HUMAN NEUROANATOMY

Author: GARCIA OVEJERO DANIEL.
Year: 2004.
University: COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID [www.ucm.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD CC BIOLOGICAS.
Place of preparation: CC BIOLOGÍAS.

Summary: Androgen and estrogen regulating gene expression, neuronal survival, differentiation glial and synaptic transmission in many parts of the nervous system. During the past 15 years have been described and remedial neuroprotective properties of these hormones endiversosrnodelos animals nerve degeneration. However, the clarity of the experimental results has not been reflected in. Ios clinical trials so far. In laéSeperimentaciónbásica, the main targets of the studies and neuroprotective treatments have been neurons, but in the brain, there are other types of cells, such as glial cells, whose dysfunction is implicated in numerous pathologies. The objective of our study was to determine the role of astrocytes and microgiía in action neuroprotectora androgen and estrogen. Using three different models of injury. We found that the brain reactive astrocytes express estrogen receptors and microglía reactive express androgen receptor. Therefore, astrocytes and microglía become, upon activation, in a direct target of estrogens and androgens, respectively. Our results suggest that expression astrocitaria of receivers estrógenoes unacaracterísticagenera.1de the actlvadónastrocitaria, not relacionaconel phenotype citoesqueletico of cells, or the nature iso or anisomórfica of injury, or sex or injured animal's hormonal state . The androgen receptor expression by microglía reactive talT1biénparece be a widespread response, it does not depend on a high state of activacíón or sex or injured animal's hormonal state. However, we only found receporde hidrógenos microglial after injury with opening of the barrier hemátbencefálica. The expression of estrogen receptor in the reactive astrocytes runs in parallel with the progression of astrogliosis. Its maximum levels (around the 7 days) coincide with the etápa deformation of the glial scar, in the case of a traumatic penetrating, and, with the most intense phase of synaptic remodeling after a denervation of the hippocampus. The androgen receptor expression in microglía coincides with the highest stage of proliferation and activation of the astroglía (around the 7 days) and also with the time of neural plasticity reactive. To determine the role of androgen receptor or estrogen in glía reactive, addressed a group of castrated male animals with a ligand androgen receptor (dihidrotestosterona) or Estrogen Receptor (estradiol) around the day of maximum expression the recipients after brain injury. This treatment protocol produces inhibition of scar astrocitaria, both with estradiol with dihidrotestosterona, who is accompanied on the latter by tissue necrosis and increased neuronal death. However, we found that this effect of inhibition of scar and increased neuronal death, did not occur in non-castrated males, which have circulating hormones. We propose a hypothesis, in which the androgen and estrogen achieve a balance of action in the nervous system damaged, necessary for the evolution of the lesions. Following this hypothesis, we conducted a final treatment of castrated males, this time with testosterone, which can trigger both estrogen receptors as the androgen receptor. The results show that this hormone relaxes the scar astrocitaria and inhibits microglial activation, but does not affect neuronal survival. This effect on the glial scar, coupled with the properties pro-regenerativas of testosteronadescritas by other groups, could be an added advantage that it would be interesting to consider in the future, since adequate control of the maturation of the scar giial marks the equilibriO between axonal regeneration and the preservation of the tissue around 8 you to 31c injury. Elempleode molécuJasneuroprotectoras, suchas testosteronay derivatives capacesde moderate gliosis, without inhibirla altogether, it could offer an interesting alternative for the treatment of trauma and neurodegenerative diseases. Knowledge of the action of these hormones, in addition, would deepen the differences in sexual response to various nerve damage.

Author: BERNACER MARIA JAVIER.
Year: 2005.
University: AUTÓNOMA DE MADRID [www.uam.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE MEDICINA.
Place of preparation: UNIVERSIDAD AUTONOMA DE MADRID.

Summary: The striated part of the basal ganglia, a set of nuclei located subcorticalmente whose main function is to control the movement and associative processes, cognitive and emotional related to the planning and organization of sequential voluntary movement. It consists of two cores, and the caudate nucleus and putamen, ídentico embryonic origin and composition of cells. Both are chemically heterogeneous structures, as the neurotransmitters and related substances are structured in biochemically distinct compartments, which are called matrix and estriosomas. It is believed that an important part of the internal organization of striated and communication among its compartments matrix and estriosomas. It is believed that an important part of the internal organization of striated and communication among its compartments is carried out by interneuronas, nerve cells whose axon is confined to this structure telencefálica. The objectives of this Doctoral Thesis: 1-study morphology, distribution and organization of the compartment interneuronas nitrérgicas in striated normal human. 2, - study the morphology, and distribution organization compartment of the cholinergic interneuronas in striated normal human. 3-study morphology, distribution and organization of the compartment interneuronas calbindina positive in the normal human striated. 4-Comparison of topographic and compartmental distribution of the three types of interneuronas analyzed. To achieve these targets, were carried out technical estereológicas on striped individuals without psychiatric or neurological disorders. First, they proceeded to divide the estraido a standardized form and easily reproducible. The cuts were systematically selected to start at random for further analysis. Then they were treated with histochemical techniques and Immunohistochemical, thereby relieve the different populations interneuronas is triatales, and the compartment estriosomal. The morphology of interneuronas was studied in the microscope topic, while the volume of his body cell idió with technical estereológica of nucleator. The neuronal density was calculated using the disector optical applied to different regions and sectors in which they divided the striated. Lastly, the organization compartment of the interneuronas discussed with a clear camera attached to a microscope. Doctoral Thesis This demonstrates for the first time that interneuronas estriatales are distributed in a heterogeneous along the anteroposterior axis, dorsoventral and mediolaerla of striated humans. The three groups studied neural have a greater presence in the caudate nucleus in the putamen, and in the regions after both cores with respect to the above. This selective distribution could indicate those areas of human striated where there is a more complex processing of information nervosa. Furthermore, this paper shows that the relationship of these three groups interneuronas with respect to estriosomas varies in the anteroposterior axis. Therefore, the role of associative interneuronas between the two major compartments of chemical estriado human depends on the different parts of it.

Author: CAMPOS ESPARZA MARÍA DEL ROSARIO.
Year: 2006.
University: PAÍS VASCO [www.ehu.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE MEDICINA Y ODONTOLOGÍA.
Place of preparation: UNIVERSIDAD DEL PAÍS VASCO.

Summary: In acute and chronic neurodegenerative diseases has been involved with the phenomenon of excitotoxicidad. The sobreactivación of glutamic acid receptor induces an influx of calcium, oxidative stress and apoptosis, causing neuronal death. We investigate a model in vitro whether mangiferina and morina two antixoidantes of natural origin, are able to protect neurons from death exitotóxica. We demonstrate that the mangiferina and morina at low concentrations - from the rank nM-, protect neuronal death excitotóxica, acting on the phosphorylation of kinases, modulating oxidative stress, maintaining stable mitochondrial potential and inhibiting the activation of protein or release pro - and apoptotic transcription factors. In this context, we propose to these naturally occurring antioxidant as therapeutic agents in the treatment of acute and chronic neuronal damage.