BIOMECHANICS

Author: BUSCEMI ESTEFANELL LARA.
Year: 2003.
University: BARCELONA.
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE MEDICINA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE MEDICINA.

Summary: The integrity of the barrier alviolo-capilar, formed by a monolayer of cÃÂ © lulas of alveolar epithelium of a separate monolayer of cÃÂ © lulas vascular endothelial by a thin lÃÂ ¡mine extracellular matrix, is seriously compromised in processes inflamatorios.Uno the most studied inflammatory mediators that affect this barrier is thrombin. To understand the importance of the properties mecÃÂ ¡nicas of cÃÂ © lulas of alveolar epithelium in a position to inflamaciÃÂ charges, has been addressed through microscopÃÂa force atÃÂ ³ mica (AFM) Studying the microreologÃÂa the cytoskeleton of cÃÂ © lulas epithelial alveolar of lÃÂnea A549 and its changes in response to thrombin, asÃÂ as the molecular mechanisms subyacentes.Se has studied the role of the integrity of the cytoskeleton in response mecÃÂ ¡nica of cÃÂ © lulas dela lÃÂnea epithelial alveolar A549 to travÃÂ © s of evoluciÃÂ ³ n Temporary the changes in the properties mecÃÂ ¡nicas (stiffness and strength of indentaciÃÂ ³ n) as a result of the breakdown of the active filament and microtÃÂ fourth bulos.Se has examined implicaciÃÂ charges of activaciÃÂ ³ n engine actina-miosina and degree of participaciÃÂ ³ n the kinada of myosin light chain (MLCK) and Rho kinase (ROCK) in response mecÃÂ ¡nica of cÃÂ © lulas A549 to thrombin. The dataset from this thesis suggests that the inflammatory mediator thrombin causes activaciÃÂ ³ n of the machine contrÃÂ ¡ctil of actina-miosina.Esta activaciÃÂ charges, coupled with an increase in stiffness desplazarÃÂa the balance of power that maintains the integrity of the barrier alveolus - capillary contributing to the formaciÃÂ charges of intercellular gaps, with a consequent formaciÃÂ ³ n edema and infeltraciÃÂ charges of cÃÂ © lulas inflammatory in the alveolar space.

Author: TREPAT GUIXER XAVIER.
Year: 2003.
University: BARCELONA.
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE MEDICINA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE MEDICINA.

Summary: The cÃÂ © lulas acceding estÃÂ ¡n constantly subjected to efforts mecÃÂ ¡nicos by their environment. This is particularly relevant in cÃÂ © lulas lung and mÃÂ ¡s specifically, cÃÂ © lulas epithelial alveolar experiencing efforts cÃÂclicos remarkable due to respiraciÃÂ ³ n. In response to the aplicaciÃÂ ³ n efforts mecÃÂ ¡nicos, cÃÂ © lulas have the ability to deform, flow and remodel its cytoskeleton. These processes are essential in a large nÃÂ eighth mere cellular functions including adhesiÃÂ ³ n, mobility, divisiÃÂ ³ n, contracciÃÂ ³ n, proliferaciÃÂ ³ n, diferenciaciÃÂ ³ n, sÃÂntesis DNA and mecanotransducciÃÂ ³ n. The cellular response to estÃÂmulos mecÃÂ ¡nicos tambiÃÂ © n estÃÂ ¡involved in processes fisiopatolÃÂ ³ ments such as asthma or lesiÃÂ ³ n ventilator-induced lung. In this context, the properties mecÃÂ ¡nicas of cÃÂ © lulas epithelial lung play a very important role in maintaining the integrity of the epithelial barrier, both structurally and funcinal. The overall aim of the thesis was the study of mecÃÂ ¡nica of cÃÂ © lulas epithelial alveolar growing through nanomanipulaciÃÂ charges of microspheres magnÃÂ © policies. It construyÃÂ ³ an actuator magnÃÂ © tico computer-controlled and based on the roll. TambiÃÂ © n is implementÃÂ ³ a tracking system partÃÂculas for measuring the amplitude and phase of displacement of a large nÃÂ eighth mere microspheres. The resoluciÃÂ ³ n System, determined experimentally, was lower 1nm. The experimental system was validated conp artÃÂculas ferromagnÃÂ © cies submerged in a soluciÃÂ charges of visosidad known. It desarrollÃÂ ³ an apparatus for deformaciÃÂ charges of cell capable of implementing biaxial deformation and uniforms. It midiÃÂ ³ the mÃÂ ³ dulo complex elÃÂ ¡stico (G) cÃÂ © lulas epithelial human alveolar undergoing steps deformaciÃÂ ³ n. The mÃÂ ³ dulos storage and pÃÂ © loss increased with deformaciÃÂ ³ n. The frequency dependence of G siguiÃÂ ³ a bill potential structural damping with the adiciÃÂ ³ No one tÃÂ © rmino viscous Newtonian. It midiÃÂ ³ the cmapo of deformaciÃÂ charges associated with the aplicaciÃÂ ³ n stretch cell. The relaciÃÂ ³ n observed between increased rigidity cellular i partial disconnection of cÃÂ © lulas suggests that these could not withstand increased tensiÃÂ charges for large deformation of the cytoskeleton. The results suggest that the actin cytoskeleton is a key determinant of the cellular response to estÃÂmulos mecÃÂ ¡nicos. The answer mecÃÂ ¡nica observed as a result of deformaciÃÂ ³ n supports the hipÃÂ ³ thesis that cÃÂ © lulas adherents are materials vÃÂtreos soft and structures supported by tensiÃÂ ³ n. The cÃÂ © lulas epithelial alveolar show a response viscoelÃÂ ¡sightseeing similar disruptions mecÃÂ ¡nicas and interventions farmacolÃÂ ³ gicas. This behavior mecÃÂ We can provide a single integrated database empÃÂrica for a explicaciÃÂ ³ n unified capacity cytoskeleton of deformas, flowing and remodeled.

Author: GRABULOSA DESCALS MIREIA.
Year: 2003.
University: BARCELONA.
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE MEDICINA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE MEDICINA.

Summary: In inflammatory conditions integrity of the barrier alveolo-capilar is seriously comprometida.El in vitro study of the integrity of the barrier alveolo-capilar has focused so prÃÂ ¡cticamente exclusively to the study of increased endothelial permeability induced by inflammatory mediators. AsÃÂ, despite the role of the properties mecÃÂ ¡nicas of cÃÂ © lulas epithelial alveolar in the structural maintenance of the alveolar wall and the participaciÃÂ ³ n of these cÃÂ © lulas in the inflammatory response, it does not have data on the response mecÃÂ ¡nica of cÃÂ © lulas epithelial alveolar to estÃÂmulos inflammatory. This work has focused on studying the properties mecÃÂ ¡nicas of cÃÂ © lulas epithelial alveolar of lÃÂnea A549 in response to inflamaciÃÂ charges through citometrÃÂa of trosiÃÂ ³ n magnÃÂ © tica with detecciÃÂ ³ n ÃÂ ³ ptica.Para it first has studied the role of the cytoskeleton the actin to travÃÂ © s of evoluciÃÂ ³ n Temporary changes in the properties mÃÂ © marbles (rigidity) as a result of the rupture dela filament actina.En Secondly, it has studied the effect of different inflammatory mediators (histamine, and bradykinin thrombin) on the properties mecÃÂ ¡nicas of cÃÂ © lulas A549.Posteriormente have studied the molecular mechanisms associated with the response mecÃÂ ¡nica caused by thrombin evaluating the participaciÃÂ charges of reorganizaciÃÂ ³ n of the actin cytoskeleton and participaciÃÂ charges of contracciÃÂ ³ n actin - myosin (fosforilaciÃÂ ³ nde the myosin light chain). finally has studied implicaciÃÂ ³ n of the light chain kinase dela myosin (MLCK) and the Rho kinase in such respuesta.El set of data obtained in this thesis suggests that the reorganizaciÃÂ ³ n of the actin cytoskeleton as activaciÃÂ ³ n tract contrÃÂ ¡ctil involved in the increased rigidity including by thrombin, although it is not primarily the actin and myosin both engine, the maximum charge of the response mecÃÂ ¡nica of cÃÂ © lulas epithelial alveolar to trombina.El model proposed to explain the maintenance of the barrier alveolo-capilar estÃÂ ¡based on the balance between the forces of contraciÃÂ charges and forces ashesiÃÂ ³ n cÃÂ © lula-cÃÂ © lula estÃÂ ¡basado-matriz extracelular.Sin however, does not take into account that this barrier is a structure that estÃÂ We continually exposed to deformation mecÃÂ ¡nicas during respiraciÃÂ ³ n.AdemÃÂ ¡s, inflammatory conditions, pulmÃÂ charges can be locally collapse leading to deformation mÃÂ ¡s elevadas.En this situaciÃÂ charges, we suggest that increased tensiÃÂ charges generated by cÃÂ © lulas epithelial alveolar mÃÂ ¡s rÃÂgidad not podrÃÂa be countered by the forces of adhsiÃÂ ³ n cÃÂ © lula-cÃÂ © lula and cÃÂ © lula-matriz extrangular leading the breakdown of these joints and causing the cÃÂ © lulas is desenganchen between them and respect to the matrix extracelular.AsÃÂ, increased property mecÃÂ ¡nicas induced by thrombin contribuirÃÂa to the breakdown of the alveolar barrier with a consequent formaciÃÂ ³ n edema and infiltacciÃÂ charges in the alveolar space.

Author: ROA DE RODRIGUEZ OLGA.
Year: 2003.
University: POLITÉCNICA DE CATALUÑA.
Place of defense: ETSECCPB.
Place of preparation: ETSECCPB, EDIFICI C2 Campus NORD.

Summary: The identification of those elements that increase the capacity of innovation through knowledge from external sources (such as universities, research centers, â |) is not an easy task. There are indications that several investigations have studied some of its determinants are as a whole prior knowledge of the process (Cohen and Levinthal, 1990), the similarities in innovation policy (Lane and Lubatkin, 1998) or the capabilities of relationship (Van den Bosch Volberda and de Boer, 1999). The purpose of this research is to increase the overall determinants studied by identifying the relationships between organizational structures and construct absorption capacity. The investigation began with the compilation of the relevant studies on the identification of determinants and dimensions that have enabled represent organizational structures, as well as types and classifications of organizational structures undertaken over the past century. Subsequently, a second compilation of information on developments and the current state of construct absorptive capacity through publications remarkable. In this collection, presents various studies that address the relationship between organizational forms and construct absorptive capacity, and the results have become the foundation of this research. The realization of this study is justified primarily by a shortage of studies examining the organizational structures from the point of view of the acquisition and exploitation of knowledge outside, despite the important contribution that the study is taking its determinants (which can be considered Key to generate sustainable competitive advantages). Studies conducted recently by Lane and Lubatkin (1998) and Van den Bosch Volverda and de Boer (1999) remarcan the importance of investigating the construct absorptive capacity and its determinants, such as the organizational structure. The research aims to fill this gap by analyzing the relationship between organizational structures and construct absorption capacity in companies operating in sectors intensive investigation. This analysis can contribute to a better understanding of the impact of organizational structures on knowledge management in the Spanish organizations. To this end, it has been selected areas of pharmaceuticals and electronics (and telecommunications) field survey. To answer these questions has developed an inquiry orchestrated through a methodology based on forms / quantitative surveys and technical and multivariable. The forms (or surveys) have been used to gather information necessary to quantify the model organizational structure and absorptive capacity developed on the basis of existing literature. The technique has been used multivariate equations structural, as they allow, in addition to estimating multiple relationships, introducing concepts or latent variables (concept course and noticed that not only can be approximated through measurable or observable variables) to the analysis, while the interrelationships established Enhanced correlations used.

Author: ROMERO ROS JAVIER.
Year: 2004.
University: BARCELONA.
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE MEDICINAº.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE MEDICINA.

Author: TORRE IGLESIAS MARIA DEL CARMEN.
Year: 2004.
University: ZARAGOZA.
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE MEDICINA.
Place of preparation: UNIVERSIDAD DE ZARAGOZA.

Summary: The thesis is an analysis of the changes that are experiencing the pressures faced by metatarsianos and heel when we walk by sloped surfaces, both upstream and downstream, using templates for baropodometría electronics (System Pdm 240). The results we have compared among themselves and with those observed in the march in flat terrain. The work has been completed with the analysis of the influence that variables such as sex, weight, height and formulas digital and metatarsal, can exert on plantar pressures.

Author: RICO CAMPS FELIX.
Year: 2005.
University: BARCELONA.
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE MEDICINA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE MEDICINA.

Summary: During the past century, is studying cell biology basically from the point of view biochemist: watching how modifying the biochemical composition of living cells stimulated also biochemically. However, the majority of cells that make up the human body are exercised or mechanical forces. The muscle cells exert forces entered the vascular endothelial cells are subjected to shear forces caused by the blood stream and cell lung cyclical bear deformations due to spontaneous breathing. Thus, the mechanical forces are present in almost all cell types and it seems reasonable that play an important role in determining its composition, structure and function. The recent development of techniques designed to manipulate cells and molecules with nanometer resolution and to measure and enforce forces in the range of peak Newton has given rise to a new scientific discipline: cellular mechanics. The steady increase in work related to the mechanical properties of cells with his role shows that the motion is as important as biochemistry at the cellular level. Despite the development of nanotechnology, techniques such as atomic force microscopy (AFM, English), spanning various fields of research, have significant disadvantages when studying biological systems, both in terms of instrumentation, as well as from the methodology. The main aim of the thesis was the improvement and application of atomic force microscope to measure the properties viscoelásticas and accession living cells, with particular interest in the geometry of the tip. The studies presented here are part of the work in Biophysics and Bioengineering Unit of the Faculty of Medicine at the University of Barcelona. The main conclusions of the studies carried out are as follows: It has been designed and built a system independent 3D based on AFM and specially designed for measuring and viscoelasticidad accession of living cells under physiological conditions controlled. It has developed a model of AFM tip rounded pyramid and has studied the appropriateness of the pyramid tips for measuring the mechanical properties of soft gels and living cells. We have validated tips cylindrical modified AFM technology FIB (Focused Ion Bearm) to measure the mechanical properties of biopolymers by AFM. The cylindrical tips are suitable for measuring the elastic properties of biopolymers. It has studied the effect of thrombin on adherence mediated RGD and the hardness of alveolar epithelial cells using cylindrical AFM tips. The results suggest that thrombin alters the hardness but not the adhesive properties of alveolar epithelial cells human.

Author: ARREGUI DALMASES CARLOS.
Year: 2005.
University: POLITÉCNICA DE CATALUÑA.
Place of defense: sala d'actes de la FME (planta soterrani).
Place of preparation: EDIFICI U DESPATX 518 Campus SUD.

Summary: Around 15% of all the traffic related fatalities in Europe are pedestrians. That is 6500 fatalities in Europe. Head injury is the most severe injury in the pedestrian pattern and together with the lower extremities the only anatomical areas where countermeasures are applied. Head injury in the automotive industry is predicted through the Head Injury Criterion (HIC). All the countermeasures applied and all the regulations derived from them are focused on this criteria. The HIC only uses as an input the linear acceleration measured in the head Centre of Gravity. In this dissertation rotational acceleration as a risk factor for traumatic brain injury in pedestrianâvehicle collisions has been evaluated, and compared with the main injury criteria accepted by the scientific community. An Epidemiologic transversal and descriptive study has been performed using the pedestrian crash data study (PCDS) database. This database shows the importance of head injuries in pedestrianâvehicle collisions and the different injury sources. In the case of adults the windshield is the main structure involved in head injuries, whereas in the case of children the main structure is the hood. Crossing the PCDS with a Transformation matrix developed by Dr. Martin, was evaluated the proportion of injuries produced by rotational acceleration, pure rotational acceleration as a injury mechanism was shown to be almost twice as important as pure linear acceleration. Sled tests with two different vehicles (a Sedan and a SUV) involving 5 Post Mortem Human Surrogates (PMHS) were instrumented and tested to measure head linear and rotational velocity in case of pedestrian collision. These data were processed and translated to the PMHS head CG. Also impact locations were recorded and compared with the current European Directive 2003/102/CE and EuroNCAP Protocol version 4.1. Vehicle location for head impact is dependent of vehicle design. In Sedan vehicles the expected maximum Wrap Around Distance is shorter than found in the PMHS experiments. The head CG measurements were used as input for different injury criterion like Head Injury Criterion, Skull Fracture Criterion (just focus on linear acceleration), Gambit Criterion (focus on linear and rotational acceleration peak), and a Head Finite Element Model SIMon version 3.04. SIMon gave as an output three injury criteria provided by the FE Model: Cumulative strain damage measure (CSDM) a correlate for diffuse axonal injury (DAI); Dilatational damage measure (DDM) to estimate the potential for contusions; and Relative motion damage measure (RMDM) a correlate for acute subdural hematoma (ASDH). Good correlation was observed between the HIC and the Skull Fracture Criterion, Gambit Criterion, Linear acceleration peak, rotational acceleration peak and RMDM, but poor correlation was observed between HIC and the Angular velocity, the CSDM and the DDM. The HIC has been verified in the literature as a good tool to develop countermeasures in the automotive industry. Decreases on the HIC value should lead to reductions on the Traumatic Brain Injuries. Nevertheless in several cases with low HIC values using other criterion and SIMon FE Model serious injuries were predicted, mainly induced by rotational acceleration as injury mechanism. Rotational acceleration has been shown an important injury mechanism to predict traumatic brain injuries in case of pedestrian-vehicle collisions.

Author: ALONSO SÁNCHEZ FRANCISCO JAVIER.
Year: 2005.
University: EXTREMADURA.
Place of defense: ESCUELA DE INGENIERÍAS INDUSTRIALES.
Place of preparation: ESCUELA DE INGENIERÍAS INDUSTRIALES.

Summary: This dissertation is conducting a study of the most significant errors that occur in the inverse dynamic analysis (ADI) of biomechanical models and skeletal proposes new techniques for the treatment of each type of error. Specifically, it presents a systematic procedure for dealing with a combination of three sources of error: noise introduced by the system in motion capture signals cinematic travel purchased, the movement of the skin with respect to the skeletal system and the effect of motion the masses of white fabric (hereinafter mtb). The goal is to try to improve the results of ADI systems biomechanical processed signals cinematic learned. The systematic procedure for the treatment of errors in the ILA comprises three phases. Filtered signals shift correction, the movement of the skin regard to skeletal system and modeling of the effect of mtb. To make filtering signals not stationary with cinematic impact. The Singular Spectrum Analysis (SSA) and the filter Hodrick-Prescott. The problem of movement of the skin regard to the system esqueletar resolved correcting signals shift filtered in a way that satisfies the entire kinematic constraint equations multibody system. Finally, to model the effect of mtb proposes a model with concentrated masses of white fabric attached to the skeletal system via viscoelástica linear invariant over time. This systematic procedures will be applied to a set of 45 tests of five subjects running three movements with varying degrees of impact. The aim is to conduct a sensitivity analysis of the errors in terms of the treatment of kinematic data, the type of movement and body mass index of the subject. As a measure of error ADI uses the difference entrela outside vertical reaction with the soil measured by a platform dinamometrica and calculated using the ADI system multibody. Analysis of the results obtained, it appears that errors's largest ILA models are biomechanical amplification of noise during the shunting of digital signals travel and the movement of the skin with respect to the skeletal system. The effect of the masses of soft tissue is significant only in activities that large sobreaceleraciones. Also, the errors increase with body mass index of the subject.

Author: Arias Rodríguez Pablo.
Year: 2005.
University: A CORUÑA.
Place of defense: INEF Galicia.
Place of preparation: INEF.

Summary: Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative transtorno with high incidence. It is characterized by a loss of dopaminergic cells in the basal ganglia nuclei, concurrent with various symptoms differently affects the voluntary movement of whom suffer, greatly diminishing their autonomy motor. The most representative example is the assignment of walking ability. The progress of these patients is characterized by a loss of velocity and amplitude, and an abnormal body position, which in advanced stages of the disease can result in episodes of blocks (or inability to initiate the passage) has recently been shown that, in addition, these patients have a temporary defect in his footsteps, that is, a constraint to maintain a steady rate. This deficiency is correlated with an increased risk of falls. Although the treatment of Parkinson's disease is predominantly pharmacotherapy, and in a small number of cases, surgical, rehabilitation is presented as a necessary means to maintain, as far as possible, the driving ability of these patients. Of the numerous rehabilitative strategies that are used in the treatment of PD is important to note, for its effectiveness, those that used type of sensory stimulation, primarily auditory and visual. While there are many studies that have tested as Parkinson's patient can improve movimietno in the presence of signals applied in a rhythmic, the mechanisms by which this occurs improvement, as well as protocol and the systematic use of these signals within a the rehabilitation program is so far little known. In continuation of previous work done by the research group that owns the honoree, the objective of this study is to deepen the knowledge of the particular interaction sensitiva-motora in these patients. More specifically we intend to be known as the different sensory modalities (auditory, visual and / or combination of both) and diferntes frequency stimulation of these patterns affect the kinematic parameters and electromiográficos of Parkinsonian progress, so that we can manage this information a more systematic way, taking advantage of its potential therapeutic

Author: Morales Ortiz Esther.
Year: 2006.
University: GRANADA.
Place of defense: Fac. de Cien. de la Acti. Fís. y el Dep..
Place of preparation: Facultad de Ciencias de la Actividad Físisca y el Deporte.

Summary: The tabajo is based on the study of the evolution of anthropometric variables, conditionals and techniques in young swimmers competicón over different cycles of training. The primary objective is to study the evolution of anthropometric characteristics, conditional and technical Swimmers grouped by age, verifying the relationship between anthropometric variables and conditional themselves obtained from the analysis of the evidence and determine how swimming helps tbsp of the variables techniques for obtaining performance. To achieve this goal were carried out two studies is calonados and interrelated. - STUDIO 1, whose objectives were to study the evolution along diferrentes cycles training, anthropometric variables, conditionals and techniques in a group swimming competition, and establish different regression models depending on age and anthropometric characteristics to learn about the trends of changing condition variables and techniques, differentiating gender and studying through factor analysis the different relationships between them. Subjects were swimming different club Grenada, with a total of 280 subjects. Representing virtually all swimmers age groups of Grenada and metropolitan area. This was a study obtervacional conducted through conducting repeated measures over the training process. The variables under study were as independent variable technical training in terms of gender and age; as dependent variables were measured for the antropométria core of a swimmer (weight, height, wingspan), the variables from the realization in a test jump with counter CMJ and those obtained from analysis of the performance test swimming 50m freestyle. The employee was instrumental according to the specific nature of the variables antropométricas of force applied in vertical leap counter (through the platform Dinascan VBC) and the specific footage of swimmers through the placement of cameras in sequence along the test run swimming. The procedure was carried out in the center measuring variables under study dutrante several times over training cycles, after the proper placement of swimmers for measurements and the realization of the heating previously established. The data analysis was checking the conditions of regularity dela shows, performing a regression analysis after getting the tendency of each of the anthropometric variables, applied force in CMJ and kinematic and temporal swimming in general in terms of age, then checking the difference according to gender and age. We performed a model illustrating each variable by means of regression analysis taking as reference the temporary results of the European Championships. Posterioemnete conducted a factor analysis resumiento the anthropometric and technical information in obtaining two factors called 'anthropometric factor' and 'time factor', whose behavior together shows a model equation by which reumen all the anthropometric variables and temporary one means of expression, the process of orienting behavior of these variables over the development. - STUDY 2, whose goals fueronanalizar performance in competition at téminos of anthropometric variables, and cinematic techniques, Andalusians Swimmers between 13 and 16 years in the tests of 100 meters, and compare these results Swimmers Andalusian achieved in competition with those obtained swimmers, establishing m 8 odelos d 1085 and regression. Subjects were swimmers from different clubs Andalucia in the categories G3 female (13-14 years) and G4 male (15-16 years) It was estudioobservacional donse was intended to explore the relationship between all pará, etros analyzed and the possibility to make patterns of behavior in each of the tests. The procedure carried focused on the collection of data from basic and anthropometry in the filming of each of the tests 100m in each of the styles Championship Andalucia, after following the protocol warming advance. The independent variables were gender, age and style, while the dependent variables were obtained from the Basic anthropometric measurements and the temporal and cinematic themselves from the competition. The analysis focused on a narrative of the anthropometric data, temporal and kinematic for each of the styles to later make a comparative analysis of average according to gender and type of set-off or final. Posterioemente because of the relationship exitente between anthropometry and competitive times, we performed an analysis of factorial resumiento all variables on two factors, 'anthropometric factor' and 'time factor' to maintain more than 70% of the variability explained enabling earn therefore, through the análsis regression, an explanatory model of the behavior of the times in anthropometry in each of the tests of 100 meters per style. We performed a comparative analysis of the results of Andalucía Championship Child with other Campenatos of international stature, gaining thereby regression models explaining each of the tests of 100 meters depending on style and genre, and obtaining a loa bands confianda where states that the progression of a swimmer for results of international stature is adequate. - As findings of both studies were obtained: The distribution of technical components in testing 50m evolves differently according to gender t age tend to resemble the elite swimmers. It creates a cut-off point in the temporal values, anthropometric and applied force between both genders around the 12-13 years, at which time sports scores tend to separate between ambs genders. The variables analyzed continuing patterns of behavior differ in anthropometric variables genre of applied force, time and length of cycle and cycle index not happening the same way for the variable frequency cycle which tends to stabilize with age without any pattern . The strong relationship between anthropometry and timpos swimming gives rise to two factors that embraces all variables and reflect the importance that has on the performance of swimmer anthropometry. There are differences between anthropometric measurements and techniques swimmers and nadadoras within the same category and child between rounds and final rounds, estableciéndose behavior patterns different ssegún genre and style. The realization of behavioral models, thanks to data from elite swimmers, reveals the changing times swimming taking into account the level and género.Las bands trust established as a reference help determine aa few benchmarks within which is estimated that the progression of the timing of a swimmer takes place in an appropriate manner.

Author: ROCA-CUSACHS SOULERE PERE.
Year: 2006.
University: BARCELONA.
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE MEDICINA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE MEDICINA.

Summary: The degree of adherence between cells and their substrate, and the resulting cell shape, have been recognized as a determining factor in the gene expression and protein and cellular function as differentiation or proliferation. At the same time, it is known that the cell adhesion also promotes formaicónd the cytoskeleton, the development of contractile force, and a tightening of cells. Although there is some consensus that these changes in mechanical properties may be responsible for much of the impact of accession on cellular function, in many systems unit cell mechanics with little adherence is characterized, and the mechanisms by which the mechanical forces could result in a functional change is little understood. The objective of this thesis was to study the role of adherence in the cellular mechanics (and their implications) for two systems relevant in pulmonary physiology: neutrophils and endothelial cells of lung microvasculature. In the case of neutrólifos was studied as adherence between them and sheets of glass (and subsequent activation) affects viscoeleasticiad cell (module complex elastic G *), studied with atomic force microscopy (AFM). It was noted that, regardless of the cell adhesion, G * varies with the frequency behavior in a non-stop time characteristics, and a coupling between the elastic and viscous components. The effect of membership consisted of a hardening cell, and a reduction in unit G * as often. The observed behavior does not correspond to the liquid drop model, previously used to describe the mechanics of neutrophils, but the structural buffer. This discovery has implications for the movement of neutrophils in the lung microvasculature, where the deformation of the same determines their abduction in edotelio and response to inflammatory stimuli. In the case of endothelial cells was studied as G * (half with AFM) is determined by the membership (controlled through technology microestampado). Likewise, assessed the possible effect of the volume of mechanical and nuclear proliferation of these cells, which is decisive in processes like angiogenesis. It was noted that the increase in membership caused a parallel increase in G *, in volume and in nuclear proliferation. However, changing the shape of cellular rounded to elongated led to a significant softening cell, but no change in volume or nuclear proliferation. Therefore, it was observed that the proliferation was strongly related to the nuclear volume, but not with the mechanics of cells. In turn, it was noted that the increased volume declined nuclear condensation of the chromatin. These results suggest that cell adhesion could control the proliferation by reducing condensation of the chromatin associated with a higher cell volume. The descondensación of chromatin could facilitate the proliferation reducing interactions entrópicas between DNA molecules, and thus facilitating access to the replicative machinery, thereby promoting the boot of the S phase of the cell cycle.