CELL MORPHOLOGY

Author: BADIA BREA M. ELENA.
Year: 2003.
University: GIRONA [www.udg.es].
Place of defense: CIENCIAS.
Place of preparation: UNIVERSIDAD DE GIRONA.

Summary: This paper analyzes the optical microscope and the transmission electron microscope accessory sex glands His domesticus (race Landrace-variedad English) from boars and healthy adults. A better understanding of the structural patterns and eltraestructural normal sex accessory glands allow easily diagnose what has been the structure or function glandular affected in males in which there was a decline in semen quality. On the other hand, pathological studies must be complemented by histochemical techniques generally allowed to confirm or exclude a histopathological diagnosis prior. The glands sexual axxesorias of boar are very desrrolladas including vesicular glands, and the prostate gland bulbouretrales.El epithelium secreting glands vesicular is composed of columnar cells, mast cells and basal cells. The columnar cells are characterized by three different morphologies that are different stages of the same cell type: the main cells, the clear and densas.Las cells secrete active major glycoproteins N and O glucosiladas residues aL-fucosa, (1-6) fucosa, aD-manosa, aD-glucosa, to-do and BDN-acetilgalactosamina, BD-galactosa-B (1-3) -DN-acetilgalactosamina, aD-galactosa, galactosa-B (1-4) - N-acentílglucosamina, DN-acentilglucosamina and acid neuramínico. These glycoproteins favor interactions between sperm and oocyte and regulating the permeability of the membrane espermática.La prostate is made up of two portions glandular, the body of the prostate (COP) and disseminated prostate (PD), which are observed structural differences, ultrastructural, histoquimicas and functional. In both halves, the epithelium is made up of cells secreting mucous in the PD. Both glandular portions were sinterizan and secreted glycoproteins N-and O-neutral and acidic. These glycoproteins are released through a mechanism regulated on the PC and through a mechanism regulated and one in establishing the PD.Las glycoproteins luminal CP contain residues fucosa, manosa, to-do and BDN-acetilgalactosamina, galactose - B (1-4) - N-acetilglucosamina, DN-acetilglucosamina and acid neuramínico. In PD the glucoprotínas presented also BD-galactoda-B (1-3) -DN-acetilgalactosamina and aD-galactosa.Las glucoroteínas secreted in the COP and the PD through regulated, involved in controlling the stability of plasmalema of sperm, avoid uterine immune response and the agglutination of the sperm motility and conducive to its gradual. The glycoproteins constitutively secreted by DP protect and lubricate the pelvic urethra. The epithelium secreting glands bulbouretrales consists of pyramidal cells principal and densas.Las cells synthesize and secrete main mainly O-glucoproteínas acidic carboxiladas and sulfates with waste glucosídios of N-acetekgalactosamina, BD-galactosa-B (1-3) -DN - acetilgalactosamina, aD-galactosa, DN-acetilglucosamina and acid neuramínico.Estos resifuos provide resistance to proteolisi to O-glicorprotínas secreted, which ls involved in the lubrication and protection of the epithelium and entervienen in controlling the permeability of plasmalema of sperm and transport of ions through it.

Author: BENAVIDES PICCIONE RUTH.
Year: 2003.
University: COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID [www.ucm.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE BIOLOGÍA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD BIOLOGÍA.

Summary: In this Doctoral Thesis have studied two of the key aspects of pyramidal cells, which are considered a major component of the cortical organization. First was investigated microstructure of the pyramidal cell layer III of the cerebral cortex humana.Estos results have been compared with those of other primate species (macaque and tití) and non-primates (mouse). Para ello se han realizado Lucifer Yellow intracellular injections with the occipital cortex, temporal and front of each species, and have been analyzed various parameters morfométricos.En Secondly, it has been investigated through studies inmunocitoquímicos simple, and dual branding in combination with injections of intracellular Lucifer Yellow The innervation of the pyramidal cells by one of the main systems afferents, the system catecolaminérgico. As a result, describes changes in the microstructure of the pyramidal cells in the occipital cortex, temporal and front of the various species studied, showing significant differences in the size and complexity of the dendríticos trees, as well as density, number and the size of dendritic spines between species and intra-species, which suggests that the ability to integrate information, as well as density, number and size of dendritic spines between species and intra-species, which suggests quela ability to integrate information and the processing of it is different between cortical areas of the same species and among especies.Además, described in detail the ditribución, neurochemical and morphological characteristics of the cells and fibers cetecolaminergicas cortical, and the distribution the contacts catecolaminérgicos on the basal and apical dendrites of pyramidal cells, which show a regular pattern throughout the dendritic tree in all cortical layers, regardless of the number of contacts that reciben.Esto suggests that neurtotransmisión cateolaminérgica could affect a large variety circuit, thereby exerting a generally modulating the activity of pyramidal cells.

Author: Diaz Prado Ma. Luz.
Year: 2004.
University: A CORUÑA [www.udc.es].
Place of defense: Facultad de Ciencias.
Place of preparation: Facultad de Ciencias.

Summary: By Immunohistochemical techniques has been studied the presence and distribution of TRRH in the central nervous system (brown trout and zebrafish) and retina (brown trout, zebrafish, frog patilarga, common toad, sapillo pintojo, triton iibérico and common salamander). In trout comúun systems inmunorreactivos to THR (THR-ir) presented various developments along its development (this is the first study on the ontogeny systems in fish THR). In general, populations TRH-ir more rostrales (permanent populations such as the olfactory bulb, above nuclei and post comisural, preóptico parvocelular previous body vasculoso of the sheet terminal preóptico magnocelular, periventricular earlier and supraquiasmático) and the core engine of caudally vague, rising much intensity as marking the number of items inmunorreactivos, as it progresses development, while the populations most streams, previously undescribed fish tend to disminuír or disappear in the adult (transient populations such as habénula the nuclei laminar, the isthmus, interpeduncular, dorsolateral tegmental, lattice top, gray and central engine of trigeminal nucleus). This is the first study that shows how retinal cells synthesize HRT in vertebrates; fry and juveniles of the brown trout can be distinguished until 3 cell types amacrinas TRH-ir: monoestratificadas and multiestratificadas localized to the nuclear layer internal and displaced they are in the layer ganglionar in adult are present only the last two types. In the retina of the zebrafish cells were seen amacrinas TRH-ir only in the domestic nuclear layer. In the retina of amphibians urodelos there are two cell types amacrinas TRH-ir localized in the nuclear layer internal and lymph node, the latter being more abundant. In the retina of anurans, cells amacrinas TRH-ir appear mainly in the domestic nuclear layer in the retina of the common toad, it was further noted elements TRH-ir in external plexiform. The systems TRH-ir in the brain of zebrafish show a wide distribution, remembering what he had observed in individuals of the juvenile brown trout. Appear populations TRH-ir in the following clusters: Central ventral above comisural and postcomisural area ventral telencefálica, preóptico parvocelular previous próptico magnocleular, habénula, supraquiasmático, central post talámico, posterior and anterior tuberales, lateral hypothalamic, diffuse lobes subsequent hypothalamic, torus lateralis, torus semicircularis, lemnisco side Edinger-Westphal, isthmus, interpeduncular and lobes of vague glosofaríngeo and engine of vague. The study of the relationship between the systems TRH-ir and other neuronal markers (tirosina-hidroxilasa, calretinina and neuropéptido-Y) with double immunofluorescence techniques, has revealed that, in general, it is independent systems, while systems HRT - go and TH-ir show a similar distribution in the region of tuber later, area postrema and locus coeruleus. Also, systems TRH-ir and CR-ir appear to be associated in the lobe of vague and area postrema.

Author: GARCÍA GARCÍA M. CONCEPCIÓN.
Year: 2004.
University: COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID [www.ucm.es].
Place of defense: CIENCIAS BIOLÓGICAS.
Place of preparation: INSTITUTO DE NEUROBIOLOGÍA RAMÓN Y CAJAL.

Summary: The influence of afferent fibers in the development of many brain structures is a controversial aspect. It tries to determine whether the arrival of these fibers in the development of the target structure from the beginning of its formation or whether by hand only participates in the configuration and maintenance in advanced stages of development. The latter option implies that aferencias are not necessary for the initial development of the target structure. In the olfactory system, the olfactory epithelium axones their projected to the brain before, specifically the olfactory bulb where contact with the main dendrites of the cell to form mitrales the glomerulus. Mice Sey Neu / Sey Neu mutant gene for the PAX-6, lacked olfactory epithelium and at the outset had been described also lacked olfactory bulbs. In this paper we demonstrate the presence of a structure to which we have called OBLS (Olfactory Bulb Like Structure), which has marked similarities to the olfactory bulb including: moments generation cellular similar emission projections to the brain earlier the same morphology and development and cellular morphology similar. The spatial and temporal patterns of markers as Acetilcolinesterasa, GABA, calbindina, calretinina, Chondroitin sulfate, robo2, neuropilina2 match in the olfactory bulb and OBLS able to identify this structure and similar cells expressing the same markers that projection cells and olfactory bulb interneuronas . Moreover, the co-cultivar explants of OBLS alongside olfactory epithelium changes in the orientation cell similar to those observed in the olfactory bulb. Despite these similarities, differences exist between the olfactory bulb and OBLS. The most notable is the absence of evaginación and the lack of rolling OBLS, processes taking place in the olfactory bulb. Posemos conclude that OBLS corresponds to the olfactory bulb and therefore the absence of evaginación and the lack of rolling OBLS, a process that takes place in the olfactory bulb. We conclude that OBLS corresponds to the bulb olfavitoy hence the absence of olfactory epithelium in mice Sey Neu / Sey Neu does not prevent the initial development of the olfactory bulb, although there is a need for its final configuration.

Author: SOLER JOVER ALEX.
Year: 2005.
University: BARCELONA [www.ub.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE MEDICINA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE MEDICINA.

Author: BALLESTEROS YÁÑEZ INMACULADA.
Year: 2005.
University: COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID [www.ucm.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS BIOLÓGICAS.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS BIOLÓGICAS, UCM.

Summary: Recent studies have revealed quantitative variations in the structure of the pyramidal cells of different cortical areas and species. L Studies conducted in different areas of man and other primates have shown that the frontal regions of pyramidal cells have more trees dendríticos basal branching and more thorns that cells occipitales regions, parietal and temporal, which will be the kind analyzed. Moreover, there has also been described differences in the morphology of pyramidal cells, when comparing equivalent areas between different species. Such comparative morphometric study of the structure of the pyramidal cells has been carried out in many primate species. While the study in rodents has not been done so far, although the most commonly used experimental animals. Moreover, there are multiple molecular and behavioral studies that have examined the effect of different drugs on the nervous system. However, there have been few studies of the morphology, and most of these have been performed using the method of Golgi, which makes the results are difficult to interpret. We analyzed the morphology of trees dendríticos pyramidal cell layer IIII different cortical areas rodents. For this we use the method of intracellular injections with Lucifer Yelow in fixed tissue. The cells have been reconstructed in three dimensions and analyzed using Neurolúcida. We studied the morphology of the pyramidal neurons three cortical areas of normal mice, also analyzed the morphology of the dendritic spines. Furthermore, we examined the effect of morphine in the morphology of the pyramidal cells of two strains of rats, Lewis and Fischer who have different preferences for drugs of abuse, and the effect of cocaine in mice deficient and normal receptor CB1 of cannabionoides. Differences found between areas in the cellular structure and number of bones of the pyramidal cells of the mouse match the pattern shown in primates. However, the pattern of the spine density mismatch. These observations suggest quantitative and qualitative differences in the processing of information in various cortical regions. Differences found between normal mice and genetically modified support the idea that receptor CB1 are involved in the development of cortical neurons. The differences between strains of rats and controls areas in the structure of the trees and dendríticos density bones pyramidal cells involve differences in cortical information processing. These variations explain some behavioral differences between the two strains. Changes induced by morphine in the cingulate and frontal could be due to differences in their function, learning processes in the system of rewards and control engine, respectively. That morphine does not affect the cortex of rats Fischer may be due to their lower performance of self. The differences in the changes observed after administration of cocaine in normal mice and genetically modified, could be attributed to cross interactions between cannabionoides and the dopaminergic system, whose activity is modified by the administration of cocaine.

Author: MARZO ADAM NÚRIA.
Year: 2005.
University: BARCELONA [www.ub.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE MEDICINA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE MEDICINA.

Summary: Before the discovery of Rane et al that the Cdk4 is essential for cell proliferation post dela beta and that their hyperactivity (model Cdk4R24C) causes hyperplasia of beta cells, the working hypothesis raised were: 1 - Despite the effect of the molecule CDk4 in the proliferation of the cell beta, the hyperactivity of the CDk4 should not alter the physiology of islet. 2 - The molecule Cdk4 could be involved in the proliferation of beta cells of the human pancreatic islets in the same way as happens in mice. If this is the case, the Cdk4 constitute a potential therapeutic target in the process of regeneration of the estate beta-celular, for the treatment of type 1 diabetes mellitus. 3, beta-cell hyperplasia caused by the molecule CDk4R24C could induce immunological tolerance toward autoantígenos pancreatic of DMT1 in the NOD strain, and at the same time, providing the agency with a source of regeneration of the estate beta-celular already destroyed at from beta cells still exist. Thus, the hyperplasia of mass beta-celular inhibit the autoimmune process and repair the damage caused by it. The results are summarized below. 1-hyperplasia of the pancreatic beta cell does not cause changes in either the glycemia and insulin in the mice Cdk4R24C CD1/129Sv. 2 - The mutation Cdk4R24C a background CD1/129Sv does not cause physiological changes remarkable (biosynthesis and conversion proinsulina to oxidation and insulin / glucose utilization) in the beta cell, despite the pancreas that causes hyperplasia. 3-mice Cdk4R24C CD1/129 have a faster return to baseline levels glycemia after a stimulus interaperitoneal glucose, due to increased insulin secretion. 4 - The human islets infected with vector lentivirales carriers of the mutation CDk4R24C have further proliferation, and this proliferation is due to the increased proliferation of the cell beta. 5 - The mutation Cdk4R24C into a fund genetic susceptibility to suffer DMT1 (NO), causes an acceleration of diabetes in males as in females Cdk4R24C NO and increased incidence of the disease in males. 6 - The acceleration and increased incidence in males is due to the increased activation of the splenocytes, an increase of the proliferation of splenocytes baseline and decreased susceptibility to apoptosis. 7 - The acceleration of diabetes in females is due to a proliferation of splenocytes higher against the peptide GAD p65, higher levels of CD3 on the surface, a higher number of CD4 cells activated and increased levels of protein FGAP in the pancreas of the female Cdk45R24C/R24C. 8-In the model Cdk4R24C NOD / SCID, in the absence of lymphocytes animals pre-diabéticos WT, but not delay its appearance. Before these results we conclude that: 1 - The expression of Cdk4R24C a background CD1/129Sv does not cause physiological changes noteworthy in the pancreatic islets. 2 - The shape of the mutated protein Cdk4 (Cdk4R24C) induces cell proliferation of human beta-dependent glucose. 3 - The ubiquitous expression of Cdk4R24C a genetic background NOD, genetically predisposed to suffer DMT1, exacerbates the diabetic phenotype. Such escalation is due to hyperactivity of the immune repertoire caused by the presence of the mutation R24C. 4-THE expression of CDk4R24C in the beta cell, with no lymphocytes TyB mutated protects the attack autoinumne by transferring linfoctios WT.

Author: PÁEZ GONZÁLEZ PATRICIA.
Year: 2005.
University: MÁLAGA [www.uma.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS, UNIVERSIDAD DE MÁLAGA.

Summary: The congenital hydrocephalus has traditionally been viewed as the cause of impaired development of the central nervous system (CNS) such as agenesis of the corpus callosum, cortical malformations and cognitive, and alterations neurepiteliales and ependimarias. However, our research group has shown in an animal model, the mouse mutant hidrocefálico hyh, that the alterations are not caused the neuroepitelio for hydrocephalus are that are pre - she (Jimenez et al., 2001), and are involved in the transformation of communicating hydrocephalus to incomunicante (Wagner et al., 2003). Because of the vital role that has the neuroepitelio / epéndimo in CNS development, this paper poses as a main objective to explore whether the alterations of development before, are actually caused hydrocephalus or on the contrary, as we are proposing, are due to alteration of the ventricular surface. The results show that in mice hyh the ventirculomegalia is after the agenesis of the corpus callosum, degeneration of the external capsule and fiber Probst, and the cortical disruption. These alterations neuroatológicos development of the CNS mate in patients with hydrocephalus. Likewise, it was found that the alteration of a ventricular surface is directly or indirectly involved in the origin of these pathologies. The alteration of the surface ventricular also appears in fetuses with congenital hydrocephalus. In this sense, our animal model is emerging as an indispensable tool to investigate the involvement of the alteration of neuroeptileio / epéndimo the onset of cognitive and cortical malformations in fetuses with hydrocephalus with its consequent impact clinic. Moreover, the results also show that the alteration dela ventricular surface presenting mice hyh, follows a pattern constant space in all animals hidrocefálicos and therefore predible. This makes this animal model in a very useful tool for studying the effects of alterations isolated ventricular epithelium on the development of CNS.

Author: GÓMEZ SANTOS LAURA.
Year: 2005.
University: PAÍS VASCO [www.ehu.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE MEDICINA Y ODONTOLOGÍA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE MEDICINA Y ODONTOLOGÍA.

Summary: In recent decades there has published several works that show a change in the glycosylation of the gastric mucosa affected by various diseases, such as cancer, compared with the gastric mucosa healthy. Some of these changes have been used as markers of malignancy in this tissue. However, although there are several studies hsitoquímico stomach, few devoted to the study of the nature of the chains oligsacarídicas that are denominated in it. To determine the alteration oligosacarídica accurate caused both by carcinogenesis by other diseases or agents, such as snuff or alcohol, it must first have a thorough knowledge of the saccharide composition of the tissue in a state ing. To do this, the present work has been done an exhaustive analysis histochemical in optical microscopy using different lectin, combined with various pretratamientos desglicosilatifos both chemical and enzymatic. As experimental model of healthy gastric mucosa samples were used rat stomach, which has very similar to the human stomach, as evidenced by numerous published studies. Different cell types of eptielio of the gastric mucosa are divided and differed from the glandular region of the neck, although it seems that this is not the main source of the cells. Ultrastructural studies have discovered the existence of a type of cell histochemical characteristics intermediate between the mucous cells of the neck and principal cells, which are termed why intermediate cells. This fact suggests the possibility that cells leading to differ from the cells of the mucous neck. The results obtained in this study with several lectin, especially with GNA, support these hypotheses. It has also been observed in the case of the parietal cells, a composition glicosídica dependent on its position in the gland, which is characterized by a more varied in those located in the upper region gland. This suggests a possible involvement of waste sacarídicos in the process of differentiation of such cells. Another interesting thing is the possible existence found in the gastric mucosa of two subtypes of O-oligosacarádios; some O-oligosacárdios more resistant pretreatment chemical desglicosilativo of beta-Eliminación mainly expressed by gastric cells located in the upper region of the gland and some O-oligosacrádiso labile, or less resistant to such pretreatment. This fact also allows suggest the pretreatment of beta-Eliminación one-day as a useful method in the detection of oligosaccharides, which otherwise could not be detected due to masking by O-oligosacáridos. Stomach cancer, or gastric, is the most frequent cancer in the world after skin cancer. The probability of survival of patients suffering from gastric cancer was significantly reduced in the event of developing liver metastases. The progress achieved in the study of metastatic process indicate that one of the weights required for the establishment of metastases is the interaction between tumor cells and cells in the body side. Because changes have been observed in the composition oligosacarídica of the gastric mucosa in metaplasias and malignancies, is now regarded as the possibility that certain sacráidos expressed by gastric tumor cells have a key role in the final stages of metastases in the liver, through lectina interaction with the liver or receiver asialoglicoproteínas (ASGPR) expressed on the surface of the 8 s hepato - 62e citos. To corroborate or rule out such a possibility, the present work has been Biotinylated and purified recombinant protein for carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD) of the largest subunit of ASGPR, which has been dubbed rhASGPR1. This was used in recombinant histochemistry sections on human gastric cancer and flow cytometry for analysis of the affinity for ASGPR of different cell lines of human gastric cancer. It was also used to get two variants cell, a high affinity to ASGPR, AZ-High3, and one of low affinity, AZ-Low3, which were subsequently injected into immunosuppressed mice, in order to determine the involvement of the in vivo binding affinity for the ASGPR in the metastatic potential of gastric cancer cells. The results show a correlation between the ability of tumor cells to join the ASGPR and its ability to astnarse in developing liver foci metastáticos. This suggests a role of ASGPR in establishing liver metastases, through interaction with specific sugar residues expressed for tumor cells.

Author: OLMOS SERRANO JOSÉ LUIS.
Year: 2006.
University: MÁLAGA [www.uma.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS.

Summary: The present study has been done characterization neurochemistry of different neuronal populations during the development of complex claustroamigdalino, focusing primarily on the cloister complex and the complex from the basolateral amygdala. These neuronal populations have been analyzed on the basis of the presence of markers such as GABA, ligadoras calcium or protein enzyme synthesis of nitric oxide, and their participation in the formation of neural circuits. This would have used conventional techniques of optical and electronic microscopy. The main findings of this study are as follows: Most cells containing calbindina and parvalbúmina in the cloister and in the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala during development. The nitric oxide synthase is expressed in two different populations of neurons that presented different spatial and temporal patterns of expression in the cloister and in the compound of the basolateral amygdala during development and in the adult. A population of neurons is largely GABAérgica and is characterized by a greater intensity of staining. The other population of neurons is fundamentally not GABAérgica and is characterized by a moderate staining cells in the body.