PLANT PHYSIOLOGY

Author: SÁNCHEZ MOREIRAS ADELA.
Year: 2003.
University: VIGO.
Place of defense: FACULTADE DE CIENCIAS.
Place of preparation: FACULTADE DE CIENCIAS, UNIVERSIDADE DE VIGO.

Summary: The massive use in the field of synthetic compounds with a herbicide role has led to greater resistance in the agencies, and an increase in environmental pollution, and significant health problems. This critical ecological situation requires greater application of natural compounds, less aggressive and biodegradable, which facilitate the ecological balance of crops with their environment. For such a transfer to be effective it is necessary to know the precise mode of action of these compounds. These mechanisms may operate independently or interconnected increasing effect alelopático in plant metabolism. Thus, in a line of research as carried out in this doctoral have simultaneado measures and types of stress to make sure the mechanisms of action found. That is why the main objectives set forth in this thesis were: * To deepen the understanding of the effects alelopáticos acid hidroxámico 2-benzoxazolinona (BOA) on the plant metabolism. Thus, measures such as the rate of germination, root growth, the dynamics and the rate of cell division, the permeability of the plasma membrane, measures ecosifiológicas (photosynthesis, fluorescence, etc.), the activity of enzymes involved in the metabolism of oxygen (possible accumulation of free radicals responsible for membrane damage), as well as measures classic markers of stress (proline, polyamines, total protein) were carried out in this study to better understand the response induced by BOA in the development of the complete plant. * Understanding the molecular interactions alelopáticas. Once known effects of the BOA and its potential mechanisms of action, our interest in the final stretch of this work focused on determining the effects of such fitotoxina on gene expression and determination of the molecular sites of action of this compound . * Validate the formerly "stress scenarios", hence the action of the BOA would be enhanced by the simultaneous presence in the middle of another stress. That is why the same measures previously used in the search mode of action of the BOA were also used to know the effect of stress on plants combined BOA + Ps. It was also tested in this study whether the effects of individual BOA and salt are able to explain the effect found in plants subjected simultaneously to both you. As resument of different effects found, we can conclude that the BOA simultaneously affects several routes with clear physiological effects at the level of oxidative damage in the interior of cells, as well as the presence of classical parameters of senescence, suggesting the aparación of early senescence induced by BOA.

Author: SANTIAGO CARABELOS ROGELIO.
Year: 2003.
University: VIGO.
Place of defense: ESCUELA UNIVERSITARIA DE INGENIERÍA TÉCNICA FORESTAL.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS (UNIVERSIDAD DE VIGO).

Summary: S.nonagrioides is one of the most important pests in maize crop in northwestern Spain. Since 1984, in the Mission Biological Galicia (CSIC) (Pontevedra, Spain), have been developing various studies of this plague which now focus, among others, on the identification of possible causes of defense. The objectives of the project focused on the study of the possible causes of the resistance shown by different genotypes from attack S.nonagrioides. This evaluation was established from two points of view: 1-From an engineering perspective, focusing on structural and morphological characters that impede the attack was evaluated:-In the area of entry: resistance to the penetration of the cortex in node and internode (with the help of a manual penetrometer), thickness of the crust in node and internode (with the help of a digital gauge) and width of the region meristemática baseline. - Marrow: resistance to the penetration of the bone marrow in node and internode (with the help of a penetrómentro manual) and thickness of cell walls (by electron microscopy). 2-From a biochemical perspective, focusing on food, analyzed various chemical compounds associated with the resistance in the heart of corn. Here were evaluated: -Compuestos phenolic free low molecular weight (High Efficiency Liquid Chromatography). Content-fiber [NDF (neutral detergent fiber), ADF (acid detergent fiber), FND-FAD = Hemecelulosa and FB (fiber brutal)]. In general the relationship between groups resistencia-susceptibilidad and phenolic composition is clear only for a limited number of acids, and for some lines. Acid p-cumárico was the only compound showed high concentrations in resistant lines. In this cso the structural role of this compound as linked to cell walls is known, and may exercise as free function reservoir. The presence of high amounts of Caffeic acid in line MS1334 could be related to the nature of its antibiotic marrow. Characters structural marrow crust and could be involved in the resistance shown by certain genotypes compared with attack S.nonagrioides, while the resistance of other genotypes might fall on other mechanisms, such as antibiosis of marrow. In this study the width of the region meristemática baseline was the structural nature more clearly linked to the resistance against S.nonagrioides. Greater region meristemática basl could facilitate the entry of food and the larvae inside the cane. Once inside, food takes place in the bone marrow. Accordingly, the majora of the width of the region meristemática baseline and resistance to the penetration of the bone marrow (also related to the thickness of cell walls) could be an effective method to improve the structural strength of some varieties, caring always a good performance and low encamado. The level of resistance of different genotypes studied not appear to be caused by a single factor. Instead, the resistance appears to be the result of the interaction of several factors structural and / or biochemical, and the identification of a clear link to one of them with the resistance is complicated.

Author: CASANOVA FERNÁNDEZ EVA.
Year: 2004.
University: BARCELONA.
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE BIOLOGÍA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE BIOLOGÍA (U.B).

Summary: This thesis has studied the process of organogenesis of adventitious buds and roots in carnation. On one side it has shown the effect of genotype (cultivar being the most Regenerative White Sim) in this process, prior study of the genetic relationships among the eight cultivars studied. It has also found an effect of explant (where that leaves more regenerative petals) in this process morfogénico. And also the effect of type, balance and concentration of exogenous growth regulators (auxins and citocininas). Notably great effect morfogénico of thidiazuron (TDZ), compared with the benziladenina and found synergy between the TDZ and acid naftalenacético in the regeneration of outbreaks. The TDZ has had an effect organogenetic both direct and indirect through promoting an increase in citocininas endogenous. They were found localized in the apical meristemos primordios caulinares in training. The concentration of the agar medium and the relative humidity of the crop have also influenced the ability org ~ nogénica of explants studied and the degree of hiperhidricidad of outbreaks regenerated. The presence of the gene rolC Agrobacterium rhizogenes in carnation plants has increased capacity organogénica both shoot and root of explants carnation, showing an effect similar to the citocininas and auxins, respectively. Cuantificaciones of citocininas endogenous have shown that the leaves of transgenic presented higher levels of citocininas type zeatin, while the petals transgenic have more concentration citocininas type isopenteniladenina. However, since cough levels auxins are no different from those of non-transgenic plants, the effect of auxin gene ro / C is explained by an increase in sensitivity to the auxins. Finally, the study of the influence of genes with roles in ornamental plants flower has shown that the phenotype obtained can be of great commercial interest, given that promote compact growth habits and an increase in flowering.

Author: FONTANIELLA LÓPEZ BLANCA.
Year: 2004.
University: COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID.
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS BIOLÓGICAS.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS BIOLÓGICAS.

Summary: The sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) Ranks among the top ten crops used by humans for food. The Republic of Cuba, between the first producer of sugar cane, has suffered in recent decades the scourge of various eñfermedades pathogenic extremely harmful to the sugar industry. Among these include, for its great impact: enfemedad coal caused by the fungus U. Scitaminea, leaf scald caused by the bacterium Xhantomonas / bilineans and syndrome amarilleamiento leaf of cane sugar, caused by phytoplasma. The pathogenic diseases affect the quality of the juice, raw material processed in the industry for obtaining sucrose. In the present paper analyzes from a physiological point of view that most pathological, the influence that these diseases may have on the quality of the juice. The study was conducted from various commercial varieties of sugarcane Cuban defined by their degree of resistance or susceptibility against the pathogen. In different juice samples were analyzed both the quality parameters used by the sugar industry (Brix, Poi, reducers, purity) as certain components (polyamines and phenols) involved in the responses defense plants. The distribution of these two major classes of molecules between free and conjugated forms (associations poliamina-fenol) juices related to the disease are discussed in this report. The disease resistance of coal is determined by an increase in the content of sucrose, heterofructanos and phenolic acids conjugated in juices. Diseases of the leaf scald and amarilleamiento leaf of sugar cane caused by phytoplasma, are associated with an increase in putrescina as freely in susceptible cultivars. The lower susceptibility to the disease is partly due to the combination of polyamines and phenolic acids. It has developed an HPLC method for the valuation of enzymatic activities ornithine descarboxilsa and lysine decarboxylase in sugarcane juice through quantification of the amount of reaction products formed, putrescina and cadaverina respectively. This method is much more specific methods espectrofotométricos described in the literature. Likewise has been optimized method of extraction and quantification of phenolic acids HPLC in sugarcane juice.

Author: OLIVA PUJOL MARC.
Year: 2004.
University: AUTÓNOMA DE BARCELONA.
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS.
Place of preparation: ESCUELA DE POSTGRADO UNITAT FISIOLOGÍA VEGETAL.

Summary: Lobularia sea is a crucifer strain of herbaceous and woody perennial that is characterized by its polimorfia, its adaptability to different environments and the ability to flourish throughout the year. The idiosyncrasy of some portion of the northern part of the Costa Brava, which includes many vineyards near the sea, which has combined the traditional use of broth Bordeaux as antifungal agent with the proximity of the sea, we find ago environments where is the presence of copper (element essential asset of the aforementioned broth Bordeaux) and salinity at levels sufficient to pose a potential source of stress for plants in both cases. The fact that in environments with salinity says, with the presence of copper, apart from environments merely ruderales, had always prosperous presence of this plant, which resulted pondering his study to begin outlining its relationship with these two types of various stress, both individually and collectively. The most characteristic of his work in multidisciplinary. Embracing from soil science to biochemistry. It starts with two sampling campaigns in the countryside, both soil samples and plant samples. The main observations made through the analysis of soil and plant samples were collected corroborate polimorfía of plants and diversity of ionic soils. The concentrations of copper in soil ranged from lapráctica absence, in some beaches, to potentially toxic concentrations, in some vineyards. Whenever there was salinity, and pH was variable between neutrality and a moderate alkalinity. Aside from this there was very different concentrations of magnesium, potassium and sodium and chlorine. Of the plants in the natural environment was the most remarkable verify that the accumulation of sodium and chlorine was preferably in the leaves and copper concentrations in the air were lower than those of the roots, and these minors in the soil . The results of the fieldwork served to make the selection of seeds for crops in the laboratory. Three were experiments in the laboratory. The first tried to describe the relationship of Lobularia maritime salinity through crop up 175 mM NacL. The second focused on the description of the relationship of the plant with copper and the interaction with magnesium. The third, to review the plant with the two and primarily with the interaction of both. The first experiment, conducted with a population of seeds collected on the beach, ectoipo Riuet stresses the observation that the plant actually well tolerated salt concentrations up to 175 mM NaCl, getting a percentage of flowering and vegetative development is low salt concentration, and that is in contrast to a lower concentration, 150 mM, where the plant is experiencing more problems and primarily related to the high sodium content in the roots. The second was performed using plants a vineyard with the presence of copper, and showed how the plant survived better with a special provision of magnesium in the solution to the same concentrations of copper. But also showed that this supply special magnesium was not essential to their proper development and that a certain tolerance to copper was still without this extra input. The third experience showed the complexity of the interaction, confirming observations for copper and salinity separately in the first two experiences. It was the most comprehensive and complex of the three and showed persistence of protein synthesis and clorofílica treatments stressed and the possible involvement of some free amino acids in the planting of the damage.

Author: GARCÍA DOMÍNGUEZ M. AURORA.
Year: 2004.
University: OVIEDO.
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE BIOLOGÍA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE BIOLOGÍA.

Summary: This paper addressed the optimization of micropropagation of Betula celtiberica, which would micropropagó material from the germination of seeds and tree adult collected in the field. The different responses observed were related to the time when reflected explantos, the physiological state, the content of endogenous growth regulators and the composition of the different culture media used. Such responses include obtaining a structure with foil leaf fasciculada aspect with a lot of buds on its surface, probably due to their higher content in all phytohormones analyzed (auxins, cytokinins and acid abscísico), which improved significantly multiplication rates for all other types of explantos used for cultivation in solid medium. In addition, we developed a method for cultivation in liquid medium of such kind, which reverses the vitrification pre-explantos produced as a result of an excess in the absorption of some cations and benzyladenine the culture medium. This method, along with the use of micropodas improved considerably coefficients propagating towards crops gelificados with agar.

Author: SARDINHA RODRIGUES CORDEIRO ANA ISABEL.
Year: 2004.
University: EXTREMADURA.
Place of defense: CIENCIAS.

Summary: Considering the importance of the cultivation of olive trees in Portugal, the present thesis work was used a biotechnology strategy to address two topics of interest in this species. The first chapter provides a morphological and molecular characterization, using RAPD markers, Portuguese variables with the goal of having a quick and efficient identification of varieties. Also using RAPD markers analyzed the genetic diversity present in the Portuguese olive grove. In the second chapter, presents a method for obtaining rapid growth of plant material in culture conditions in vitro. The morphological characterization of all variables cultivated and wild olive Portugal has reflected a high degree of variability between them and allowed for some synonyms between varieties. Through d molecular RAPD markers were analyzed 30 varieties of olives grown in Portugal, with a high degree of polymorphism markers. The 11 primers provided a total of 105 bands amplified reproducible, of which 92 are polymorphic (87.6%). Only with the combination of 3 primers (OPR-1, OPK-14 and OPA-1) were identified all the varieties studied, finding markers unique to 7 varieties. Also, using RAPD allowed us to distinguish all synonyms detect markers for morphological and discriminate genetically all homonimias analyzed. The varieties "galega", "tentiheira" and "redondal" are the most dissimilar to the other. The RAPD markers reveal a genetic structure of cultivated olive Portuguese agree to the use of the fruit (oil and table olives), with no clear relationship between the geographical origin of the variety and genetic similarity.

Author: Silvar Pereiro Cristina.
Year: 2004.
University: A CORUÑA.
Place of defense: Facultad de Ciencias.
Place of preparation: Facultad de Ciencias.

Summary: Phytophthora capsici is one of the pathogenic fungi pepper more important globally, causing various illnesses. In Galicia, disease involving greater economic losses is "Phytophthora root rot," or as it is called comunnmente "sadness". The main objective of this work was to study a population isolated Galician P. Capsici, as well as its interaction with the host plant. It marked the genotypic and phenotypic diversity in a population isolated Galician P. Capsici. All isolates studied belonged to the type compatible A1 and presented little variability in its response to metalaxyl, with most of them classified as susceptible. With regard to its virulence, the isolates were classified into different groups according to their ability to infect different cultivars resistance. The RAPD analysis enabled the group isolated in a dendrogram, although it was not possible to establish any correlation between groups RAPD and characters fenotípidos virulence, ripo compatibility and reespuesta to metalaxyl. We designed a method of diagnosis for P. Capsici based on the PCR, applied successfully in the detection of the pathogen in plant, soil and irrigation water. Also, this method was adapted for the quantification of P. Capsici in different cultivars resistance through the technology of real-time PCR. The amount of DNA of the pathogen quantified in each genotype pepper correlated with their level of resistance to P. Capsici. In addition, it was demonstrated that the more virulent pathogen was infecting the plant, the higher their level of colonization. The pepper plants respond to infection with an increased expression of genes coding for a protein PR-1 core, a B-1 ,3-glucanasa Basic, a peroxidase and sesquiterpeno cyclase activity 5-epi aristoloqueno synthase . This increase in the expression is higher in cultivars resistant to susceptible crops. We carried out an induction of resistance to P. Capsici pepper with salicylic acid, acid jasmónico, capsaicin or F. Axysporum f. Sp. Lycopersici (FOL) as inducing agents. The resistance induced FOL was associated with an increased expression of a protein PR-1 core, a B-1 ,3-glucanasa Basic, a quitinasa Basic, a peroxidase and sesquiterpeno cyclase activity 5-epi-aristoloqueno synthase. The highest levels of expression were seen in the leaves of plants induced, where the fungus p udo not be detected.

Author: GALVEZ VALDIVIESO GREGORIO.
Year: 2004.
University: CÓRDOBA.
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS.

Summary: This paper is studying various aspects of molecular and physiological regulation of the synthesis of alfa-tocoferol in the unicellular alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. They have cloned and characterized the genes hppd1 and tmt1 of C. Reinhardtii, genes encoding p-hidroxifenilpiruvato dioxigenasa (HPPD) and gamma-tocoferol metiltransferasa (gamma-TMT), the first and only enzyme path synthesis alfa-tocoferol. The clanación of hppd1 in an expression vector has helped purify the enzyme in the form of the fusion protein and its characterization dísico-química and kinetics. The enzyme has a molecular mass of 47 kDa and native conditions, is organized tetrámeros of subunits of the same size not uniddas one another by bridges disulfuro.Se has studied the role of temperature and light have on the regulation of the accumulation and synthesis of alpha, beta, and gamma-tocoferon in C.reinhardtii. The HPLC determination by the accumulation of different tocopherol and analysis through Northern-blot of genes hppd1 ytmt1 reveal that at low temperatures accumulates specifically gamma-tocoferol, while at higher temperatures accumulate alfa-tocoferol. None of you tocopherol significantly changed after exposing cells to a greater or irradiance after subjecting them to darkness but those conditions, it does affect the expression of happd1 and tmt1. The differential response to the accumulation of alpha and gamma-tocoferol to the variation of these environmental parameters, coupled with the various structural and physicochemical properties, suggests that alpha and gamma-tocoferol perform different functions, either due to a different location or involved in various processes. Finally, we have transformed cells C.reinhardtii with a structure that contains the gene hppd1 under cotrol of promoter 35S.Los preliminary results sugiern that the mere expression of this gene is not sufficient to significantly alter the levels of tocopherol, and will be other steps necessary to manipulate the route biosynthesis tocopherol to achieve that goal.

Author: GARCIA APAZA EMILIO.
Year: 2004.
University: ALICANTE.
Place of defense: UNIVERSIDAD DE ALICANTE.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS DE LA UNIVERSIDAD DE ALICANTE..

Summary: The objective of this study was to estimate the uptake of CO2 by the plant and its concentration in the soil in relation to the balance of water in the forest. The LAI has been measured using the LAI - 2000 in four seasons (spring and summer of 2002, spring and summer of 2003), and 132 points along a transect georeferenced imaginary perpendicular to the coastline. Mean values for each of the above periods were 3.67 + -2.2.8,1.84 + -14,2.65 + -1.63Y of 2.00 + -1.21, respectively. The lowest values were located in areas close to the coast of the Sea (between 1.14 and 1.34 on average), and the highest values were found in the most remote areas of the coast (between 8.40 and 6.35 on average). The spatial distribution of LAI also depended on the topography, the influence of the sea and environmental conditions. Thus, the greatest values of LAI (9.78) are in the depressions of the dunes, away from the area of the coast and placed in fixed dunes, the lowest (0.24) has been estimated to be in an area close to the coast at the peak of a dune mobility characteristics. In the balance of water has been carried out in two consecutive years hydrological (November 2001 - September 2002 and October 2002 - August 2003), which has collected 386.8 and 185.5 mm precipitation (P) respectively. In this forest values trascolación (Tr) and the runoff cortical (Ec) represents a 65% and 9% of total P, respectively. The Tr for all pines have seen in P greater than 3.2 mm from which has been increasing the percentage. When it comes to P greater than 50 mm P. Pinea let pass the 69% of the P and Q. Halepensis the 77%. The Ec was observed in p greater than 6 mm. The values of volumetric moisture in the ground water have not exceeded 11.9% for field capacity, or 5.3% to the point of marchitez permanent. The station in greater quantity of water stored in the soil was the spring of 2002, which also presents the highest rates of transpiration with 0.43 + -0.20mm.dia-1. Sweat is closely related to the amount of water in the soil profile, and this can be seen in the measurements of water potential. In profiles soil volumetric water content to field capacity, the trees show potential of -1.5 MPa and indices transpiraciones up 0.37 Um2.día. Likewise, it has been observed stomatal closure when RAP exceeds 800 W/m2, which has enabled the identification of a plastic behavior. Finally the carbon budget has been estimated at Pinus halepensis Miller and P. Pinea L. We compared changes in fixation and CO2 production in different seasons and plots. Photosynthesis average work area has been 1.60 + -11 umoICO2.m-2s-1. This proportion was the highest rate seen in the spring with 3.9 + -0.37umolCO2.m-2s-1 and lowest in summer with 0.14 + -0.05 umolCO2.m-2s-1. The average rates of photosynthesis for the pine alepo was 1.63 + -1.10umolCO2.m-2s-1 and Piñon pine was 1.57 + -1.14umolCO2.m-2s-1.EI average soil respiration was found 2.04 + -1.33 umolCO2.m-2s-1. The peak flow breathing was given in the spring with 5.39 + -1.24umolCO2.m-2s-1 and lowest in summer with 0.66 + -O.13umolCO2.m-2s-1. The soil temperatures increased to 20.Cy reductions moisture content of this has reduced the rate of respiration. In the same way, it appears that there is a linear relationship between the amount of roots and the flow of CO2 from the soil. Biomass (expressed as dry matter) estimated dist 8 intas po 381 sions in an imaginary transect from the coast into the interior in the pine forest has varied from 1.08 to 9.02 Kg/m2. The gross primary production was 3.34 MgC / Ha.año showing a net ecosystem production of 0.79 MgC / Ha.año.

Author: GÓMEZ LÓPEZ PEDRO.
Year: 2004.
University: MURCIA.
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE BIOLOGÍA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD BIOLOGÍA.

Summary: Given that in recent years there has been increasing mortality in plantations vines young (1 to 3 years), due to the recently famous "Disease Petri," and since there is a lack in many aspects of the physiology of this vascular disease, it is of great interest to deepen the scientific understanding of the physiological processes of this disease, apart from the possible role of phenolic compounds in the mechanisms of endogenous resistance of such plants. In this regard, it has been observed that the symptoms of an internal young vine with the disease Petri, it is due to obstruction of the lumen of the vessel xilemáticos's vascular system by the formation of tilosas, and / or in addition to the deposition pécticas gel or glue. These alterations are produced by fungi found inside the vessel xilemáticos, even forming structures resistance. The fungi responsible for the disease have been isolated and identified by PCR, in response to the affected areas of the plants, habiéndose detected the presence of: Phaeoacremonium aleophilum, Phaeomoniella chlamydospora, Botryosphaeria spp., Phomopsis viticola, Eutypa lata, Cylindrocarpon sp. Stereum hirsutum and Fusarium oxysporum, with a high frequency. In determining different enzymatic activities (celulítica, hemicelulítica, pectinolítica and lignolítica) capable of breaking down the cell wall components of the plant include the ability of Fusarium oxysporum, Phomopsis vineyard and Phaeoacremonium aleophilum to degrade cellulose, lignin and pectin, respectively, therefore they remain primarily responsible for the morphological changes caused in the vascular system. Moreover, in analyzing the changes in the content of phenolic compounds in different organs of young plants vine, there is an accumulation majority of phenolic compounds (polyphenols total condensate and hydrolysable tannins and resveratrol) on the roots of infected plants. Likewise it has been established that these phenolic compounds present an antifungal some capacity, causing a reduction of the radial growth of the fungus mycelium, inhibiting the ability of sporulation, and morphological changes and causing the collapse of hyphae. It has also been studied as phenolic compounds can have a modulation on the enzymatic activity Manganese Peroxidasa, which can be inhibited by various phenolic compounds, in a reversible manner and not competitive, decreasing the inhibition constant for each of the compounds tested . Moreover, the various fungi isolated from plants infected vines are Phaeoacremonium aleophilum, Phaeomoniella chlamydospora and Cylindrocarpon sp. Which induce a high ethylene production in these plants, these may be responsible for triggering the adverse effects of this plant hormone associated with this situation of biotic stress.

Author: RODRIGUEZ PARADELA M. DE LOS ANGELES.
Year: 2004.
University: VIGO.
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE BIOLOGÍA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE BIOLOGÍA.

Summary: This thesis comes in a draft implementation of technical improvements through biotechnological methods species is hampered both woody. The improvement of these traditional species is hampered both by the long life cycles of plants as by the fact that the characteristics of interest that we want to enter must be found in plants that can be crossed. These disadvantages are puedeen solve using techniques biolencotlícas. These techniques include in vitro culture consisting of cultivating plants in septic conditions inside bottles sealed with half nutritious. Genetic engineering or genetic transformation is a set of techniques that allow the switch characteristics of an organism by altering their genes. In Spain consuming the dobre tons of Kiwi (28,000 tons / year) than those seproducen (13,500 tons / year), being the main producing community Galicia. To which the obvious interest in improving the kiwi. The global production is based on cultivating female "Hayward." By which has been introduced in a position in vitro plant material from adult plants selected for this cultivar. From explantos (lots of plants) has sought a protocol for obtaining large number of outbreaks by inducing buds explantos previously not included. This process is called organogenesis adverticia indirect or regeneration. Once that process was optimized to study the genetic transformation mediated by Agrobacterium tumefaciens of explantos from which we will get outbreaks.

Author: PEDREIRA CABANAS JORGE.
Year: 2004.
University: SANTIAGO DE COMPOSTELA.
Place of defense: FACULTAT DE BIOLOGÍA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAT DE BIOLOGÍA.

Summary: The cessation of growth in plant cells is due to an increase in stiffness of their cell walls, caused by the formation of bridges between diphenyl chains pectins and between protein-rich hydroxyproline. The formation of such bridges is catalysed by the peroxidases of class III in the apoplasto, and their activity depends on the levels Jelativos hydrogen peroxide. And ascorbate. There is a great diversity of peroxidases, which makes us believe in the existence of a functional diversity, Therefore, the main objective of this study was to deepen the study of peroxidases apoplásticas involved in the mechanism for the cessation of growth cell walls. In a first stage, we studied the regulatory mechanisms involved in the production of hydrogen peroxide apoplástico Pinus pinaster Aiton. This involves the analysis of various enzymatic activities whose reaction products is the H202, or products which will be used later by other enzymes involved in the formation of H202. In a second stage took place on boarding, through molecular biology of various peroxidases Arabidopsis thaliana, determining levels of expression in two bodies with a different level of development. Subsequently, the study focused on one of these peroxidases previously analyzed, broadening the studies of expression to various organs. To end with an analysis of its promoter and the implications on their expression. As a result of this study concluded that in the control levels per6xido hydrogen Two ways of regulating responsible for its disposal and performed by the enzymatic mechanisms involved in their production. The latter includes activity MOF (as the main source of power reducer), which, coupled with a oxidase activity explain the increasing levels of H202 with the age of the hipocótilos (as well as the gradient found in hip0c6tilos.de 10 days of age), through training, in a step intermedio-: radical 02-, which under the joint action of SOD and dismutación expontánea, explain the increase in levels of H202. Being oxidase and SOD activities, the latter to a greater extent, the limiting factors. The peroxidase AT4g08770 only expressed in mature and lignified tissues. His promoter induces the expression of the ras gene uidA in areas adjacent to vessels drivers, both in sheets like stems, roots and siliques. It also found expression in epidermal cells in areas isolated from young leaves. The overexpression of the gene At4g08770 prints a reduction in the size of the basal rosette plant Arabidopsis thaliana, while causing a delay in development or growth rate. Moreover, the consequences of that overexpression are translated at the molecular level, changing the total peroxidase activity and structural level, increasing links ether and ester type involved in processes rigidificación cell.

Author: JIMENEZ CABACO Ma. TERESA.
Year: 2004.
University: SALAMANCA.
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE BIOLOGIA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE BIOLOGIA.

Summary: One of the factors involved in cell growth and development is the presence of the primary cell wall surrounding plant cells. The initial objective of our work was the study of two types of enzymes glicanhidrolíticas (-fucosidasas and xiloglucan endotransglucosilasa / hydrolase) related to changes in the network celulosa-xiloglucano, considered the domain responsible for the structure of the cell wall during the stage relaxation preceding the growth in size. In Cicer arietinum, we characterized two cDNAs, CaTPI-1 and CaTPI-2, initially identified as fucosidasas. The results obtained in our work revealed that both clones encoding protease inhibitors type Kunitz. The best known function of such proteins is their participation in the mechanisms of defense against injuries, pathogens and herbivores, yet little is known about the physiological function of these inhibitors in the development process. Studies performed with differential expression clones CaTPI-1 and CaTPI-2 show a clear relationship with the growth process, as well as a pattern of expression typical vegetative organs, in contrast to what happens with most of the inhibitors Kunitz-type studied in legumes. Studies by Western blot and inmunolocalización indicate that the two proteins are found in greater numbers in protein extracts from the cell walls of epicotilos young, with greater capacity for growth, especially the CFI-1, coinciding with the differential expression pattern of both clones and confirming the involvement of these proteins in the development of C. Arietinum. The location of the ICC-1 in the cell walls of cells protoxilema, said his direct involvement in the xilogénesis, recently proposed role for this type of protein. Furthermore, the accumulation of protease inhibitors CFI-1 and -2 chickpea in the cell walls adjacent to the vascular bundles, suggesting their involvement in the protection of these cells compared with proteases that are released at the end of the xilogénesis . Thus, the physiological role of these inhibitors Kunitz type chickpea in development, would be related to the process of xilogénesis. Moreover, we continued the study of clone CaXTH1, which encodes a XTH. The bioinformatics analysis and the study of the phylogenetic relationships suggest that this protein belongs to the underclass I to the family of XTHs, suggesting that presents activity XET. Its specific location in the cell walls of organs elongantes, epicotilos and radículas seedlings of 4 days and internodes more apical adult stem plants, as well as the largest inmunodetección of XTH1 in sections apicales of these bodies, indicating the involvement of this enzyme in the process of expansion of the cell wall. Besides the XTH1 participate in the differentiation of protoxilema and protofloema, catalysing the break and reconnecting links glucosidícos of XG of the cell wall.

Author: GONZÁLEZ BÁLDEZ ANA.
Year: 2005.
University: MURCIA.
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE BIOLOGÍA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE BIOLOGÍA.

Summary: At present there is a great ignorance about the composition and distribution of phenolic compounds in Spanish varieties Olea europaea L., and the possible physiological role that these compounds may play in the plant. For more in-depth study of these aspects have been optimized espectrofotométricas various techniques, chromatography and espectometría mass to carry out the identification and quantification of these secondary metabolites, as well as various microscopic techniques and cultivation "in vitro" for the identification some fungi cause vascular disease in this plant material. Also, have studied the ultrastructural alterations produced in the infected plant to generate physical barriers, which prevent the spread of the disease has been analyzed and the possible involvement of phenolic compounds present in the plant as agents fungitóxicos. We have studied different varieties: Villalonga, Blanqueta, Picual, alafarenca and Cornicabra, being in the road where greater concentration of phenolic compounds were detected, followed by the stem, root and fruit. In the fruits developments in total phenolic compounds reaches a peak just before ripening, place since then a decline that is maintained until the final stage of their development, being in the range where Picual detected this body for the elderly these levels of phenolic compounds. The study of the symptoms of internal trees infected by fungi shows a vascular obstruction as a result of the emergence of tilosas inside the vessel xilemáticos the vascular system and / or deposition gums. By técnias microscopic and molecular states that Verticillium dahilae Kleb was detected more frequently in stems that root, while Phytophthora magasperma Dreschsler and Cylindrocarpon destructans (Zinssm.) Scholten was detected mostly in stalks. Through studies "in vitro" it is found that Phytopthora megasperma Dreschsler is the fungus that is most affected by the growth of phenolic extracts Olea europaea L. followed by Verticillium dahliae Kleb. While Cylindrocarpon destructans (Zinssm.) is Scholten the least affected, being of different phenolic compounds present in the olive quercetin and luteolina the most inhibiting the growth of these fungi, and higher produce alterations in the morphology and ultrastructure of mycelium.

Author: LLAMAS CHORDÁ ANDREU.
Year: 2005.
University: VALENCIA.
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE MATEMÁTICAS - UNIVERSITAT DE VALÈNCIA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS BIOLÓGICAS - UNIVERSITAT DE VALÈNCIA.

Author: DACOSTA QUIROGA NURIA.
Year: 2005.
University: VIGO.
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS DE OURENSE.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS DE OURENSE.

Summary: The phenology, applied to the study of the dates on which happens flowering of the trees, is very useful in studies aerobiológicos, so that in recent years these data are being applied in studies of climate change, since the presence of pollen in the air is clear signal that the flowering of a particular kind has been launched to represent faithfully the phenological population or regional trends. It has captured pollen air through sensors type Hirst (model Lanzoni VPPS 2000) located in Ourense and Trives during the years 2002-2004. Simultaneously phenological direct observations were conducted on various populations of Betula and Quercus to know the dates on which occur subsequent phenological phases and check your synchronization with the data aerobiológicos.A from such data was calculated, using various indices fenológicos, needs of cold and heat to trigger flowering. Finally fenológicos various protocols were followed to calculate the production of pollen species studied, and has conducted a study of the dispersion of pollen species Quercus ilex. The blooming of the Quercus species existing in the province of Orense, begins with Quercus robur, and an almost simultaneous flourishing Quercus rubra. A few days later bloom Quercus ilex and Q.jaginea. The flowering of Quercus pyrenaica occurs around 15-20 days and Quercus suber is the kind that blossoms later extending to the early days of the month dejunio. This overlap of flowering of different species and populations makes from the end of March until the first half of June there is always some people Quercus in the phenological stage of flowering. The flowering of Betula takes place at the end of March or beginning of April in Orense and in the second half of April in the towns localizadaza May raltitud and away from the city. In Quercus species studied, Quercus ilex is the kind with the amount of pollen by anther higher, while Q.rubraprodujola greatest amount of pollen by amento. The species with lower production of pollen by amento was Q. Suber.La production of pollen per square meter has been highest in Quercus robur and Q. Pyrenaica and to a lesser extent Q. Suber. It has been observed the influence of meteorological factors on the production of amentos, especially the chilling effect on the case of Quercus robur and falling amentos caused by strong winds in the days before the beginning of flowering in the case of Betula. The curves polínicas reflecting fluctuations in the concentration of pollen in the air Quercus are characterized by the presence of successive peaks separated by periods of decline reflecting the successive blooms of the various species Quercus.Las curves polínicas both taxa appear to reflect the influence of transporting pollen from halfway, in the case of Betula would be supported by the ability to confer their pollen morphology. The period during which there is accumulation of cold in Ourense and Pobra of Trives begins the first days of November and runs until the end of December or the beginning of January, with temperatures 7Â ° C the most effective. During this time the units are superior cold accumulated Pobra of Trives in Ourense. The accumulation of heat needed to break the yolks is less Pobra of Trives, which highlights the relationship and 8 ntre frí 380 oy accumulated heat, lower the heat being in those locations and / or years in which the accumulation cold is greater. The curves polínicas are not always good reflection of the state of stocks fenológico environment. Factors such as transport from distant points of the sensor, weather, terrain, etc.. They can alter the curves polínicas, so that the studies aerobiológicos should be interpreted in light of phenological observations made within the sensor.

Author: BOUDOUASAR KHALID.
Year: 2005.
University: ALMERÍA.
Place of defense: DEPARTAMENTO DE BIOLOGÍA VEGETAL Y ECOLOGÍA. ESCUELA POLITECNICA SUPERIOR.
Place of preparation: ESCUELA POLITÉCNICA SUPERIOR.

Summary: The spread of cucumber cultivation in regions with cold climates requires genetic improvement to get genotypes resistant to low temperatures. And for this purpose before, we have to understand the physiology of the plant response to stress conditions and cold tolerancia.La sensitivity of the tropical or subtropical plants such as cucumber at low temperatures is due eséncialmente to drop the enzymatic activities involved in the fixing of coal and probably also to the decline in the shipment of metabolitas. On the other hand, too much light energy, which can not be used for photochemical processes can be transformed into heat dissipation mechanisms. However, the formation of active oxygen radicals ros, in a process called fotoxidación, it is usually inevitable. Such radicals are involved in various processes harmful to the plant, such as the destruction of part of photosynthetic apparatus (membranes tilacoidales, pigments), which induces a reduction in the photosynthetic performance evaluated through the measurement of fluoresencia of clorifilas. Other major damage is caused by the stress level of the whole plant and all stages of growth and development, we stress the desminución of force and especially the vegetative plant height. Tolerant Plants have several defense mechanisms against the damage of stress by low temperatures and especially against active oxygen radicals. These mechanisms can be enzimático as no-enzimaticos. The tests were performed with cucumber plants grown under controlled conditions and in greenhouse conditions have shown great potential of genetic variability in terms of agronomic parameters, physiological and molecular. Analysis of variability, using molecular markers RAPDs and SSRs demonstrates a genetic diversity in the germplasm studied. This information can be very advantageous in the search for markers associated with tolerance to cold and the breeding of cucumber, and that tolerance to cold is a very complex quantitative controlled by several genes not yet fully identified.

Author: SACRAMENTO TRUJILLO ALICIA MARÍA.
Year: 2005.
University: LAS PALMAS DE GRAN CANARIA.
Place of defense: BIOLOGÍA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS DEL MAR.

Summary: In the development process of the plants are involved various substances which have been identified as growth regulators. The variations in the levels of endogenous some of them have to do with the regulation of reproductive events in plants. These regulators, underlines the role of polyamines, and therefore of the enzymes involved in their biosynthesis, which are also present in the algae. The complexity of the reproductive processes in the red algae as Grateloupia, particularly during the carpoesporofito presuppose the influence of polaiminas and enzymatic activities in the course of it, being necessary the use of chromatographic techniques, identification of activities enzyme, in vitro, microscopy and enzymatic characterization, to track this process. Our results indicate that endogenous changes in the levels of polyamines influence the maturation of cistocarpo with inducing effect noted by the espermina. The enzyme activity, for its part, is apparently associated with events pre-fertilización, while the endogenous levels influence events post-fertilización may exist a mechanism for regulating feedback, caused by polyamines on the enzyme activity. Ultimately, the carpoesporogénesis in seaweed Grateloupia responds to complex mechanisms to regulate the levels of polyamines and enzymatic activities involved in their biosynthesis.

Author: BAÑO ZAPATA MARÍA JOSÉ DEL.
Year: 2005.
University: MURCIA.
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE BIOLOGÍA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE BIOLOGÍA.

Summary: Given the vast ignorance that exists on the biosynthesis of phenolic compounds and terpénicos Rosmarinus officinalis, as well as the antioxidant properties and the products of transformation of these compounds, the objectives of this report are as follows: 1-Making nearing the analytical methods for the identification and quantification of polyphenols present in Rosmarinus officinalis. 2 - The study of the distribution polifenólica in various bodies over an annual cycle. 3-Proposal for possible routes biosintéticas of phenolic compounds. 4-Study of the antioxidant capacity of extracts R.officinalis and its phenolic compounds and terpénicos, and lastly. 5, Metabolism Study-degradativo the main antioxidant compound present in R.officinalis: acid carnósico. Thus, among the compounds in Rosmarinus officinalis have differentiated three groups of compounds majority: diterpenos derivatives caféico acid and flavonoids. The leaves are the sole organ of the plant where they are simultaneously present the three groups of polyphenols and all of them have a maximum accumulation during states younger development of this body. Concentrations of these compounds decreasing rapidly with the development, because of its dilution during the growth of the blade. The presence of polyphenols in the vascular system, confirms the existence of a transport process, preferably flavanonas between producer and consumer bodies. The proposed route biosintética, where all these flavonoids derived from naringenina, with the final products of the route flavones hispidulina-7-O-glucósido, genkwanina, luteolina-3'-O- D-glucurónido and diosmine and falvanonaas eriocitrina and Hesperidin. On the other hand, concerning the antioxidant properties of the extracts of rosemary, these are being increasingly applied in the food industry as natural antioxidants. To deepen this applicability of the extracts of rosemary as a natural antioxidant has been obtained from various extracts d rosemary leaves used to measure the antioxidant capacity of the same, the methods appropriate to the characteristics of the extracts. The rosemary extracts soluble in water, with high concentrations in acid rosmariínico are those with higher antioxidant activity in the midst hidroalchólico. Those excerpts polifenólicos compounds whose majority are diterpenos owe their ability antixoidante primarily to acid content carnósico and carnosol, taking a synergistic effect both compounds. The products are formed as a result of oxidation of acid crnósico when it acts as antioxidant, possess antioxidant capacity very similar to the one, which contributes apotenciar such activity. The presence of a group catechol in the aromatic ring (C11-C12) skeleton of the phenolic diterpenos of rosemary is the structural element responsible for the antioxidant activity of these compounds. The study of carbaolismo oxidative acid carnósico, acting as antioxidant, shows that he first intermediate stable their path is oxidative acid 6,7-dehidrocarnósico, from which other two products are directly oxidation stable acid 7 - cetocarnósico and carnosol. Subsequently, it generated a series of transformations oxidativasa from carnosol, allowing hydroxylation solvents and / or methylation, leading to the formation of two compu 8 those of 42f scritos first look at this memory, 16-hidroxi-7-rosmanol quinone and a compound fracture identified as 1,2-dihidroximetiletil-5-metoximetilbenceno. Moreover, low-polarity solvents alcoholics route oxidation acid carnósico just in carnosol and acid 7-cetocarnósico. When the means of oxidation is not observed lipophilic training carnosol and other lactones.