MARINE BOTANY

Author: ARIN CARRAU M. LAURA.
Year: 2002.
University: AUTÓNOMA DE BARCELONA.
Place of defense: ESCUELA DE DOCTORADO Y DE FORMACIÓN CONTINUADA.
Place of preparation: ESCUELA DE DOCTORADO Y DE FORMACIÓN CONTINUADA.

Summary: In this report have been studied different aspects of the relationship between taxonomic characterization, the chemical composition and structure of sizes communities marine planktonic microorganisms. The physical and chemical environment favorable to the development of certain groups of microorganisms which will be reflected in the taxonomic composition and chemistry, and the structure size of the entire community. Through experiments with cultured diatoms and a coastal community planktonic (lower 150 um) enclosed in microcosm observed the effect of turbulence under different conditions of nutrients. In crops deficient in phosphorus, the presence of turbulence favored creciento a diatomea large (Coscinodiscus sp. 110 um), but not that of a small diatomea (Thalassiosira pseudonana, 6 um). In the experiment with microscosmos marine was that the effect of turbulence on the microbial community depended, in some cases, the initial concentration of inorganic nutrients. When initially added nutrients (with a ratio N: P as Redfield or deficient in phosphorus) turbulence favored the growth of phytoplankton over the bacteriaas heterotrophic. In the same container was also seen an increase in the proportion of diatoms in the phytoplankton community. These differences have not been clearly observed in the microcosm control (without added initial nutrient). However, regardless of the original terms of nutrients, tubulencia had a positive effect on the tamñao middle of the phytoplankton community. Changes in the composition and structure of sizes observed in the community were reflected in the composition of the organic matter formed. Under the three original terms of nutrients studied, the relationships C: PyN: P of the total organic matter were higher in a position to turbuelncia in conditions of calm. However, only in those containers which initially added nutjrientes was observed greater propoción biomass (in terms of carbon) agencies osmotróficos in relation to nitrate and phosphate consumed, and greater biomass of diatoms in relation to silicate consumed in terms of turbulence in terms of calm. It estudiarion variations in space and time of the distribution in sizes of the phytoplankton community in relation to physical structures of mesoscale in two areas of the Mediterranean Sea, the Mediterranean Sea Alboran Southwest), specifically in the Western anticyclonic rotation, and the platform Ebro (Mediterranean Northwest). In a short period of time, the phytoplankton community located on the northern edge of turning the Alboran Sea, rose to be formed by similar proportions of cells peak (less 2 um) -, nano (2-20 um) - and microplancton (increased 20 um) to be dominated by virtually cells microplancton (mostly diatoms) due to instrusión water rich in nutrients. Meanwhile, in the central part of the shift, characterized by prsencia of oligotrophic waters, the community fitooplancton was dominated by cells pico- and nanoplankton (mainly Synechococcus spp.y small flogged). The platform Ebro structure sizes of the phytoplankton community lodged a strong seasonal variability. The contribution of the fraction picoplanctónica total biomass autotropic was predominant in the three seasons observed (autumn, winter and summer), but reached the highest values in the summer and autumn seasons. In winter (which gave greater biomass autotropic total), had the greatest percentage of the fraction mic 8 roplanct 5db ónica. The contribution of the fraction nanoplanctónica was submitted less seasonal variability. In autumn and winter, the contribution of the fraction picoplanctónica total phytoplankton in coastal areas was generally lower than in most stations open sea. However, in summer, the contribution of picofitoplancton was more or less evenly throughout the area sampled. The contribution of major groups of planktonic microorganisms (bacteria, nanoflagelados heterotrophic, ciliated and phytoplankton) to the concentration of particulate DNA and protein was studied in the storied oligotrophic waters of the Sea Catalano-Balear (Mediterranean Northwest). The bacteria were those who had an increased contribution to the DNA particulate not Detritic while phytoplankton and nanoflagelados heterotrophic were the main contributors to the proteían particulate detrítica not. Most of the protein and total particulate much DNA corresponded to the total particulate fraction detrítica of organic matter.

Author: LINARES RUEDA ADOLFO.
Year: 2004.
University: MÁLAGA.
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS (UNIVERSIDAD DE MÁLAGA).
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS.

Summary: In this thesis has been addressed on the one hand, the characterization of the uptake and accumulation of Cs + in C.reinhardtii (wild strains and trk1) using radiometric techniques, taking into account the influence of the regime of K + and pH on these processes, as well as related physiological variables, such as cell volume, and secondly, the search for genes involved in such transport in C.reinhardtii as R.fluitans, in particular type conveyors HAK. Thus, it has been determined that the regime of K +, has a significant influence on the volume of cellular strain silvestr, but not the strain trk1, which also presents a cell volume less than half exhibited by the wild. Cells adapted to wild deficiency K + show a reduction of cell volume environment. The external pH also significantly affects the volume of the cell strain, although this effect has not been realized, but not in the so-ca cells trk1. The concentration of external Cs + affects significantly the volume of both cell strains, albeit opposite. In connection with the transportation of Cs +, it has been determined that there is a transport of high Cs + affinity saturable in both strains C.reinhardtii adapted to deficiency of K +, with a value of Km very low in the case of wild (Km 6u ; M Cs +). In contrast to the wild strain, the strain trk1 exhibits a lower affinity (Km 36uM Cs +), although higher rate of incorporation indicating that this mutant strain presents a significant alteration or deregulation of transportation deCs + high affinity. In terms of adequacy of K +, the wild strain displays a transport deCs + low affinity observed in the strain trk1 in similar conditions is qualitatively different from the desk by the strain, suggesting a deregulation of the mechanisms involved, characterized by introducing fees for incorporation older. Besides observed an effect of the system of K +, are also identified a significant influence of pH deficiency in both adequacy of K +. In deficiency of K + was observed maximum incorporation and accumulation around neutral pH, with the maximum to more alkaline pH in the case of the strain trk1. In addition strains show similar rates of incorporation, whereas the capacity of accumulation is about one order of magnitude higher in the wild strain, indicating that the mutant strain could present an alteration in the extrusion of Cs +. In adequacy of K +, showed a decrease in the capacity to accumulate acid pH, more pronounced in the case of the strain trk1, indicating a greater sensitivity to his acid pH. In conclusion, it seems clear implication of the various transport systems depending on the regime of K +, and may propose the involvement of an amount Cs + / H + in the transport of high affinity Cs + cells adapted to dificiencia K +. Although C.reinhardtii not been any cloned gene of interest, it seems highly likely, in light of the molecular information available, the involvement of transporters and channels similar to those described in vascular plants land. In R.fluitans it has been achieved, after serious difficulties, a partial sequence cloned from genomic DNA, whose phylogenetic analysis suggests that possibly reflects a conveyor type HAL high affinity (group I), which may mediate the incorporation of K + , Rb + and Cs + probably amount to H +, consistent with the physiological characterization of the addition of K +, Rb + and Cs + conducted by this research group. <8 / b> 189

Author: SILVA SCARDUA PATRICIA MIRELLA DA.
Year: 2004.
University: SANTIAGO DE COMPOSTELA.
Place of defense: INSTITUTO DE ACUICULTURA.
Place of preparation: CENTRO DE INVESTIGACIÓNS MARIÑAS (CIMA), CONSELLERÍA DE PESCA E ASUNTOS MARÍTIMOS.

Summary: The infection Bonamia ostreae is responsible for high mortalities in flat oyster Ostrea edulis along the Atlantic coast of Europe since the early 80. This disease is considered a very serious impediment to the development of industry in the oyster flat in Galicia. The production of a strain of oysters resistant to bonaimosis may be a promising alternative. As a prelude to the development of a breeding program, it was considered necessary to assess whether genetic variation in populations of oyster flat for the characters of interest, as well as choosing favorable population or populations from which to develop the program selection . This report reflects the results of the evaluation of growth, mortality, the susceptibility to diseases, and immunological aspects of gonadal development in ostas O.edulis from different geographical backgrounds, cultivated in Galicia for 2 years (September 2001 to September 2003). It chose oyster populations along the coast European genetically distinct, two free zones in the bonamiosis, Greece (GR) Eastern Mediterranean and Northern Ireland (ER), and two in Galicia, Ortigueira (OR) and Coroso (CO ), with different histories pressure bonamiosis. Using players collected at each of these populations occurred in hatchery 5 families seed oysters each of the origins (IR Except that occurred 4. Seeds of 19 families were grown in a hit in the Ria de Arousa . was found significant differences in growth, mortality and susceptibility to bonamiosis and pathological alterations between origins and among families within origins. Oysters home galician showed improved productivity performance (faster growth and increased survival). however, oysters original Greek and Irish showed a poor growth and low survival. Nonetheless, the variability among families within each source resulted in some families achieve yields significantly better than others in their respective home, which indicates that a program Selection, not only the choice of origin but also of couples of parents is important for production. were compared several optical microscopy techniques used for the diagnosis of infection B.ostreae, histological examination of cuts (CH) , smears of various organs and topcoat Cell hemolymph (MCH) prepared by various protocols. Examination of MCH was the most sensitive technique, which was used in all the samples once the oysters reached a sufficient size to the extraction hemolymph. The results suggest the need to review the recommendations of the Office International des Epizooties and the European Union for the diagnosis of bonaimosis. infection B.ostreae was the most important disease detected in oysters during the period study, causing mortality. were detected significant differences in the prevalence of B.ostreae between the origins and among families within origins. Households with lower prevalence and highest infection B.ostreae were the same origin (CO) . families SW, but one of them exhibited a high propensity to bonamiosis. Every family OR susceptibility showed minor (low prevalence and intensity of infection). was disseminated malignancy One other pathological changes with the highest prevalence were found in almost every month and affected all families, causing death. infection with herpes was another illness diagnosed, associated with mortality in the first year of cultivation, the source IR being the hardest hit. addition, it was observed plasmodios and spores of protozoan Haplosporidium armoricanum, with a very low prevalence, and an alteration characterized by lesions in the branquia associated with a profusion of apoptosis, which is not ident 8 ificó the 158e cause. other symbionts and pathological alterations were minor significance during the study identified as bacteria spirochetes, colonies of organisms type rickettsiano, trofozoitos of whipped Hexamita nelsoni, ciliated and copepods. histological nonspecific symptoms of stress, such as infiltration hemocitaria, granulocitomas and necrosis were also observed. An index calculated from the prevalence of all pathological alterations observed estimated the total burden of disease problems (CTPP). CTPP of families were significantly associated with mortality accumulated at the end of fattening. significant differences were detected in the CTPP between origins and the origins within families . foreign origins had the highest values and OR lowest. Results from the best families suggest that the flat oyster cultivation in Galicia is possible using seed oysters appropriate. Three types hemocitarios distinguished themselves in the hemolymph of oysters : granulocytes (Gr), hialinocitos large (Hlg) and hialinocitos small (Hlp). temporal variation was detected, which suggests a seasonal pattern, the total number of hemocytes (THC) and relative abundance of dela types hemocitarios (DHC) of the hemolymph of oysters. No significant differences were detected between THC and DHC origins, although the oysters Galician presented higher values of THC and the percentage of CR that the alien, which could indicate a greater immunological training. were recorded significant difference Gr and the percentage of families within Hlp between the origins IR and CR. was found a significant association of the intensity of infection B.ostreae with THC and DHC, that the progression of the infection induces an increase in the number of hemocytes circulating in the hemolymph (also infiltrated the tissues), especially the Hlg that, presumably, is the kind hocitario more favorable to its internal divide the parasite. was revealed a trend in which a high percentage of Gr survival was associated with higher and lower susceptibility to disease. Using the kit commercial api ZYM were detected 16 enzymes in hemocytes (HE) and 14 in the plasma (PL) of the flat oyster, and 14 enzymes in HE and PL of Crassostrea gigas, which was used as a reference as a kind resistant to bonamiosis. SE detected significant quantitative and qualitative differences in the concentration and some enzymes between origins of O.edulis and between O.edulis and C.gigas. enzyme alpha - he was the only one of those identified in the hemolymph of C.gigas was not detected in O.edulis. Comparison of the enzymatic activity oysters between infected and non-infected B.ostreae showed the presence of enzymes alfa-quimotripsina and alpha - only infected oysters and the concentration of other enzymes was significantly higher in the holinfa oyster infected. extra enzyme activity detected in hemolymph of the oysters could be infected by the parasite enzymes produced, the production of enzymes in hemocytes Induced infection or a combination of both causes. dela The study evolution of the status of gonadal oysters along the fattening hit allowed in two distinct periods separated by a period of rest gonadal dominance in the fall of 2002. in first period oysters matured as a male and in some oysters were then developed female gametogenesis. Beginning in the autumn of 2002 most of the oysters and female gametogenesis developed since May 2003 predominated ostas who developed male gametogenesis. were significant differences in the pattern of changes in the status between gonadal origins. Oysters IR showed the gonad active in a more restricted period and a period of rest gonadal longer; oysters SW showed gonadal activity over a broader period, a period of rest gonadal narrower and the percentage of female gametogenesis oysters that developed was less than that in other origins. origins Galicians Both showed a similar pattern, with May percentage of oysters developing female gametogenesis in the second period reproduction. also significant differences were detected between families within the origins CO, GA, and to a lesser extent, IR, while heterogeneity was lower in the home OR. was found that the probability of infection B.ostreae reached the advanced stage was significantly higher when the oysters are located in phases female sexual pure predominantly female and hermaphrodite; addition, the probability was significantly higher when oysters were in gonad maturity and after making partial. probably the development of gametogenesis, and in particular the production of eggs consumed a quantity considerable power would no longer be available to deal with the infection.

Author: SEONAE PARRA SERGIO.
Year: 2005.
University: PAÍS VASCO.
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE CIENCIA Y TECNOLOGÍA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE CIENCIA Y TECNOLOGÍA.

Summary: The recent episodes of massive growths of species of the division Haptophyta and the lack of studies on this group in the estuary of the river Ibaizabal led to the completion of this study. It has been addressed through the use of techniques such as optical and electronic microscopy and HPLC analysis of pigments, taxonomy, its response in terms of growth to the variation in light intensity and their relative importance in the community fitiplanctónica . The main results obtained showed percentages of relative abundance throughout the community around 5%, an increase in growth rates, albeit in varying degrees, with light intensity and the identification and caracterizaicón morphological of 17 species nine different genres.

Author: Marín Guirao Lázaro.
Year: 2006.
University: MURCIA.
Place of defense: Facultad de Biología.
Place of preparation: Facultad de Biología.

Summary: This thesis is epic as an approximation to the problem of metal pollution in the coastal lagoon del Mar Menor caused by mining activities. The objective is to obtain an overview of the current status of the ecosystem pond in relation to contamination by heavy metals. The classification of this thesis as an approximation ecotoxicological arises not only the use of tools ecotoxicological properties, but also the philosophy that underpins this science. Thus, the claim to determine the effect that this cause pollution on the ecosystem pond del Mar Menor, it is from the origin and generation of pollutants, how they get into the lagoon system, transportation within the same and the changes that these experience, which is the distribution of these pollutants between different environmental compartments of the lagoon, and bioavailability presented in each of them, and finally its impact on individual agencies and communities. Chapter I is considering entering the Mar Menor of mining waste across the wadi from the Sierra Mining as well as their distribution and retention in the lagoon. The characteristics of water runoff indicated generating acid mine drainage with high loads of heavy metals, either as dissolved particulate that cause the occurrence of toxicity in the waters of the lagoon. The disappearing quickly dissolved metals in the water column, affecting only those stations near the mouth of the wadi, while particulate metals were transported farther away. The toxicity tests indicated that the toxicity of water disappeared within a few days in the most remote stations, while in the nearby waters remained toxic for at least several days. Chapter II looks bioavailability of metals in the sediments of the lake through toxicity bioassays, using three species of sea urchins and two species of amphipods, and through measures to bioaccumulate in the fanerógama marine Cymodocea nodosa collected in the lagoon. The sediments affected by the discharge of the wadi had high levels of toxicity in laboratory tests. The bioavailability of metals in the field was in turn demonstrated by the high levels of metals found in Cymodocea nodosa. The survey of the benthic communities showed a degree of disturbance by means of multivariate techniques applied. In chapter III compares prairie Cymodocea nodosa on growing in sediments contaminated by heavy metals into the pan south of Mar Menor. We studied the accumulation of Zn, Pb and Cd in different compartments of the plant, along with certain parameters sediment governing the availability of the metal. It also determined the structure and dynamics of every meadow and explored their respective communities macroinvertebrate partners. All were found growing grasslands, accumulating large amounts of those metals funds grew in contaminated near the wadi and showing their growing area per leaf photosynthetic biomass and increased leaf. However, these structural parameters seem to be responsible for the differences found in their communities associated invertebrates. The canonical correlation analysis identified the concentration of metals in the leaves, in the biofilm and in the sediment as the main variables that could be responsible for these differences faunísticas. Chapter IV discusses and compares the populations of invertebrates and fish in two areas of the Mar Menor through analysis of stable isotopes (CyN) and their concentrations of metals. The station directly influenced by the discharge of the wadi had a higher bioavailability of metals, as reflected in the largest concentrations 8 goal c53 them in bodies of this season. At the same time, differences were found between the two trophic stations, introducing the station located on the inside of the lagoon influenced by the discharge of the wadi enriched levels? 15N and impoverished in? 13C compared to the more remote from the landfill. While the fanerógama Cymodocea nodosa not seem to be a source of food for both direct or indirect settlements, the biofilm that develops on the leaves, if it appears to play an important role trophic indicating its potential role as a link in the trophic transfer of metals. Regressions between values? 15N front of the metal content in invertebrates indicated the biodilución of zinc, lead and cadmium. For copper did not detect any clear trend possibly due to the physiological role that plays in marine invertebrates. The presence of juvenile stages in the settlements fishery can cause not showed clear trends in their regressions. Chapter V assesses the ecological quality of soft bottoms of two aquatic ecosystems, coastal lagoon del Mar Menor and the Mediterranean coast of Portmán, both impacted by mining activities. The objective was to assess the usefulness of indices of biotic benthic proposed for implementation in the European Water Framework Directive (WFD 2000/60/EC) for the classification of the ecological quality of coastal water bodies (AMBI and BENTIX) together with other environmental assessment tools. The analysis of metals contained in the sediments, along with the toxicity tests of the interface agua-sedimento using embryos of sea urchins showed the existence of a gradient of contamination in both ecosystems in terms of distance to the area of discharge of waste. Because the indexes AMBI, BENTIX well as the ABC method are based on pollution caused by organic enrichment, its application in the case of purely toxic contamination does not appear to be right, at least in the two ecosystems studied. Therefore, it is proposed to develop new indicator species listings under each type of pollution so that they can serve to improve the results obtained with these indices when they are applied to other types of pollution. The toxicity tests are presented as tools for the environmental assessment of water systems and recommend their inclusion in the DMA.

Author: ATIENZA ARIZNAVARRETA DACHA.
Year: 2006.
University: POLITÉCNICA DE CATALUÑA.
Place of defense: INSTITUTO DE CIENCIAS DEL MAR.
Place of preparation: EDIFICI D1 CAMPUS NORD.