CYTOLOGY

Author: BLESA SIERRA MARIA ALEJANDRA.
Year: 2002.
University: EXTREMADURA [www.unex.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE MEDICINA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE MEDICINA.

Summary: To learn more about our aspenoluces tetículares, the nature of the clinical picture known as "Torscon Testicular" and the possible cause of his producesión and increase current mienclecia is performed a retrospective clinical study and another prospective, as well as an analysis inmunocitoquemieos this structures. Evidence, a stunning increase of isquemía of apéndicetesticulare during recent years as well as its possible origin related factors inherent in the phase prepubertal inmuducto or -- the prebertael.Se -- that patients testicular, unlike the ---- are rieos, receivers etrogénicos. The work makes sospechasr the existence of some exogenous factor, horrinal or not esticulador epithelium of apécolices as responsible -- esquemía, most recuentemente in the absence of his theories --.

Author: GONZALO PASCUAL M. JOSÉ.
Year: 2003.
University: LLEIDA [www.udl.es].
Place of defense: INGENIEROS AGRONOMOS.
Place of preparation: INSTITUT DE RECERCA I TECNOLOGIA AGROALIMENTARIES (IRTA).

Summary: The melon (Cucumis melo L.) is a plant species of great economic importance, which have established numerous programs to improve, among other goals designed to obtain pure lines. The production lines haploid diploidizadas decreases generation time necessary to obtain completely homozygous individuals in a generation. Likewise, the nature homocigótica of these lines and its potential to be perpetuated by limited seed makes populations lines diahploides very useful for genetic studies. In this work, we studied the response partenogéncia several genotypes of melon, possibly limiting described 3 steps in the process of obtaining LDHs: Effectiveness in obtaining embryos from seed parthenocarpic fruit, survival of embryos in the process of cultivation In vitro and obtaining lines diploidizadas, perpetuated by seed. It was observed behavior of different genotypes studied in each of the limiting steps. Subsequently generated by parthenogenesis induced spot pollination with irradiated pollen, a population of 95 lines dihaploides (LDHs) from crossing PI161375 x T111. From this population was conducted on genetic map transferring molecular markers codominantes high quality type RFLPs and SSRs that had already been positioned on the map F2 obtained from the same crossing and included 54 new kind SSR markers. There was a map with 169 markers which covered a distance of 1289.6cM. The density dem apa was 7.6cM/marcador. The order of the markers was maintained when compared to other existing maps and melon with a map drawn from a population F2, which demonstrates the consistency of genetic map obtained, allowing map used as a reference for subsequent estudidos in this species and the integration of the two maps obtained from crossing PI161375 x T111. Integrating a map was obtained highly saturated with 331 markers codominantes covering the entire genome of melon, with a density of 3.02cM/marcador. It also studied the segregation of allelic frequencies of the markers used in generating the map of the population of LDHs. There were 6 areas that submitted distorisión of allelic frequencies that would be candidates include genes that were selected in the process of generating LDHs. Finally, we studied different characters involved in the quantitative morphology floral morphology of fruit and germination in melon, locating 71 QTLs for all characters analyzed. The high correlation observed between the ovary and fruit and the co-location of the QTLs involved in these characters suggests that the shape of the fruit is determined at the preantesis. The nature of pubescence ovarian could break down into two components, length and density. There were also part QTLs related germination of LDHs we suggest that the genes involved in processes related to the germination are in the early stages of the process and that there is a significant environmental impact associated with light.

Author: RODRIGUEZ PERALES SANDRA.
Year: 2003.
University: COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID [www.ucm.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS BIOLÓGICAS.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS BIOLÓGICAS.

Summary: The renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is a. Heterogeneous group of tumors. The CCR standard (CCCR) is the most common subtype and develops in the epithelium deltÚbulo contomeado proximal. Although most of the CCCRs occur sporadically, have been described several cases relatives. One type of such cases family consists of families in which segregates CCCR with translocations constitutional affecting chromosome 3. We have described a Spanish family with a constitutional translocation t (3; S) (P14.1; q24.23). All patients with CCCR of this family are carriers of the translocation and show loss of chromosome derived der (S) containing 3p. Especulamos that deregulation of a gene or genes located on or near the points of rupture involved in the translocation family could act as a tumor suppressor gene. This paper describes the molecular cloning of the translocation family. To that end, we used a novel strategy that combines the use of techniques such as genomic microarrays l Mb resolution and STS-PCR on chromosomes isolated by the technique of flow separation. We studied the regions where they are located the p: untos breakage of the two chromosomes involved in the reorganization family as both genomic expression analysis of the sequences showed a microdeleción of 5 Kb located at the point of break cromosotna 3 together a stream emiquecida at the grass Ay T. In addition, we found that the sequences of these regions are rich in elements repetitívos (SINEs, UNEs ...) and very poor in genes. We analyze several genes predicted, Chr_3679.ly "Novel" gene, and an EST (Sloyfy.a) located on chromosome 3, and predicted a gene located on chromosome S, NT_O28251.16. All these genes and ESTs are located in a region of 200 Kb around items breakage of chromosomes 3 and 8. None of these genes showed expression in any of the tissues examined, which included renal tissue and normal renal tissue hunora! Sporadic cases and family. Am.pliamos area dlestudio identify potential candidate genes cayación could trigger the development of tumors, and whose function is affected by their relocation tra translocation. The only interesting gene was LRIGl. We analyzed the expression of this gene and we were unable to detect differences in expression between normal human kidney tissue and tumor analyzed. All data suggest that, rather than the deregulation of a particular gene that may be affected by the translocation, the model of three steps proposed for the development turnoral (constitutional translocation chromosome 3, loss of the derivative chromosome containing 3p and somatic mutation a suppressor gene turnoral located at 3p) could be the biological mechanism that takes place in this family at risk to develop CCCR

Author: RUIZ BARRÍA GUIDO RAUL.
Year: 2004.
University: AUTÓNOMA DE BARCELONA [www.uab.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE MEDICINA.
Place of preparation: ESCUELA DE POSTGRADO.

Summary: Several lines of evidence assigned to neuronal growth factor (NGF), expressed in the space endoneural by Schwann cells activated after a nerve injury, a role in the mechanism of peripheral neuropathic pain. It has come, therefore, that NGF could promote sprouting in the area of injury and changes plastics in the first sensory neuron and its central projections, working in this way at the beginning of neuropathic pain. The overall objective of this research was to evaluate these potential mechanisms. To make the study used a methodological approach Direct: Administration endoneural of NGF or vehicle. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were used in 250 to 300 grams, whose nerves ciáticos left were injected with 10 ul solution. Tests behavioral neuropathic pain estímulo-dependiente (hiperlagesia thermal and mechanical allodynia), inflammatory pain (proof of formalin), a study of the sciatic nerve and injected a study immunohistochemical for peptides and peptide SP sensory related calcitonin gene (calcitonin gene-related peptide, CGRP) in the dorsal root ganglion (dorsal root ganglion, DRG) and the mast back of the spinal cord. The administration endoneural of NGF (1 to 30 ng) produced thermal hyperalgesia, but not mechanical allodynia. In addition, NGF produced demyelination, a modest fiber degeneration and prompted the formation of outbreaks axonales. These histological and behavioral effects of NGF and vinculables were comparable in terms of dose-effect relationship in terms of its time course, suggesting that both effects can be related. The administration endoneural of 30ng of NGF resulted in a significant increase in both the proportion of cells containing medium to large CGRP in the DRG, and the area occupied by fiber containing CGRP in the blades III and IV of astam edular post, which correspond to neurons sensory medium to large. Both effects were limited in time, continuing for 5 days. There were no changes in the content of SP or in the DRG and the spinal cord. Finally, the administration of 30 ng of NGF there was an increase in phase 2 of the formalin test day 3 posinyección of NGF, but not on 5 or 10. Taken together, these results give strong support to the hypothesis that assign a role to NGF endoneural at the beginning of neuropathic pain. Both the hyperalgesia as the effects of the sciatic injected and histological changes in the expression of CGRP have been described in animal models of neuropathic pain. These results also illustrate about the effects of NGF on axones not injured, which must be taken into account before thinking about a possible therapeutic use of NGF, which has been proposed by other authors. Finally, the test results of the formalin collaborate to understand the little-known relationship between the neuropathic pain and inflammatory pain.

Author: TOMÉ MONTESINOS M. MERCEDES.
Year: 2004.
University: MÁLAGA [www.uma.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS.

Summary: The epéndimo is a fabric that defines the way epithelium brain ventricles and the middle lane of the spinal cord in the adult central nervous system, derived from the differentiation of neuroepitelio germination. The epéndimo is morphologically and functionally diverse. The epénimo cuboidal multiciliado, more commonly known as epéndimo, is the most abundant. In certain regions cells ependimarias are highly specialized as tanicitos and in the body subcomisural (CSOs). The CSO is a gland ependimaria located in the dorsal midline of diencéfalo at the entrance to the cerebral aqueduct, delimiting the dorsally and ventrally comisura later with the liquid cefalorraquído. The best-known activity of the CSO, is a synthesis of high molecular mass of glycoproteins that are secreted s the cerebrospinal fluid, where polymerized to form the fiber Reissner (FR). The majority of the glycoprotein FR is the OSC-espondina, which has an organization in multidomain proteins typical of extracellular matrix. The regulation of the activity of the CSO and epéndimo is still a little known aspect. The objective of this thesis is to determine whether Doctoral dopamine and serotonin involved in the control of the nervous CSOs and epéndimo of mammals, specifically cow, mouse and rat. In this thesis interspecific differences were observed in the innervation sertoninérgica of CSOs. While in the adult rat CSO noted a dense plexus serotonin, in the vicinity of the CSO cow and mouse adult few fibers were found with serotonin. On the contrary, considering the presence of fibers with tyrosine hydroxylase, limiting enzyme in the synthesis of dopamine, the three species was detected a small amount of dopaminergic fibers. expresses serotonin receptor 5HT2A. Through the in vitro model of CSOs cow explants were studied levels: 1-mRNA OSC-espondina by RT-PCR. 2-Glucoproteínas of intracellular FR, Western-blot. 3-Glucoproteínas of FR released the culture medium by ELISA. The results indicate that serotonin exerts an inhibitory action on the transcription of the mRNA and protein synthesis of OSC.esponina, but no influence on the release of the glycoproteins of the FR, including OSC-espondina. Dopamine not significantly influences the synthesis of OSC-espondina nor on the release of glycoproteins of the FR in general. The epéndimo cuboidal multiciliado cow, mouse and rat is associated with a dense plexus serotonin supraependimario, while fibers are rare with tyrosine hydroxylase in the vicinity of epéndimo of most of the ventricles. In conclusion, dopamine must act on other / s activity / CSO is different from the synthesis and secretion of glycoproteins of the FR. This activity may be related to the nature ependimaria the CSO, as the epéndimo also expresses dopamine receptors.

Author: IBABE LUJAMBIO ARANZAZU.
Year: 2004.
University: PAÍS VASCO [www.ehu.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE CIENCIA Y TECNOLOGIA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE CIENCIA Y TECNOLOGIA.

Summary: Up to date, three PPAR subtypes have been described in mammals, PPARalpha, -beta and -gamma, each with different tissue expression pattern and different physiological roles. The hypothesis we intend to demonstrate with this report is that PPAR subtypes are expressed differentially within the cells and tissues fish an that this expression is modulated under the influence of a variety of endogenous and exogenous factors including gender, developmental stage, treatment with known PPAR ligands and exposure to peroxisome proliferators environmental pollutants. All three PPAR subtypes are expressed in zebrafish and gray mullet and at least PPARalpha is expressed in atlantic cod. These PPAR subtypes are expressed differentially withing the cells and tissues of fish in relation with their different roles including regulation of lipid homeostasis, immune function and relation with their different roles including regulation of lipid homeostasis, immune function and development. Further, the expression of PPARs is modulated under the influence of a variety of endogenous and exogenous factors including gender, developmental stage, exposure to peroxisome proliferators environmental pollutants and treatment with known PPAR ligands. Zebrafish PPARs are less lingad-specific than the mammalian counterparts, suggesting a possible redundancy in PPAR functions.

Author: Folgueira Otero Mónica.
Year: 2004.
University: A CORUÑA [www.udc.es].
Place of defense: Facultad de Ciencias.
Place of preparation: Facultad de Ciencias.

Summary: According to the classical acceptance of the term (model His-Herrick), telencéfalo is the region most rostral brain and brings together the olfactory bulbs and lobes telencefálicos. The telencéfalo of teleósteos, and the remaining Actinopterygii, originating from ontogenético special process (process eversion), which contrasts sharply with the process that evaginación leading to telencéfalo the rest of vertebrates. For a better understanding of this portion of the brain of teleósteos, allowing the establishment of homologías areas of telencéfalo other vertebrates are not enough topological criteria, but which are essential embryological data, citoarquitectónicos and hodológicos. In this sense, the present work also examine some of the characteristics citoarquitectónicas of different areas telencefálicas of rainbow trout, have been experimentally analyzed the connections of these areas, with a special interest in the relationship with systems integration quimiosensorial and with the way mecanosensorial which involves complex preglomecruloso. The results have identified several nuclei or areas that had not been described or characterized so far in the brains of rainbow trout. It has been observed that the path of integration into gustatory trout, as in other vertebrates, is a way lemniscal reaching vaias areas telencefálicas from primary sensory levels, thanks to relief centers located in levels rombencefálicos and diencefálicos. For its part, the olfactory information is comprised primarily in discrete areas of telencéfalo, as had been described in other teleósteos. Several cores of tuber migrated later confirmed as key centers in the relay sensory information of a different nature to telencéfalo being quantitatively most important connections from these centers from regions talámicas. In addition, some of the centers of tuber later, as the core subglomeruloso, are key to communication between different systems integration Ede. Different areas telencefálicas of trout show a pattern hodológico complex, so that sensory information is distributed differently in telencéfalo depending on their nature smell, taste or mecanosensorial, with the possible characterization of the different areas telencefálicas depending on the the nature of information that comprise. Several areas could be involved in higher functions of integration, such as learning, memory, strength of emotional components to sensory information, and control engine higher, as is the case in tetrápodos. Thus, it appears that there are areas telencefálicas belonging to a primitive limbic system and what it could be an ancestor of the basal ganglia of tetrápodos in fish.

Author: RUS ARIANA DIANA.
Year: 2004.
University: VALENCIA [www.uv.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE MEDICINA Y ODONTOLOGIA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE MEDICINA Y ODONTOLOGIA.

Summary: Apoptosis is a form of cell death with a physiological role in the development of tissues in homeostasis in the immune response and in the hormonal regulation. The mechanisms involved in the process apoptótico are not yet fully clarified. The generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) seems to play an important role in the process apoptótico. The main sources of ROS are formed in the mitochondrial respiratory chain, in the activation of leukocytes and enzymatic reactions, such as catalysed by xanthine oxidase (XO). During the involution of the mammary gland, previous studies from our group showed that digestion of DNA take place within 12 hours after weaning. The oxidation of glutathione precedes degradation of DNA nuclear and mitochondrial oxidative stress plays a major role in the induction process apoptótico. In this thesis we noticed that there was a significant increase in activity XO 24 hours after weaning. The increase in the enzyme activity may be due to an increase in the activity of the proteolytic activity of caspases. The allopurinol markedly decreases the activity of XO, and its inhibition determines a decrease of apoptosis in the glandular tissue. Following administration of allopurinol, the ratio GSSG / GSH (oxidized glutathione / reduced glutathione), indicative of oxidative stress, decreases in blood and mammary gland. There is a correlation between nitración of proteins and the percentage of apoptotic cells when XO enzyme activity is highest. JNK (Jun N-terminal kinase) and p38, two major proteín kinases activated by mitogenic and stress were fosforilan and thus are activated after weaning during apoptosis. Allopurinol treatment prevents the activation of p38, but has no effect on the activation of JNK. The expression of p53, a gene pro-apoptótico, and p65 -subunidad of NF-kB- is induced in this period and this induction is prevented by allopurinol in the initial stages of the process. It has detected the expression of XO in mitochondria isolated from the mammary gland by western blotting technique and also the activity of this enzyme in these organelles isolated. These results show that the location of XO in the mitochondria represents a new source of reactive species of oxygen and nitrogen. The administration of allopurinol reduces the output of cytochrome c from mitochondria during apoptosis at 12 hours after weaning. Therefore the mitochondrial XO represents an important key in controlling apoptosis. Therefore, the XO controls the expression of p53 and NF-kB in the initial phase of the process apoptótico in the mammary gland and the activation of p38 in the finals. The results presented show the importance of the physiological mechanism in the XO apoptótico, showing that the XO mitochondrial can be a trigger for the path intrinsic process apoptótico and that the cytoplasmic XO involved in the maintenance of the physiological process during the involution of the gland mammary.

Author: BRAVO PORTELA M. ISABEL SACRAMENTO.
Year: 2004.
University: VIGO [www.uvigo.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS DO MAR.
Place of preparation: FACULTADE DE BIOLOXÍA.

Summary: SUMMARY: In order to clarify the origin of PSP toxin type (Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning) detected in the abalone from the coast of Ga licia, during the years 1994 and 1995, were carried out various studies on the toxic profile the toxins, the distribution of toxicity geographic areas, sizes and body parts of the shellfish. The analytical methods were liquid chromatography detection fluorimétrica and mouse bioassay. The toxicity profile was confirmed by mass spectrometry. The chromatographic analysis showed a highly toxic characteristic profile dominated by dcSTX and to a much lesser extent STX, which did not match the profiles of dinoflagellates producers of PSP toxins known in the Galician coast: Gymnodinium catenatum and Alexandrium minutum. In addition toxicity was detected in all stations from the coast of the province of Lugo, A Coruna and Pontevedra, which was not in line with the geographical distribution of dinoflagellates mentioned. Another feature of the toxicity of abalone detected in this study was that the lateral foot epithelium introduced a content toxin 300 times higher than the viscera and muscle of the foot. To determine the role of the epithelium in the production or accumulation of toxins in shellfish, a characterization inmunocitohistoquímica and ultrastructural epithelial side of the foot. The epidermal cells are characterized by having an edge of microvilli and very little presence of ciliated cells interspersed. Also presented a large content of granules of G / ospigmentos: melanin pigment and characteristics of ficobiliproteinas. The presence of the latter suggested the possibility of microalgae endosymbionts may be associated with the presence of PSP toxins in the epithelium lateral foot. The immunohistochemical localization of the toxins, however, showed that they were located in separate cells of epidermal cells and suggested that the cells containing toxins were secretory cells. Furthermore, the transmission electron microscope were not detected photosynthetic structures to test the presence of microalgae symbionts. The characterization of the secret flush epithelial cells was performed by histochemical methods and the transmission electron microscope, with a total of four different types of secretory cells, including include an abundance of two types of mucocitos. There were significant differences in the structure of the epithelium lateral and basal epithelial foot. In the latter, in addition to not submitting content of toxins, it is not detected the presence of pigments and was characterized mainly by the presence of secretory cells subepíteliales and a dense layer of cilia on the external surface. After the studies presented in this thesis, we may conclude that the abalone is highly ability to PSP toxins accumulate in the epithelium lateral foot and probably the source of the toxins is via food chain. It can not be ruled out that the producers of dinoflagellates PSP toxins present at the Galician coast, might be implicated in the toxicity of shellfish in a given time and their toxins undergo enzymatic transformations that would result in the toxic profile detected in the abalone however, the geographic distribution of all toxic shellfish encourages think that there should be other agencies involved, probably cyanobacteria or bacteria, with very low concen 8 tration 238 toxin to explain the non-detection of the same except for via an accumulation as that of the epithelium of abalone by natural methods.

Author: Girela López José Luis.
Year: 2005.
University: ALICANTE [www.ua.es].
Place of defense: Facultad de Ciencias.
Place of preparation: Facultad de Ciencias.

Summary: Over the past two decades there has been a significant decline in fertility rates around the world, and this process has coincided with the nomination of several theories that try to explain some of this decline with a decrease in the quality seminal provoked by negative influence of certain environmental factors and lifestyle. This decline in the quality seminal is a controversial subject, and for analysis has been undertaken over the past few years different backtracking investigations in order to discern whether it is real or whether on the contrary it is an artifact of the analysis. Most of the investigations have been conducted on large cohorts of individuals who had come to health centers due to reproductive problems, which could pose a significant bias in the results. We raised a prospective study to analyze the possible influence of environmental factors and lifestyle on seminal parameters by studying a population of young men who are not selected due to reproductive health problems, and therefore may pose a sample representative of the general population. Along with this, we are also developing a model for classifying individuals based on the seminal parameters presented, which takes into account the possible effect of environmental factors, and that will enable us to reduce the large interindividual variability exists, and we facilitate future research in cellular and molecular biology of human spermatozoa. To accomplish the objectives set forth, it took data from the seminal parameters through semen analysis and data were collected and social and lifestyle, in a population of young university students. Analysis of the results we should note the following conclusions: 1) There is a high incidence of young people who have altered their seminal parameters, which supports the hypothesis of decline in the quality seminal. 2) The great variability between different individuals in the seminal parameters can be reduced, through the classification of these groups, through a different model based on multivariate statistical analysis. 3) The decrease in the variability of seminal parameters will allow us to a future investigations efficient different aspects of the cellular and molecular biology of human spermatozoa. 4) The states feverish and seasonal changes have a major influence on seminal parameters, which must be taken into account when defining the ability of fertile males by analyzing their seminal parameters. 5) The lifestyles have a low impact on seminal parameters, but further investigations are needed to confirm this hypothesis.

Author: VERA FERNÁNDEZ JORGE.
Year: 2005.
University: BARCELONA [www.ub.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE MEDICINA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE MEDICINA.

Author: ALVARADO GONZÁLEZ NELVA ELENA.
Year: 2005.
University: PAÍS VASCO [www.ehu.es].
Place of defense: UNIVERSIDAD DEL PAÍS VASCO.
Place of preparation: UNIVERSIDAD DEL PAÍS VASCO.

Summary: It has recommended the use of fish as sentinel species programs to monitor the quality of coastal waters and estuaries. Most of the programs are based on analytical approaches for determining the levels of bioavailable contaminants in the tissues of these sentries. As an alternative has been proposed applying biomarkers cell / tissue to determine the impact of pollution on the health of ecosystems. One of the biomarkers of exposure to metals most commonly used is a synthesis of metalotioneínas (MT). However, the quantification of these levels using chemical or biochemical analysis poses technical problems associated with the laborious preparation of samples resulting in conflicting results (induction significant vs.niveles undetectable) as the organ under study (liver, gills). As an alternative approaches are being used to allow the cellular localization and quantification in situ levels metalotioneínas reducing the variability inherent in the destructive analysis. Few jobs have successfully demonstrate the exact location of cellular MT fish, and much less, those who have given their induction into histological cuts through quantitative techniques histology (image analysis, densitometry). This work has identified the presence of irMT (MT inmunoreactivas) in different cell types of turbot exposed to Cd, Cu and Zn using a control antibody MT cod showing cross-react with the protein turbot. In branquia have located irMT mainly in the cells chloride (CC), and the liver in the cytoplasm and in losisomas of hepatocytes of animals exposed. The kidney was detected marking very weak in the basal maze of nefrocitos the proximal portion. We have not found irMT in testa or in the muscle control and exposed to Cd. The accumulation of metals in the liver begins at times short (1h), and produces the metal union quick to existing MET who are transported to the lysosomes (1h-1d), and as increased levels of metal join the MT synthesized de novo causing an increase in the levels of the protein citosólicos (1d-7d). The exposure to Cd and Zn, and Cu greater increases the vacuolation of liver cytoplasm. It is recommended to take into account the degree of vacuolizaicón for proper evaluation of the level of irMT. After exposure to Zn and Cu values VVBSD and irMT regain control value suggesting a common route detoxification via excretion complex MT-metal from hepatocytes. As a result of the accumulation of metal changes in the structure of lysosomes: increase in size (Cd, Cu) and the number (Cd, Zn). Upon cessation of exposure to Cd and Zn reduces the volume down to the numbers, while following exposure to Cu is reduced size. The 3 metals are located in the short term in mucocitos because of the high affinity of glycoproteins and proteoglycans of secretion. The induction of MT in gills turbot exposed measured by the DPP does not discriminate cell types expressing a significant induction of protein and helps determine changes in the distribution pattern of CC. The level of irMT in branquia produced by Cd, Cu and Zn depends on the number of CC, and the distribution pattern of the CC between the epithelium of the filament and lamela secondary. The results obtained by IHC and ELISA correlated significantly since they believe the same pool of protein inmunoreactivas either in sections or in the gills fraction S50. Values MT-DPP not correlated with the levels of MT-IHC and ELISA nor gills exposed turbot (Cd, Cu, Zn), or in the liver turbot exposed to Cu. IHC and ELISA allow an estimation of adequate levels of MT regardless of the cellular changes and / or tissue caused by exposure to metals polarográficas estimates can be affected both by the complexity of the composic 8 ion celu 301 larg of bodies diana, and by histopathological changes produced in them by exposure to metals.

Author: ARENZANA SANAGERICO FRANCISCO JAVIER.
Year: 2005.
University: SALAMANCA [www.usal.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE BIOLOGIA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE BIOLOGIA.

Summary: The consumption of ethanol during pregnancy expose fetuses to develop fetal alcohol syndrome with the onset of severe mental retardation and structural alterations of the nervous system. These defects are developing eyes merged into position (ciclopia), and absence of the ventral portion of the brain earlier, which affects the subsequent organization of the connection retinoencefálica. Exposure to ethanol zebrafish embryos induces the appearance of ciclopia in the same, this being dependent on the concentration of ethanol to which they were subjected and the lineage of zebrafish. For this study we used four strains of zebrafish: AB (wild-type, Zebrafish International Resource Center, Eugene, OR), EK (Ekkwill wild-type, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA), GL (golden longfin, Ekkwill Waterlife Resources, Gibsonton, FL) and TL (Tuebingen long end, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA). After treatment with 1.5% ethanol greater proportion of the embryos were of the ilk cíclopes EK and also survived until the end of the larval period. In copies cíclopes disrupting lamination of the main components of the visual path, because the retina presents fewer layers and the roof optical lacks stratification. In addition embryonic exposure to ethanol a delay in the differentiation neurochemistry of different cell populations in the neural retina. Thus, the expression of several molecular markers (Reelina, Colín acetyltransferase and Glutamina synthase) is detected at later stages with respect to the dorsal portion. Treatment with ethanol induces the expression of Pax2 in cells of the retina and Tirosina hydroxylase in the ceiling optical cells and inhibits the expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein processes in the retina and optic nerve, the Colín acetyltransferase in all regions Brain receiving aferencias retinal, and the Tirosina hydroxylase in aferencias not retinal optic roof. The alterations in the expression patterns of efrinas A2 and A5b during embryonic may affect the proper establishment of the map retinotópico. After treatment with ethanol is also an expression of Zn-8 cells of the optic nerve that may be due to neuronal plasticity of a process aimed at promoting the guide, growth and fasciculation of the first optical axones. The reactive gliosis observed by the overexpression of Glutamina synthase in the retina and the optic ceiling can be a system of detoxification of excess extracellular glutamate embryonic following exposure to ethanol.

Author: GONZALEZ GARCIA ENRIQUE.
Year: 2005.
University: SALAMANCA [www.usal.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE MEDICINA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE MEDICINA.

Summary: The islands of Calleja are groupings of prosencéfalo baseline neural are predominantly small cells called grains, along with other types of neurons less abundant and larger appear associated with them. Within this region there are two different locations for these wireless sets. The first group was observed in the olfactory tuber, both in its surface layers as deep. In this region there are seven major cell clusters called islets Alley. Moreover, there are 2 or 3 structures even more superficial, called papillae. Also displayed a new structure between the septum, the nucleus accumbens, and the nucleus of the diagonal band of Broca, shaping the island magna Alley. The NADPH diaforasa (ND) is located mainly on the islands of Calleja in the most abundant element cell, the cell grain, forming the basic structure of both the islets as papillae and ínsula magna. There is also no grain ND positive cells in the islands of Calleja, more intensely stained and medium or large. The neuropilo ND positive is most abundant in the capsule back of the blocks, especially the deep. The parvalbúmina (PV), is the least represented ND in the islands of Calleja. Our results indicate that these cells immunoreactive for PV is scarce in the interior of the blocks and papillae, and are unique in the interior of the island magna. The largest concentration of elements inmunorreactivos to PV is detected in the vicinity of the islets. In the dorsal aspect of the blocks there are profound accumulations of cells and fibers imunorreactivos to PV, which is still in the cortical region adjacent to these levels of olfactory tuber, the pyriform cortex. The cells immunoreactive for calbindina D-28k (CB) are also scarce on the islands of Calleja. They are somewhat more numerous in the capsule of the blocks and in the vicinity of the papillae and the great island. In addition are accumulations of cells and fibers immunoreactivas to CB among the islets and the papilla with a tendency to extend until pállidum ventral, which had not been previously observed. After analysis of double marking ND with PV and CB, in any case we have seen colocalización one of these two proteins binders of calcium in the neurons nitrérgicas.

Author: MATAS GUADIX OLGA BELÉN.
Year: 2005.
University: BARCELONA [www.ub.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAT DE MEDICINA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAT MEDICINA.

Summary: The work carried out in this thesis helps to clarify the relationship morfo-funcional between actin and Golgi complex. Previous studies in the laboratory showed that the actin regulates not only the position and morphology of the Golgi complex in the cell (di campli et al., 1999; Valderrama et al., 1998) but also the transport of proteins from the CG endoplasmic reticulum (retrograde transport; Valderrama et al., 2001). A more recent work of our group shows the Rho GTPasa Cdc42 as molecular component that regulates the effects of the actin cytoskeleton on the CG (Moon et al., 2002). This paper shows that Cdc42 is located in the CG and its activation involves their accumulation in the sides of the cistemas this orgánulo. In addition, the active form of Cdc42 (GTP-Cdc42) negatively regulates the retrograde transport of proteins acting via N-WASP and complex multiproteico arp2 / 3. From these results we conclude that the means of signaling Cdc42-N-WASP-Arp2 / 3 governing nucleation of actin polymerization at the plasma membrane (Pollard and Borisy, 2003) is also functional at the Golgi complex. In this thesis we are studying whether the same as Cdc42, their effectors N-WASP and Arp2 / 3 are located also the CG. The presence of all the components necessary for the polymerization of actin in this orgánulo is a requirement to prove that indeed the membranes of CG can cure actin. Another objective of this thesis was to determine definitively whether Rac1 and RhoA regulating also one of the stages of the dynamics of membranes in the early secretory pathway. These two proteins together with Cdc42 are the best known members of the family of Rho GTPasas. They govern, but in a different way, the organization of the actin cytoskeleton (Etienne-Manneville and Hall, 2002). At present there are numerous studies that show its role as a regulatory proteins in different stages of the road endocitica (Ridley, 2001 (a); Symons and Rusk, 2003), but less is known about his involvement in the secretory pathway. Thus, the results presented in this paper it can be concluded that: Cdc42 is the only Rho GTPasa associated with the Golgi complex. The path signaling Cdc42/N-WASP/Arp2/3 involved in the processes of nucleation / actin polymerization is located in the CG and mostly in the portion cis-media. The activation of this route involves the redistribution of all its components to the sides of the cistemas of CG where it is likely to regulate (along with other molecules) the processes of formation and / or fission of Internet transport retrógado through nucleation / polymerization the actin. What finally tells us that the signaling cascade of activity nucleadora / polymerization of actin dynamics involved in the membrane occurs not only in the plasma membrane but also at the Golgi complex.