.
Place of defense: INST. DE AGROQUÍ. Y TECNO. DE ALIMENTOS.
Place of preparation: INSTITUT CAVANILLES DE BIODIVERSITAT I BIOLOGIA EVOLUTIVA.

Summary: It has conducted a study of the evolution of bacterial genomes suffering redcucción genomics. Specifically, three bacterial species have been used as models for estudar different stages of the process of reductive evolution: the bacteria endosimbionte of aphids, Buchnera aphidicola, the bacteria endosimbionte ants, BloChmannia floridanus, and a human pathogen, Mycobacterium leprae. The first two species are in an advanced state of disintegration genomics so that have been used as models for studying the final stages of the drawdown genica. Rather Mycobacterium leprae is in the early stages of the process which has been used to characterize the early stages of reductive evolution of the genome. a pseudogen, the study of the variation in the composition nucleotidica of these agencies, the calculation of the requested nucleotides, genes inactivated during the reduction process.

Author: BARRETO PARRA LINA PATRICIA.
Year: 2006.
University: LLEIDA.
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE MEDICINA.
Place of preparation: UNIVERSITAT DE LLEIDA.

Summary: Saccharomyces cerevisiae possesses two glutathione transferases (GST) called Gtt1 and Gtt2 capable of combining a molecule glutathione substrate with the standard CDNB. These two enzymes are not classifiable under the instruction described based on the structure of the GST in higher eukaryotes, but saved some structural similarity with the class Zeta. This report describes the characterization of three GST class Omega in S. Cerevisiae called Gto1, Gto2 and Gto3, encoded by the ORF YGR154c, YKR076w and YMR251w. The enzymes of this class have no activity on CDNB, but are active as thiol oxidoreductasa and possess activity dehidroascorbato reductase and dimetilarsenato reductase. The first, Gto1 is peroxisomal and has a signal locator type PTS1 in the C-terminal region. This signal is recognized by the transporter peroxisomal Pex5, which facilitates its internalization in this organelo. Moreover, Gto2 and Gto3 have cytoplasmic localization. Genes GTO S. Cerevisiae is induced by oxidative stress, but with different patterns for the three genes. The mutant gto1 is sensitive to the oxidizing agent diamida and has a concentration of intracellular glutathione smaller than the wild strain. This phenotype is related to the triple mutant gtt1 gtt2 gto1 is sensitive to cadmium, indicating that the three GST Gtt1, Gtt2 and Gto1 involved in the detoxification of this metal. Another important phenotype is the difficulty of mutant gto1 to grow in media with oleic acid as the sole source of carbon, indicating that the functions peroxisomales in this mutant are affected. The absence of GTO1 in S. Cerevisiae also cause the decrease in the expression of several genes involved in the route of synthesis of methionine and cysteine. As a result, the mutant gto1 growing difficulty in the absence of threonine, serine or lysine. The absence of Gto1 in S.cerevisiae prevents efficient use cysteine or cistationina as only sources of sulfur, manifiestando defects in the transulfuración, a process that allows the synthesis of methionine from cysteine. This suggests that Gto1 could be regulating the activity cistationina -liasa of Str3 through their activity tiiol oxidoreductases, since Str3 tmabién is peroxisomal. Given that the cysteine 387, Str3 is important for their biological activity and is housed in cistationina -liasas other species of fungi, this waste could be target of Gto1 for state regulation of redox protein Str3.

Author: CALATRAVA FONS ANA.
Year: 2006.
University: VALENCIA.
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE MEDICINA Y ODONTOLOGIA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE MEDICINA Y ODONTOLOGIA.

Summary: INTRODUCTION: punción-aspiración fine needle (FNA) guided by ultrasound of the liver nodules is a technique safer, faster and better cost / benefit ratio that the thick needle biopsy. It provides good sensitivity and good specificity, but its main limitations are the difficulty of distinguishing hepatocarcinomas (HC) poorly differentiated metastasis (M) poorly differentiated and above all, its high rate of false negatives (FN), because of the difficulty of distinguishing between HC well-differentiated hepatocellular benign nodules (NHB), because there is no additional technical help in this respect, there is no clear demarcation between benign and malignant and both appear in a common context of cirrhosis. OBJECTIVES: (1) To determine the sensitivity (S), specificity (E) and diagnostic accuracy of the method (PD) in the H. Clinical Valencia between 1-1-1995 and 30-6-2001 and compare them with those of other series published in the literature. (2) determine the characteristics statistically related to the cytologic diagnosis of NHB, HC yMy which of them are most useful for the differential diagnosis NHB / HC and HC / M. (3) Analyzing the causes of FN to try to improve results in the future. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective review of 356 cases of liver FNAB belonging to 309 patients, conducted at the H. Clinical Valencia during the period considered. In all cases was revised cytological material and the initial diagnosis was obtained, which categorizó as "not valid for diagnosis" (NV), "benign" (B), HC, My "other malignancies" (OM), it evaluated a total of 45 variables morphological, and was assigned a diagnosis reviewed, categorized as NV, B, HC, M, OM and "doubtful" (D). It was subsequently reviewed the medical records looking for all the information necessary to establish the final diagnosis, with categories NV B HC, My OM. The relationship between initial and final diagnosis was obtained correlation diagnostic, classifying cases as NV, a real negative (VN), a true positive (VP), (FN) false negative and false positive (PF). Obtained all data was calculated the S, E and DP method, in global terms and evolution over time. The data were analyzed using a morphological bivariate and multivariate analysis for differential diagnosis B / HC and HC / M, as well as an analysis for detecting interactions for diagnosing B / HC, taking as reference the revised diagnostic category. Finally analyzed the causes of FN and the evolution of each over the period. RESULTS: when one considers the number of punctures, you get S = 73.5% (82.5% for My 61.7% for HC), E = 100%, PD = 78.7% (88.1% for My 76.8% for HC). When one considers the number of patients, you get S = 82.3% (89.0% for My 69.2% for HC), E = 100%, PD = 78.7% (91.5% for My 79.9% for HC). After an initial decline in the first year, during the period considered, the S PD improve gradually, especially in the group of metastases. By multivariate analysis for the diagnosis of HC compared to NHB gives a logistic model that includes contour nuclear relationship nucleocitoplasmática, atypical nuclei naked and picnosis, which gets an S and E of 96% to 98%, though it fails to correctly diagnosing borderline cases. Other features statistically significant, not included in the model are hipercelularidad, fund dirty, necrosis, thick trabeculae, acinar groups, groups solids, reducing the size of cells, raising the nuclear density, multinucleated cells, loss of cytoplasmic granulation, altered pattern chromatin, nucleolar anomalies and mitosis. Through analysis for detecting interactions obtained an e 8 squema q 9e6 ue only allows reclassify 3 of the 15 borderline cases. The discovery of small cell groups is not enough to consider a sample as hepatocarcinoma but if for inclusion in a risk group. The logistic model for the differential diagnosis of HC versus M includes seven variables: contour nuclear endothelium, big nucleoli, how nuclear plates, pleomorphism and type of cytoplasm, which gets an S and E of 95% to 97% although its validity is highly influenced by the composition of the sample. Other features are statistically significant cytologic fund mucinous, cellular polygonal shape, pigment, inclusions citoplasmáticas, pseudoinclusiones and vacuolas intranucleares. The false negatives are split between a 12% invalid samples for diagnosis, 49% of samples were not representative, 15% of reading errors, conditional or not by defects in the processing and 23% criteria for malignancy insufficient in the present sample. CONCLUSIONS: The goodness of the method parameters are acceptable and comparable to those in other published series, always better for the group of metastases to the hepatocarcinomas. Unable to establish a clear demarcation between dysplastic nodule hepatocarcinoma and distinct, so that samples should be given a diagnosis doubtful "with hepatocellular injury atipia meaning uncertain." Diagnostic Errors do not obey a cause dominant majority, but they are shared among the various steps of the procedure and errors due to diagnostic difficulties. While not representative samples have been reduced over the period, human error vary for different pathologists, it would be more efficient to assign this task to the same people, so that they could accumulate more experience.

Author: LLANOS FRUTOS ROSA DE.
Year: 2006.
University: VALENCIA.
Place of defense: INST. DE AGROQUÍ. Y TECNO. DE ALIMENTOS.
Place of preparation: UNIVERSITAT DE VALÈNCIA.

Summary: The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is the species most commonly used terms biotechnology. The food industry is involved in the preparation of bread and drinks alcohó1icas as wine and beer, also is used as a dietary supplement and as a probiotic agent under the name of S. Cerevisiae var. Boulardii. Despite its beneficial properties, S. Cerevisiae yeast is now regarded as an opportunistic pathogen emerging low virulence, capable of causing infections mainly in immunocompromised hosts. In order to know the potential role of this emerging pathogen as yeast, this work deals with a comparative study between clinical and non-clinical isolates of S cerevisiae from different points of view. First, the characterization of molecular techniques through a large number of clinical isolates and their comparison with non-clinical isolates, has been of great help to clarify the origins of colonization by S. infections Cerevisiae. Cerevisiae var. Boulardii. Moreover, studies of phenotypic traits associated with virulence of this yeast showed that the ability to grow to 42 "C growth pseudohifal and high levels in the phospholipase activity, are virulence traits that make the difference between clinical isolates and industrial strains. This study together with the trials of systemic infection murine systems, have enabled some of the potential pathogenic strains of S. cerevisiae. finally were observed varying degrees of activation of MAP kinase Slt2 and Kss1 among clinical isolates clinical and not included in this study, also detected the presence of two proteins Slt2 for a group of clinical isolates. analysis of the sequence of the gene SL 7'2 has revealed that these isolates have more than two alleles differ in the size, as a result of changes in a large number of repetitions of trinucleótidos CAA / encoding glutaminas. These studies can be of great interest to the food industry including S. cerevisiae in their preparations, as well as in the hospital setting , warning of the danger involved in the administration of products containing yeast, immunocompromised individuals.

Author: Sancho Chinesta Susana.
Year: 2006.
University: VALENCIA.
Place of defense: Facultad de Medicina y Odontología.
Place of preparation: Facultad de Medicina y Odontología.

Summary: The only maneuver able to indefinitely protect the ischemic myocardium is reperfusion. But it is not without its deleterious effects (myocardial stunning, arrhythmias, reperfusion injury). Several factors have been implicated in the occurrence of these effects, which include activation of the exchanger Na + / H +. There are references in the literature regarding the beneficial effects in protecting the ischemic myocardium and reperfundido of inhibition exchanger Na + / H +. The halocina H7, bacteriocina-like produced by the arch, Haloferax gibbonsii, is a specific inhibitor and reversible effects of the exchanger Na + / H +. The EIPA is a derivative of amiloride and has been demonstrated its protective effect on ischemic myocardium by inhibiting the exchanger Na + / H +. We study the protective effect of halocina H7 and EIPA rabbits undergoing coronary occlusion Acute (1 hour) followed by reperfusion (2 hours), and as a result we obtained a reduction of infarct size in animals treated with EIPA, and a trend the decrease in infarct size and the incidence of arrhythmias ventricular ectopic beats as expressed in animals treated with halocina H7. Determinamos also in the group treated with halocina the biochemical indicators of myocardial injury.

Author: PINA DESFILIS Ma. TATIANA.
Year: 2006.
University: VALENCIA.
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE FARMACIA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS BIOLÓGICAS.

Summary: The louse red Calif., Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell) (Hemiptera. Diaspidadae), is considered as one of the three most important pests of citrus along with the Mediterranean fly, Ceratitis capitata Wiedemann (Diptera; Tephritidae), and red spider, Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari; TETRANYCHIDAE) This plague, despite all the chemical treatments being made to checking, it was found above the threshold of economic damage. There is, after sampling conducted over a year, which Aphytis chIYsompha / i (Mercet) (Hym.; Aphelinidae) is the parasitoid majority of this mealybug in the Community of Valencia, despite all the loose undertaken since the years 70 of the species A. Melinus DeBach, parasitoid theoretically more effective in other countries. Alongside these two species has verified the establishment of A. Lingnanensis Compere in Castellon, after repeated loose, as has been described in the presence of two new species of parasites on A aurantii. Aphytis hispanicus (Mercet) parasitoid usual P. Pergandii (Comstock) (Hem.; Diaspidadae) but not A. Aurantii in Espalia and a species that could be a new taxon for science and until his next description has been called Aphytis sp. Group lingnanensis. This sort out as key features pigmentation almost complete the pupa (mainly head and thorax), the exuvia also dark and crénula shadowed in the adult. Together this group of ectoparasitoides also has made the introduction of two new endoparasitoids louse of California in the red Iberian peninsula, in a program of classical biological control. Comperiella bifasciata (Howard) (Hym.; Encyrtidae) and Encarsia perniciosi (Tower) (Hym.; Aphelindae). The first species has not been established but the second, also in Castellon, after being transferred to insectario Plant Health Almazora (Castellón), in collaboration with the unit's entomology IVIA. During the study period was also located Comperiella lemniscata Compere and Annecke (Hym.; Encyrtidae), a new kind of endoparasitoide of Crysomphalus dictyospermi (Morgan) (Hem; Diaspididae) Espalia fruit of accidental introduction. A. ChIYsomphali it has been observed that in field parasitizes primarily male mealybugs, which -- and as demuestraen thesis -- negatively affects the size of the parasite, its longevity and fertility. However, in laboratory conditions, this species prefers a host larger as the young female, and therefore the election in a field host of lesser quality due to ecological issues. Among these variables could be crucial aspects such as the structure of the population of the cochineal field dominated immature states, which in turn could be responsible for the low population density of A. Melinus. Moreover, it has been observed that this species is infected by the bacterium endosimbionte Wolbachia. This paper demonstrates how this bacterium in A. ChIYsomphali induce parthenogenesis telitoca, so that if it gets eliminate antibiotic treatment is achieved through reverse the proportion of sexes in the production of an offspring formed exclusively by males. However, although these males have a normal behavior of copulation, the females are receptive not, and therefore reproduction partenogenética telitoca displayed by the female rate is irreversible.

Author: Scheper Sigmund Johanna.
Year: 2006.
University: AUTÓNOMA DE BARCELONA.
Place of defense: CID-CSIC ( Barcelona).
Place of preparation: CID-CSIC.

Summary: Introduction: The ubiquitinación is a modification post-traduccional of proteinas.Durante long been reyó which was limited to signal a change for the degradation of proteins through proteasoma.REcientemente it has been found that may also be involved in other cellular processes such as vesicular trafficking, DNA repair, transcription, etc.. Mechanisms catálisi of ubiquitina: It is given in three steps enzyme catalyzed by an E1 or enzyme activation of ubiquitinas, an E2 or enzyme conjugadora of ubiquitinas, and an E3 or ligasa of ubiquitinas. First E1 activates ubiquitina in an ATP-dependent mechanism, and once it is turned on is transferred to an E2 which then conjugará the substrate produced by the E3. Particularities of the ubiquitinación by lysine 63: This process differs from the canonical estandart because consists of chains poliubiquitinas united by links isospetídicos between Glycine 76 of the ubiquitina donor and lysine 63 of the ubiquitina aceptora instead of lysine position 48 is the route used by the canonical and signals for degradation by proteasoma.Este kind of modification is carried out by the heterodímero UBC13-UEV and has its effects on routes such as NF-kB or repair of DNA. Work objectives: 1) Designing an inhibitor of heterodímero UBC13-UEV 2) To identify proteins that interact with UBC13 using analysis of features in common interactions observed. Results: A screening of a quimioteca of peptoides using the technique of double hybrid in yeast. In mixtures peptoides tested could deduct 4 possible peptoides individual able to inhibit the interaction of UBC13 and UEV. These peptoides were used in a range computer to design more rigid molecules arising from them and that fit well on the surface of UBC13. From these studies computational the two best were chosen and conducted several types of experiments to demonstrate its ability to inhibit the desired interaction. The goal 2 is also conducted experiments in yeast and double hybrid computational studies to predict from the primary sequence of type RING finger protein could interact with UBC13. Conclusions of the study were: 1) We have implemented a protocol that combines cribajes in vivo and with a computational optimization identify molecules able to inhibit the interaction desired. 2) The resulting molecules have high affinity for UBC13 at nanomolar concentrations and micromolares. 3) In yeast, inhibit DNA repair in mammalian and inhibits activation of the route Nf-kB by TNFalpha. 4) Sensibilizan cell mammalian treatment with doxorubicin. 5) One of them, designated Varubin, has significant anti-tumor activity in mice models of prostate cancer. 6) We have found new proteins that interact with UBC13: RNF11, RNF103 and ZNFR2.

Author: MORA SOL LAIA.
Year: 2006.
University: AUTÓNOMA DE BARCELONA.
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE BIOCIENCIAS.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE BIOCIENCIAS.

Summary: At the core interfásico of mammalian chromatin that way every chromosome has a territorial organization so that occupies a space that excludes the other chromosomes of the individual. When space nuclear deals each chromosome is known as chromosome territory. We know that the position on the center of the (radial position) of each chromosome is not random. In human fibroblasts there are authors who have linked the radial position of chromosomes with its density gene while others have linked to the size chromosome. However, in human lymphoblastoid cells and lymphocytes all observations suggest that the patterns of organizing chromatin are related to the density genes in each chromosome, so that higher density gene have a more central position that the Preferred lower-density gene. This pattern of organization related to the density gene has also been reported in lymphoblastoid cells of other species of primates, in a way that appears to be evolutionarily conserved. These background led us to raise the hypothesis that the position of the chromosomes in the nucleus interfásico keeps phylogenetic memory so that not only the patterns that influence in the organization but also the radial position of each chromosome specific radio had been retained during evolution . Thus, as a general objective we set out to investigate the organization of chromosomes in the nucleus interfásico of fibroblasts from several species of primates and relate it to the phylogenetic evolution of chromosomes. To develop this goal, we first analyzed in fibroblasts Primate species Homo sapiens, Lagothrix lagothricha and Saimiri sciureus if the radial position of the chromosomes is associated with chromosomal size and / or density gene. Secondly, we examined whether the radial position specific chromosomes and phylogenetic memory has been preserved over evolution. Finally, we analyzed whether chromosomes that have been connected to form a single chromosome at some point in evolution, are closest to chromosomes that have never formed a single chromosome. The study of organizational patterns that influence the radial position of the chromosomes in the nucleus interfásico of fibroblasts Primate indicated that the position is related to both the size of the chromosomes (the smallest staying in a central position and preferably more large in a more peripheral) with the gene density (with the high density gene in a more central position and the lower density of more peripheral), but the influence of chromosomal size is greater. However, should there other factors that influence the organization radial chromatin because we see chromosomes whose position is away from the influence of the size and density of the gene. On the other hand, the comparative study of radial position chromosome counterparts indicates that the species closer taxonomic there is a greater tendency to preserving the radial position of the chromosomes. However, when we look at the position in all three species as a whole, we note that there are significant differences and that none of the chromosomes studied radio has retained the position during the evolution of primates. Finally, we noticed that the chromosomes that have been evolutionarily related and have been part of the same chromosome sometime in the prices are not significantly associated chromosomes that have never been associated (with the exception of chromosome counterparts to chromosomes human 12 and 22) and, therefore, we can say that in general, there is phylogenetic memory in the organization "side by side" of the chromosomes in the nucleus interfásico of Primate.

Author: Seoane Rosende Silvia.
Year: 2006.
University: A CORUÑA.
Place of defense: Facultad de Ciencias.
Place of preparation: Facultade de Ciencias.

Summary: The thesis represents a breakthrough in understanding the mechanisms of alternative polyadenylation in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This is a process regulated and maintained in all eukaryotes and little known. We use gene KlCYCl of Kluyveromyces lactis as a model for study, since the positions of alternative processing are conserved in expressing the gene in S. Cerevisiae. It found that the domains of the proximal and distal region 3 'UTR-terminator regions are efficient as independent and identify regulatory elements present in each of them noting that further interaction with each other. The AU-rich element (position 670-694) of the proximal domain is important to determine the position and efficiency of processing 3 'regulate the stability of transcripts and interaction with factors of processing 3' It shows how that factors Pta1, Rna15 , Pcf11 and Fip1 affect the processing 3 'alternative. We demonstrate a role that had not been described previously for any gene eucariota. The expression of different domains in the region 3 '-UTR of KlCYC1 allows altering patterns of gene expression in a process independent of the promoter and alter metabolism respiro-fermentativo in K. Lactis. In this species dominance of the positions of alternative polyadenylation is regulated depending on the stage of cultivation. Using DNA microarrays to identify factors transcripcionales and machinery processing 3 'which are regulated depending on the stage of cultivation, these results allow propose a model whereby different machinery processing 3' which are regulated depending on the stage cultivation, these results allow propose a model whereby different machinery processing 3 'act on the different positions and cutting alternative polyadenylation depending on changes in the stage of cultivation.

Author: CARTERON CHRISTELLE.
Year: 2006.
University: MIGUEL HERNÁNDEZ DE ELCHE.
Place of defense: INSTITUTO DE NEUROCIENCIAS UMH CSIC.
Place of preparation: INSTITUTO DE NEUROCIENCIAS UMH CSIC.

Summary: Neurons instruct the oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells on that axon mielinizar expressing proteins on the surface of signaling. A group of these proteins taken special relevance in recent years, is the family of neurregulinas. The neurregulinas are intercellular signaling proteins that carry out their function by binding to receptor family erbB. Besides controlling mielinizacion, neurregulinas have proven survival factors for both oligodendrocytes to Schwann cells. Despite its functional importance, the molecular mechanisms by which they carry out their biological function is still unknown. Therefore, the main objective of this work was to investigate at the molecular level this family of proteins to understand the mechanisms that control cell functionality and, so, better understand their role in mielinizacion nervous system. One goal has been focused on the molecular characters of the neurregulina SMDF (Sensory and Motor-neuron Derived Factor), which is highly expressed in neurons of the peripheral system. We noticed that this protein undergoes O-glicosilacion, which determines its subcellular location. Thus, the non-modified protein is located in basins of lipids (lipid rafts), while the species O-glicosilada does not interact with these microdominios membranales. Additionally, we have identified and characterized at the molecular level a new gene isoform of the neurregulina 3 (NRG3), called hFBNRG3, whose expression is regulated by the proteosoma. Finally, functional studies have shown that neurregulina 3, as does the neurregulina 1 has a role in the survival of oligodendrocytes. However, in opposed to the latter, preliminary studies show that NRG3 can inhibit mielinizacion both in the SNP as in the CNS. Taken together, the results provide information about the molecular and functional mechanism of action of two neurregulinas and corroborate a crucial role these molecules as the mielinizacion neural controllers in the nervous system. This knowledge can contribute to the rational design of therapies to restore nerve function in the affected demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis.

Author: LETEK POLBERG MICHAL.
Year: 2006.
University: LEÓN.
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE BIOLOGÍA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE BIOLOGÍA.

Summary: The promoters of the genes gnt Corynebacterium glutamicum have served to control the expression of genes essential for this microorganism. Using these promoters have reduced the expression of the gene essential divIVA obtained strains with morphology cocoide as a consequence of a total absence of polar growth. The lack of DivIVA in reduced expression strains of C. Glutamicum only was supplemented by DivIVAs other actinomycetes, but no protein DivIVA of Bacillus subtilis or Streptococcus pneumoniae. The strains of corinebacterias of reduced expression could also be supplemented by proteins DivIVA chimera exhibiting a mastery of DivIVA B. Subtilis, despite the difference in size between the respective regions coiled-coil. Changes in gene expression divIVA led to the aberrant chromosome segregation, but the protein DivIVA did not seem to be directly involved in this process as it was in the septum of division once biosynthesis peptidoglicano and when nucleoides were totally segregated. In addition, it has been observed that in C. Glutamicum location of FtsZ in the septum division is not regulated by the system occlusion by nucleoide or any other regulatory or temporary space known. Finally, as a practical application of the results, has been used gene divIVA as target amplification by PCR to identify corinebacterias pathogenic.

Author: BANEGAS FONT INMACULADA.
Year: 2006.
University: JAÉN.
Place of defense: UNIVERSIDAD DE JAÉN.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD CIENCIAS EXPERIMENTALES.

Summary: The Renin-Angiotensin System (RAS) is an important regulator of blood pressure (BP) and hydro-electrolytic balance. Until recently, angiotensin II was considered the main peptide involved in these functions. However, some of its metabolic derivatives have recently demonstrated important biological functions and various aminopeptidase activities control their formation. Among factors that interact with the RAS, special interest has the nitric oxide (NO) and brain dopaminergic system, both of them also involved in BP control. Aminopeptidases and dopamine content have revealed important neurochemical and functional asymmetries in brain, being their bilateral study necessary to understand appropr 8 iately t c15 heir function. Particularly, asymmetries have been reported involving the prefrontal cortex and the nigrostriatal system. There also exist asymmetries in the neuroendocrine system, In addition to the well-known asymmetry in the function of brain dopamine, there also are asymmetries in the peripheral response to experimental hemi-parkinsonism. Therefore, it is speculated that the neuroendocrine system would also be asymmetrically affected in experimental hemi-parkinsonism. The purpose of this research is to perform a comprehensive study on the interaction of these factors and brain areas in normotensive and hypertensive animals at central and peripheral level. Specifically, the present work was conducted to analyze in normotensive and hypertensive rats, the effect of the lesion of the left or right nigrostriatal system on left and right brain and plasma aminopeptidase activities that could be involved in the metabolism of several BP control peptides. Lesions were performed by left or right intrastriatal injections of 6-OHDA. BP and HR were also monitored. Therefore, Alanyl-, Aspartyl- and Glutamyl-AP like-activities, measured respectively as alanyl-, aspartyl- and glutamyl-2-naphthylamide hydrolyzing activities, were determined in the left and right prefrontal cortex, striatum, substantia nigra and plasma, using specific arylamides as substrates after the administration of 6-OHDA or saline into the left or right striatum of adult male rats. Results demonstrated that hemiparkinsonism, induced by left or right intrastriatal injection of 6-OHDA and sham-operated animals, produced by intrastriatal injection of saline, generate changes in aminopeptidase activities of the prefrontal cortex and nigrostriatal system, that also are reflected in plasma by changes in aminopeptidase activities and nitric oxide concentration and by changes in blood pressure and heart rate.

Author: PÉREZ ROMERO RAFAEL.
Year: 2006.
University: LEÓN.
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS BIOLÓGICAS Y AMBIENTALES.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS BIOLÓGICAS Y AMBIENTALES.

Summary: The genus Senecio (Asteraceae, Senecioneae) introduced between 1,000 and 3,000 species, so it's gender with the greatest number of species within the family Asteraceae. Its enormous scale, along with the great variability of intra-and inter-species Senecio has caused great difficulty in establishing a classification infragenérica. In this Report Doctoral have studied the morphological characters and palynological of taxa of the Iberian Peninsula in section Crociseris gender Senecio along with a number of additional species, jointly and separately, in numerical taxonomy. There have been various multivariate analysis: principal component analysis (PCA), discriminant analysis (AD), analysis of proximity (NMDS) and dendrogramas fenéticos. Based on the characters reviewed and the results of numerical taxonomy, we recognize the existence of seven species and a total of nine taxa belonging to the sect. Crociseris in the Iberian Peninsula which can be grouped as follows: Group S. Doronicum (S. doronicum, S. eriopus, S. gerardi, S. lagascanus and S. lusitanicus), S. Lopezii and S. Pyrenaicus. It is proposed segregation of the sect. Crociseris of the species S. Auricula and S. Paludosus. Studies fenéticos offer better results when analyzed together and palynological morphological characters. In addition, it has developed a dichotomous key to the species studied with their descriptions, iconography and distribution maps. On the other hand, describes for the first time the majority of pollen grains of the species studied, including possible differences in the ranks subespecíficos. This therefore, in light of the foregoing, the morphology and palinología have a high diagnostic value in systematics of the genus Senecio.

Author: JIMÉNEZ ESCOBAR MARÍA DOLORES.
Year: 2006.
University: POLITÉCNICA DE MADRID.
Place of defense: ETSI MONTES.
Place of preparation: ETSI MONTES.

Summary: Natural regeneration of cork is a key aspect of the cork forestry, and one of the most important problems to tackle because it depends the future of these systems. To that end, it is important to: 1-Identify the major environmental factors affecting the natural regeneration. 2-Know ecofisiológicos mechanisms of tolerance to these factors. In environments Mediterranean availability uy and water presentna great variability and both factors interact in a complex manner and is not well under natural conditions. In this thesis we studied the combined effect of different light and water availability and on brinzales of cork able semicontroladas and in the field. Two trials were conducted in conditions semicontroladas and an experiment under field conditions, where they also considered the interaction with herbaceous plants. Some parameters that allow acclimation to drought conditions as osmotic adjustment or elastic, the accumulation of soluble sugars and efficiency with the use of water were disadvantaged in terms of sombreo. Under field conditions plants showed higher growth were those who grew up in the plot with increased availability of light, but it was in such a plot where survival was lower. Possibly this was associated with lower survival obtaining lower water potentials measured in brinzales who grew up under greater sunshine. The photochemical activity of fotosistemas evaluated by measuring the fluorescence of the chlorophyll showed a pattern of daily and seasonal variation with the minimum at noon and in the summer, respectively, which may be interpreted as mechanisms for photoprotection own environments that allow minimize the Mediterranean oxidative stress in conditions of high temperature and radiation. Overall, we note that plántuls of cork were able to aclimatares situations sombreo intermediate 16% (7.92 mol m-2día-1), even in moderate drought conditions, but it was not in a position to deep shade (less 5% ).

Author: Moscoso Galan Isabel.
Year: 2006.
University: A CORUÑA.
Place of defense: Facultad de Ciencias.
Place of preparation: C. H. Universitario Juan Canalejo.

Summary: Despite the large number of transplants performed in Spain, there is a great shortage of available organs because the number of donors is far outstripped by the number of patients on the waiting list for transplant, and this waiting list grows each year. To solve this problem, there has been in recent years a major effort to seek alternatives to solid organ transplantation. This thesis deals with two different solutions: the cell therapy and xenotransplantation. The experimental animal model chosen for this has been the pig, given its enormous physiological and anatomical similarities to humans. The solid organ xenotransplantation pigs has not gained acceptance in clinical transplantation for two reasons. On the one hand, has not reached a graft survival over a long period of time in preclinical models with non-human primates and, in addition, there is an unknown risk to the recipient, and for society in general, transmission of infectious agents such as the pig endogenous retrovirus (PERV). Therefore, in an in vivo model of xenotransplantation of pig organs in transgenic baboons, the specific objectives of this thesis has been: To study the role of xenoanticuerpos anti? Gal IgM and IgG antibodies and hemolíticos (APA) in the rejection acute vascular (RSV). To analyze the effectiveness of GAS914 a polilisina containing waste? Gal, for the neutralization of xenoanticuerpos before and after xenotransplantation. To investigate the role of immunosuppression and GAS914 in the possible transfer of PERV after a xenotransplantation from the organs of the pig baboon donor to recipient. Cell therapy based on ex vivo cell antólogas floods has been proposed as an alternative to organ transplantation for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. In order to gain a better approximation to the potential clinical trials of cell therapy, it is essential to carry out experiments on large animals physiologically similar to humans as in the case of pork. Based on this, the specific objectives of this thesis has been-antigenically isolate and characterize the myoblasts and mesenchymal cells (JMC) pig pig. --Get cell lines inmortalizadas MBC - pig study the possible differentiation caridomiocitos of CMM and inmortalizadas Of the primary results were obtained the following findings:-In xenotransplantation of pig hearts transgenic hDAF to baboons treated with a potent immunosuppressant drug rejection hiperagudo (RHA) may be associated with the presence before transplantation high levels of antibodies (Acs) hemolíticos both cytotoxic anti? Gal as not anit-? Gal. The expression of transgen human DAF in xenoinjertos pigs is not enough to prevent RSV that occurs in xenotransplantation of pig hearts transgenic hDAF in baboons. - Treatment with GAS914, an array of polilisina linear soluble containing waste? Gal, for 17 days prior to the transplant and post-transplant continuously prevents the RHA and washes out of the RSV consistently occurring in xenotrasplantes pigs hDAF in baboons. The immunosuppressive GAS914 eliminates both xenoAcs type IgM and IgG anti? Gal DI, T2 and T6, both before and after transplantation. However, in the absence of an adequate immunosuppression, Acs other specific non-cytotoxic anti? Gal can be induced by the xenoinjerto after transplantation and cause RSV. During the xenotransplantation of transgenic pigs for hDAF in baboons there is an activation of the endothelium, both in the presence and in absence of anti Acs? Gal, which ultimately has a negative role in graft survival. The causes of this activation of the endothelium are unknown, although one of the mediators Acs could not be cytotoxic to be fixed temporarily to endothelium. - Depletion persistent anti Acs? 8 Gal by 7cc the GAS914 along with a powerful immunosuppressant drug does not increase the risk of infection with PERV in organ transplantation of transgenic pigs to baboons. After xenotransplantation of pig organs of transgenic baboons to exist in the recipient pig cells, both circulating in the tissues, which indicates the existence of xenoquimerismo in these animals, but this does not appear to be related to survival xenoinjerto. The myoblasts porcine derived from skeletal muscle and CMM pig treated 5-azacitidina in vitro antigenic present enormous similarities with cardiomiocitos pigs. Treatment with 5-azacitidina of CMP induces in these phenotype miogénico but not condrogénico, adipogénico or osteogénico. There have been 4 lines inmortalizadas MBC pig phenotypically similar to the primaries, which can be maintained indefinitely in culture and retain the ability to differentiate into cardiomiocitos after treatment with 5-aazacitidina, being the best that retains these features line pBMC- 2. Obtaining myoblasts pigs and obtaining CMM and differentiation of primary pig or inmortalizadas can be a useful tool for the development of models of cell therapy in vivo utlizando as biomedical model pork.

Author: Cabrera Socorro Alfredo.
Year: 2006.
University: LA LAGUNA.
Place of defense: Facultad de Medicina.
Place of preparation: Facultad de Medicina.

Summary: This dissertation examines the pattern of expression of p73 in the cerebral cortex of the human species in the mouse and the lizard (Gallotia galloti) during development and adult stages. In a first section discusses the implications of the absence of p73 in the mouse mutant p73- /-, which identifies the cortical malformations associated with the mutation. In a second section examines the pattern of expression of different isoforms of p73 in the human central nervous system, where its presence is detected at the level of cerebrospinal fluid. Finally, he examines the presence of p73 in the cerebral cortex of reptile with a view to establishing a relationship between this protein and cells Cajal-Retzius over evolution, which completes the study from an evolutionary perspective .