PLANT PHYSIOLOGY (2)

Author: SÁNCHEZ ZAMORA Ma. DE LOS ÁNGELES.
Year: 2005.
University: MURCIA [www.um.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE BIOLOGÍA.
Place of preparation: INSTITUTO MURCIANO DE INVESTIGACIÓN Y DESARROLLO AGRARIO Y ALIMENTARIO.

Summary: THE WALNUT IS A GROWING DEFICITARIO IN SPAIN AND DO NOT HAVE PATTERNS CLONALES FOR POWER THROUGH THE ESTABLISHMENT PLANTACIONES INJERTO VARIETY. CURRENTLY BE OBTAINED FROM USE PATTERNS seed. THIS THESIS ESTUDIA DIFFERENT STAGES OF GROWING IN VITRO, THIS IS, PRETRATAMIENTOS OF PLANT MOTHER, ESTABLISHMENT, PROLIFERACIÓN-ELONGACIÓN, ENRAIZAMIENTO, FITNESS AND ACLIMATACIÓN, AND HAS BEEN MADE TO POINT THE PROTOCOL MICROPROPAGACIÓN. HAS ACHIEVED MICROPROPAGAR SELECTIONS FROM WALNUT (JUGLANS REGIA, L.) AND DISPOSAL OF POWER AND PATTERNS CLONALES FOR THE CULTIVATION OF WALNUT.

Author: ALONSO RODRIGUEZ PABLO.
Year: 2005.
University: OVIEDO [www.uniovi.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE BIOLOGIA.
Place of preparation: DEPARTAMENTO DE BIOLOGIA DE ORGANISMOS Y SISTEMAS.

Summary: The organogenesis adventitia in tissue culture represents one of the most studied and used in recent times. This memory is used for this process in vitro propagation of buds (caulogénesis) Pinus pinea L. Cotyledons obtained from embryos mature. The Pine Piñonero is a conifer native to the Iberian Peninsula and is used for reforestation projects in the Mediterranean area and for the production of piñón.El experimental system on which the in vitro propagation stands for simplicity and high efficiency, so that represents a useful method for dealing with the study of the physiological and / or molecular process organogenesis adventitia. The presence of bencilaminopurina in the culture medium is essential for the formation of buds cotyledons Pinus pinea L. Hence, our efforts have been focused on the study of its absorption by the tissue cotiledonar and in the subsequent metabolism of it put in the cell vegetal.Otro aspect in which this report places special emphasis, is the approach molecular organogenesis adventitia and in particular the involvement of cytokinins in the process. While this is an aspect already studied in dicot, has yet to be ascertained whether the mechanism whereby cytokinins induce differential gene expression, which has resulted in the formation of adventitious buds, extrapolates to gymnosperms and therefore represents a process highly conserved along the natural evolution. All these aspects were summarized here briefly, make up the body of the memory taken here.

Author: ORTEGA VILLASANTE CRISTINA.
Year: 2005.
University: AUTÓNOMA DE MADRID [www.uam.es].
Place of defense: Facultad de Ciencias.
Place of preparation: UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA DE MADRID.

Summary: Heavy metals have a long half-life and its retention in the soil makes it extremely persistent in the environment, leading to its accumulation in the food chain, with potentially negative effects on human health. The exhibition of plants, even minimal amounts, causing the disruption of various cellular processes and structures. The appearance of oxidative stress by accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as superoxide ion or hydrogen peroxide, is one of the effects fototóxicos observed in the plants after exposure to toxic metals. Although it is known that some metals such as Fe and Cu produce toxic effects on catalysis for the production of ROS after autooxidación and Fenton reaction, the mechanism by which other transition metals cause oxidative stress is not yet known. Cd and Hg are among the transition metals that do not behave as inducers of the Fenton reaction, but clearly induce oxidative outbreak. The decrease of ROS is an essential part in oxidative stress tolerance, since the damage to cellular components such as proteins, lipids and nucleic acids, initiates cell death. The objective of this study was to characterize the initial events in the response of plants to heavy metals, to elucidate the mechanisms involved in toxicity and resistance of plants to the metals. In this way, developing new methodological approaches fluorescence, which enabled visualize immediate responses to 0, 3, 10 and 30 Â µ M of both metals in roots of alfalfa seedlings, where i) 2,7-diclorofluorescina diacetate, which stains peroxides; ii) monoclorobimano, stained glutathione / homoglutation reduced (GSH / hGSH) and iodide propidio, marking nuclei of dead cells, were used to study in alfalfa (Medicago sativa), immediate changes at the cellular level for several physiological parameters in vivo allowing an analysis of the responses to stress over time. The Hg proved to be an inducer of the stress responses of more powerful and faster than the CD. The GSH and hGSH only decreased after treatment with Hg, with a simultaneous increase in its oxidized form, whereas the Cd increased hGSH and concentration fitoquelatinas. Parallel to oxidative stress, an accumulation of hGSSGh and detection of dead cells in seedlings treated with Hg, ascorbate peroxidase suffered a transient activation. Such activation is not observed when the acute stress was probably due to the toxicity of metabolism related mierte cell. Moreover, we developed a protocol to study the pattern of transcription M.sativa after stress caused by Cd and Hg reaction by polymerase chain coupled to reverse transcription (RT-PCR). The expression of genes related to the metabolism of GSH / hGSH: gamma-glutamilcisteinil synthetase (gamma-ECS), glutathione synthetase (GS) and glutathione resductasa 2 (GR2) was analyzed in depth. Altered homeostasis redox induced by Hg, resulted in a transient activation of the expression of gamma-ECS and GR2. After reaching a peak, the accumulation of tránscritos induced Hg was reduced to levels below the control, whereas the Cd caused only minimal changes. The overexpression of MnSOD in plastos not significantly increased tolerance to stress induced by Cd, but pareción exert some protection, because the chlorophyll levels were not affected by exposure to Cd in transgenic plants 35S:: MnSOD. A readjustment 8 of sist 445 ema SOD / APX to relieve oxidative stress caused by Cd arguably APX of increased activity observed in the roots of transgenic plants. In summary, the results suggest that the Hg caused a toxic effect more potent than the Cd. While none is listed as metal type Fenton, induced oxidative stress. However, the mechanisms that trigger cell damage requiring better characterization in future work.

Author: CABAÑERO SORIA FRANCISCO JAVIER.
Year: 2005.
University: CASTILLA-LA MANCHA [www.uclm.es].
Place of defense: E.T.S. DE ING. AGRO. DE ALBACETE.
Place of preparation: E.T.S. DE ING. AGRO. DE ALBACETE.

Summary: In Spain, pepper is seen as a crop of great interest from the socio-economic point of view, along with many other horticultural crops. In this regard, the sharp increase in horticultural production in recent years has increased the overexploitation of water resources in many cases leading to the growing salinization of irrigation water. The overall effect of salinity is a slowdown in growth, which translates into a smaller leaf production and the reduction of plant height. Thus, the irrigation of crops with saline water produced inhibition of growth and yield of fruit. The salinity interferes with the nutrition of a large number of essential elements for development of the plant and sometimes these interactions are complex and difficult to interpret from a straightforward foliar analysis. Hence the importance of optimizing nutrient for each plant when using saline water for irrigation. Calcium appears to have a very important role in transporting water in the plants under stress saline and its concentration in the dissolved nutrient can determine the restoration of the hydraulic conductivity of the roots. It has been suggested that sodium displaces calcium in the cell wall and the external face of the plasma membrane, a process dependent on the relationship Na + / Ca2 +, impeding the flow of calcium and producing the rapid death of cells in the apical meristema , and growth inhibition. It follows from all this a crucial role for calcium in the mechanism of tolerance to salinity. The water channels or aquaporinas allow water to pass through freely across cell membranes in favor of osmotic gradients or hydrostatic pressure. These proteins provide the plant with the possibility of accelerating the movement of water through the membranes, but the spread across the lipid bilayer continues to exist in parallel. However, the fact that would synthesize so much water channels seemed to justify the cell that has the ability to increase or decrease the passage of water through their membranes (Schà ¤ ffner, 1998). Therefore, the responses of plants to various stress has been linked to water channels. It has been described that calcium is involved in the regulation of water channels, the opening and closing of these may be regulated by phosphorylation / defosforilación, and this is caused by a calcium-dependent protein kinase micromolar (Johansson, 1998) . Although integrated models have been proposed to regulate the entry of water, its mechanism is not yet clear. Although the hydraulic conductivity of tissues might be regulated by changes in the number of water channels in the membrane, it could also be regulated at the level of activity of these. It has been hypothesized that the flow of ions is connected to the hydraulic conductivity of the membranes, and possibly the activity of acuaporinas. So the initial study of the behavior of water channels under conditions of imbalance or high ionic concentration of a particular ion (using saline water) is of paramount importance. Knowledge of the biochemical mechanisms / physiological implication of these ions in tolerance to salinity, it is essential to develop plants better adapted to saline soils and / or optimize the ionic composition of the saline water used for irrigation. The issue we face is valued as the route of transportation of water through membrane plant contributes significantly to the relationships water at the plant, and study how calcium is involved in the regulation of acuaporinas. In this regard, the objective of this thesis is to study the interaction between calcium and acuaporinas in their behavior before stress saline 8, and in l 379 to implication of this element in the transcriptional regulation and postranscripcional these, ie, the role of calcium in regulating abundance and functionality of the acuaporinas root of the pepper plant.

Author: JIMÉNEZ BERMÚEDEZ LARA SILVIA.
Year: 2005.
University: MÁLAGA [www.uma.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS, UNIVERSIDAD DE MÁLAGA.

Summary: In this thesis has been assessed the role that the silencing of various genes associated with the processing of the cell wall could have on the improvement of the characteristics of the fruit of strawberry harvest. The silence has been done through genetic transformation of plants with Agrobacterium carrying plasmids containing genes antisense plC (which encodes for a pectatoliasa) Cel 2 (for a cellulase) or spG (for a poligalacturonasa). The molecular analysis of several transformed lines has demonstrated unequivocally inserting these genes into the plant genome. Subsequently there has been a agronomic evaluation of the transformed plants for several crops, and in selected lines for their production and firmness of fruit, a more thorough analysis of the quality of them and their conduct in postharvest. A part of this study at full plant, have become molecular analysis of expression of genes in the ranks of great interest and an analysis of the cell wall in the case of some lines transformed with the gene plC antisense (Apel) . Finally, it has conducted a histological study of the fruits on plants controls and transgenic Apel and Acel. Notably obtaining lines with greater firmness external and internal fruit in the case of transformation plC and sp G antisense, which was not detected in the case of Cel2. It has also been shown that there is a correlation between the strength of the fruit of some lines Apel and the levels of inhibition of gene expression plC. The cell walls of these fruits also have shown less and less swelling solubilisation of pectins, indicative of greater integrity of the wall, also led a prolongation of life postocosecha fruit. Genes plC and spG would therefore an important role in softening during strawberry fruit ripening, a role that does not seem to be the gene Cel2.

Author: MARINO BILBAO DANIEL.
Year: 2005.
University: PÚBLICA DE NAVARRA [www.unavarra.es].
Place of preparation: UNIVERSIDAD PÚBLICA DE NAVARRA.

Summary: The fixation of nitrogen (FBN) nodules of legumes is a process which is particularly sensitive to adverse environmental conditions. This work builds on the processes involved in the regulation of FBN in abiotic stress situations. Using plants with the root system separately noted that the role exercised by the aerial part in controlling the FBN is very limited, as most of the parameters analyzed responded to local control, among them, the enzyme sucrose synthase (SS), key in responding to a Nodular abiotic stress. The moderate oxidative stress generated by the application of 1uM PQ caused inhibition of FBN due to a reduction in the flow glucolítico by inhibition of SS. This decline in activity rather than any other metabolic enzyme nodular was corroborated by a rapid decline in their gene expression and content in the first 24 hours of application of the PQ. In addition, the SS in vitro activity was modulated in a rapid and reversible by the presence of various oxidizing agents. Therefore, this study shows the possible involvement of ROS in controlling the activity involves the SS and oxidative stress in the path of signal transduction taking part in the response of the SS in front of abiotic stress. In a more severe oxidative stress caused by 10 uM PQ, in addition to the reduction in the flow of carbon, inhibition of FBN also was associated with a decrease in the contents of leghemoglobina possibly limiting the availability of oxygen for breathing bacteroidal. The set of all displayed data support a model for the regulation of FBN in stressful situations, the existence of at least two different routes control nodules exposed to environmental stress. In drought-prone radicals nodules the ICDH increased its activity in response to a check of local origin. Moreover, a concentration of 10 uM PQ led to a clear induction of the expression and activity of ICDH, showing the key role of this enzyme in the recycling of NADPH in nodules under a state of oxidative stress, and therefore, we suggest regardless of the classic components of the antioxidant defense of the plant, including the ICDH NADP + -dependiente between them.

Author: ORTEGA LASUEN UNAI.
Year: 2005.
University: PAÍS VASCO [www.ehu.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS Y TECNOLOGÍA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE CIENCIA Y TECNOLOGÍA.

Summary: This argument raises its overall objective study of the major factors that can affect the production of Pinus radiata in container. To that end, it has analyzed the influence of gesitón cultural and quality of reproductive genetics at the quality of the plant produced, seeking to turn optimize the process micorrización controlled nursery and assessing in the field the effect of different variables studied. It has been shown that the design characteristics and volume of containers condition the development of nursery plants and the structure of their root system. Similarly, the stability field is conditioned by the radical distortions arising from growing in a container, although these potential stability problems are reduced largely to the three years of development in the field. The type of substrate has also conditioning plant growth, and its physical characteristics that most affect development. The relationship between costs and benefits of symbiotic relationship with fungi ectomicorrícicos inoculated has also been influenced by the atmosphere of cultivation imposed by the substrates tested. Also, Rhizopogon roseolus has shown a greater capacity colonizing and competitive R.luteolus, introducing a lower sensitivity to water availability. Trials of fertilization and irrigation management, show that the response of plants to water stress by preconditioning in nursery is conditioned by the regime applied nutrition during cultivation. The influence of the management carried out in nursery plants on the field, it is mainly conditioned by the environment plantation. The evaluation of MFR has shown the interaction between the genotype of the material and the planting environment, highlighting the need to ensure adaptability to the environmental conditions of the plantation site. With regard to Rhizopogon roseolus and Scleroderma citrinum are two species ectomicorrícias that provide competitive advantages to plants in unfavorable conditions, enhancing plant growth during the first two years after their transplant field, to improve its relations water. In addition, the use of stable isotopes of CyN in acículas of young plants of P.radiata, has proved to be an accurate reflection of the environmental conditions during the fixation of C in the expansion of such acículas, being affected by the micorrización induced discrimination in nursery.

Author: PARDO EVANGELISTA ANTONI.
Year: 2005.
University: BARCELONA [www.ub.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAT BIOLOGIA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAT DE BIOLOGÍA, UNIVERSITAT DE BARCELONA.

Summary: The atmospheric concentration of CO2 is increasing significantly. However, it is not known which will be the response of the plant of slow growth. In this thesis evaluates the response, in the medium and long term, in two very slow-growing species, Chamaerops humilis and Cycas revoluta. CO2 elevated significantly stimulated the growth, though, showing significant difference between the response in the medium and long term. These results suggest that the response of photosynthesis --- is closely related to the management -- carbon assimilated. Thus, Chamaerops humilis, a kind that accumulates in the leaves significant quantities of carbon equivalent, introduced an acclimation to low dela photosynthesis effect of CO2 high. Instead, Cuycas revluta exported to other organs most assimilated carbon, which prevents an accumulation of fotoasimilados that could trigger the photosynthetic acclimation.

Author: SANCHEZ SAMPEDRO Ma. ANGELES.
Year: 2005.
University: SALAMANCA [www.usal.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE FARMACIA.
Place of preparation: INSTITUTO DE MICROBIOLOGIA Y GENETICA.

Summary: The production of silymarin, composed establishing the fruits of Silybum marianum with strong hepatoprotective activity and antihepatotóxica is severely reduced in cell cultures derived from this species. The addition of precursors biosintéticos the metabolic pathway or changing levels of sugars added to the culture medium did not increase production in cell cultures. The removal of calcium ions in the culture medium, though reduced growth, resulting in the accumulation of silymarin along the growing cycle. The accumulation of silymarin crops in S. Marianum can be induced by an elicitor biotic of fungal origin and presumably its action is mediated by the route of octadecanoides. The methyl jasmonato actúó in a series of steps in the metabolic pathway and its effect was totally dependent on the synthesis "de novo" protein. The chalcona synthase activity increased by the action of methyl jasmonato, but no there was a temporal relationship between the accumulation of silymarin and increased the enzyme activity. The cell cultures of S. Marianum not seem typical signaling pathways used in the translation of signals, as the elicitación was not associated with an outbreak oxidative, activation of cascades and defosforilación not phosphorylation mediated mechanism elicitación and availability of extracellular calcium or altered flows citosólicos were not essential in the elicitación. Various tests "in vivo" and "in vitro" revealed that the biotransformation of these compounds by peroxidases can contribute to maintaining levels constituting flavonolignanos detected in crops though these enzymes were not involved in the mechanism of elicitación. The cell cultures of S. Marianum undergo an extensive reprogramming metabolic response to the elicitación. The metabolism of fenilpropanoides, carbohydrate and amino acids are altered to quantitatively rerouted probably biosynthesis flavonolignanos, although it is not known at this stage whether any of these metabolites exerts a role in this process.

Author: HERNÁNDEZ ALLICA JAVIER.
Year: 2005.
University: PAÍS VASCO [www.ehu.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE CIENCIA Y TECNOLOGÍA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS.

Summary: The soil pollution is a major environmental problem. The Fitoextracción has emerged as a cheap and environmentally acceptable technology proposed by the use of plants for the removal of heavy metals in polluted soil. In this thesis were conducted a series of studies aimed at the technological development of the fitoextración induced and continuous. The study began with the selection of plant of rapid growth and high production biomásica, depending on their tolerance and accumulation of metals in tissues air for subsequent use in fitoextracción induced. The adequacy of the doses of the chelating agent, ie EDTA, it is crucial to reduce phytotoxicity in Cynara cardunculus, and on the other hand, maximize making simultaneous with low bioavailability of metals (eg, Pb) in the form of chelates and other metals in the form free. The fitoextracción continuing a metal-contaminated soil Zn through hiperacumuladora Thlaspi caerulescens ecotype Lanestosa has demonstrated the potential of biological indicators of soil health for monitoring the recovery of contaminated soil. In addition, it discusses the role of thiol low molecular weight on tolerance and hiperacumulación Cd in Thlaspi caerulescens.

Author: BASTÍAS MARIN ELIZABETH.
Year: 2005.
University: PAÍS VASCO [www.ehu.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE CIENCIA Y TECNOLOGÍA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE CIENCIA Y TECNOLOGÍA.

Summary: The effects of salinity on plants include water shortage or osmotic stress, ionic toxicity, nutrient deficiencies, physiological and biochemical alterations, or a combination of any of these purposes, thus causing a decline in productivity in crops. High concentrations of salt alter homeostasis in relations water and the distribution of ions at the cellular level and the whole plant. We know that growth and metabolism of the plants are severely affected by salinity, but the physiological mechanisms associated with the effect of salt and its tolerance are still matters of controversy. In plants cultivated varietal differences with regard to tolerance to salinity are slim, since the selection has occurred in non-saline conditions and genetic characteristics of tolerance have been disappearing. The need for crops resistant to salinity is long, and now attention is being given to development of genotypes grown using strategies selection and breeding involving introgression of the genetic basis of wildlife in tolerant crop. However, the performance of transgenic plants can not be compared with genetic ecotypes originated during centuries of natural selection, as is the case with ecotype amylacea. In the Lluta Valley, located in northern Chile, arable land and irrigation water are characterized by high salt content and B. Certainly the scientific interest aroused by the use of native germplasm of a zone with very special ecological characteristics. This study has evaluated, on the one hand, the degree of tolerance to salinity ecotype amylacea cultured in medium containing salinity up to 430 mM NaCl and on the other hand, tolerance boron, and the effect of the interaction of both abiotic stress on the physiology of the plant. The B is an essential micronutrient for all plants, and its toxicity is often associated with saline soils, particularly in irrigated agricultural areas, where irrigation water contains high concentrations of B, and thus contributes to excessive accumulation of B levels in the soil, which is toxic to many plants, reducing its growth and production. The understand the physiological mechanisms by which the crop avoid the toxicity of B under conditions of high salinity is essential for the more efficient management of any agricultural program for these areas. The results show that strategies ecotype amylacea to tolerate stress and excess salt B are expressed at different organizational levels of the plant. Thus, the excess of B (20-40, gB kg-1) favored the flow of water into the plant, improving water and some parameters stimulated the transport of nitrate to stop air and nitrate reductase activity. The exclusion of Na +, restrict the entry of Na + to the air permit the maintenance of anatomy and proper Kranz photosynthetic capacity and photochemistry aliño during stress. The interaction of B with salinity favored important roles in the plant, and the fact that the B limit the entry of Na + in the air allowed maintaining levels of L +, as well as a better state of the plasma membrane and cell wall. In turn, salinity stimulated the entry of Ba plant and transportation to the air. Among the physiological strategies that allow this ecotype maintain its water status in the leaf tissue, we can cite the osmotic adjustment in combination with an increase d 8 and the rig 710 idez of the cell wall, and reducing the hydraulic conductivity of the root system. The presence of B reduces the degree of osmotic adjustment, and have a positive effect by helping to maintain the elasticity of the cell wall and membrane integrity. The control and reduction in stomatal conductance hydraulic roots, especially under conditions of high salinity (430 mM NaCl) avoids an increased inflow of toxic ions, in addition to preventing the loss of water. The osmotic adjustment is done primarily through the accumulation of Na + ions, while also participating, to a lesser extent, soluble sugars and proline. Only under conditions of high salinity, this resulted in a reduction in stomatal conductance, which caused a decrease in the rate of photosynthesis and the transport of nitrate to the road, leading to a slowdown in the reduction of nitrate and their subsequent assimilation into amino acids. The presence of B in saline conditions have beneficial effects on the physiology of ecotype amylacea and contributes to a better tolerance to salinity.

Author: ARTETXE ASPIUNZA UNAI.
Year: 2005.
University: PAÍS VASCO [www.ehu.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE CIENCIA Y TECNOLOGÍA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE CIENCIA Y TECNOLOGÍA.

Summary: The plants are photosynthetic organisms that depend on light for their development. The light that capture the energy converted into chemical, which is used in the normal functioning of all its processes. The environmental conditions under which plants are developed are highly variable and make the intensity of the light they receive varies greatly in a few seconds or for months. Therefore, although the light is necessary can also be harmful to plants, because when all the energy that capture can not be harmful to plants, because when all the energy that capture can not be used in metabolic processes excess energy can generate reactive oxygen species (ERO) able to interact with the components of cell harm and even lead to cell death. Therefore, plants must maintain a balance between capturing the light and its consumption or dissipation. To do so the plants have evolved mechanisms to diminish the interception of light, mechanisms of energy dissipation or disables the ERO responses that are harmful to plants. This thesis explores be photoprotection answers in a kind model as is the lentil water (Lemma minor L.) and the variations that occur between different plants with capacity of photoprotection. This would have cultivated plants L.minor three different light intensities, so with three levels of photoprotection, and have been used several herbicides that generate oxidative stress through the production of different ERO in various cellular compartments. We have studied the responses of climate cycle of xanotofilas and hydrophilic antioxidants and lipofílicos both in the short term (seconds) and the medium term (hours). Thus, it has become clear that the answers fotoprotectoras of plants vary depending on the reactive oxygen species and the source. Finally, it has simulated normal stress on the environment as is the contamination by heavy metals. Despite the plants induce responses fotoprotectoras respond to this kind of stress, they are not critical factors in the survival of plants in front of heavy metals.

Author: PAZ MONTEAGUDO PATRICIA M. DE.
Year: 2005.
University: VIGO [www.uvigo.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE BIOLOGÍA.

Summary: This thesis covers in a draft application of techniques to improve through biotechnological methods to woody species. So the first objective of this study was to design a protocol micropropagation exilar effective, reliable and simple on the one hand allowing the mass cloning of adult plants selected for their agronomic characteristics, and on the other hand, the multiplication of cells and regeneration that could be genetically transformed. The second objective was the development and optimization of a simple and efficient protocol processing using genetics as a vector agrobacterium tumefuciens. Spain is the tenth product Kiwi's world, reaching Galicia, with a 49% of the production at the head of the state production. One of the main problems in the cultivation of kiwis is that their production is based on a single cultivar, Hayward. To which must be added the demands edufodimáticas and phytosanitary issues. All of this makes interesting development of new and improved pathways.

Author: HORMAETXE MORENO KOLDOBIKA.
Year: 2005.
University: PAÍS VASCO [www.ehu.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE CIENCIA Y TECNOLOGÍA.
Place of preparation: UPV/EHU.

Summary: This study characterized the responses of the mechanisms of photoprotection to environmental stress, with a special interest in the responses to temperature and the dual stress winter and summer. To conduct this study has been used perennial boxwood (buxus sempervirens L.) as a model species, because of the longevity of its leaves, its great ecological amplitude and the high level of mechanisms photoprotection, characterized by its high content of pigments VAZ and alfa-tocoferl. Besides this plant can accumulate three retro-carotenoides that give a reddish color to their leaves. The boxwood is a plant tolerant to stress winter and summer, because of the plasticity of photoprotection mechanisms that allow it to overcome even exceptional periods of stress caused during the waves of cold or heat. Among the systems fotoprotectores, VAZ is crucial, as a response to rapid and plastic process of heating and desaclimatación. On the other hand, alfa-tocoferol consists of two pools, a dynamic response to environmental stresses, and another dependent on the age that accumulates gradually over the life of photosynthetic tissue, regardless of the light. This component is designed to be large in all plants B.sempervirens accumulates retro-carotenoides and xanthophylls esterificadas fatty acids de novo as a result of exposure to an environmental stress and light intensity. These pigments accumulate in a coordinated manner with other systems fotoprotectores, giving it a possible role fotoprotectora further. Moreover, there is a large phenotypic variability in boxwood due to the different composition pigmentosa, which changes the leaf reflectance of each phenotype. However, the reduction of red irradiance by phenotypes is a maximum attenuation between the phenotypes of the green and minimum attenuation of the phenotypes yellow.

Author: PEREZ LOPEZ DAVID.
Year: 2006.
University: CASTILLA-LA MANCHA [www.uclm.es].
Place of defense: E.T.S.INGENIEROS AGRONOMOS.
Place of preparation: ESCUELA TECNICA SUPERIOR DE INGENIEROS AGRONOMOS DE ALBACETE.

Summary: In recent times were declining official aid to agricultural production, particularly the production of olive groves, which should increase its profitability, irrigation being a major factor that increases. On the other hand, one must optimize the use of water as it is a scarce resource and that it is increasingly demand. In addition to the water, another factor affecting significantly to the olive tree is the temperature, both in the modulation of its growth, as their water requirements, etc., and that there has been a climate change must be detailed this parameter and the implications in the olive grove. During Campaign 2001 to 2003, we studied the response of different doses of agricultural irrigation olive saplings using a statistical design in random blocks with four replications. To do so, were used doses calculated from equations experimental olive saplings, changing the ratio relates to the physiological response of the plant to the weather conditions. In the three years was assessed nutritional status by foliar analysis and the water content in soil with neutron probe. The third year also used a probe Diviner. We studied the water from the plant through periodic determinations of potential water at dawn and at noon with measures in the outbreak. The third year also took place measures potential trunk. In 2002 it was determined conductance and transpiration from the leaf. In 2003, further measures were carried out photosynthesis, CO2 concentration subestomática and temperature difference between the blade and the environment. In the three years were carried out these measures physiological parameters every two hours to study its evolution over the day. We studied the growth of the outbreak, the volume of glass, increasing the density of leaf and trunk diameter. The latter was also determined by dendrómetros in 2003. Each year the yield was determined and assessed the quality of production. For the first quantified the fruit-set and the yield per tree per hectare. In addition, production was characterized by parameters such as the rate of maturity, the rate of frost, the weight of the olives, the relationship pulpa-hueso, the number of olives in olive, the percentage of trees with production, moisture from olives The performance on the field fatty fresh and dry performance fatty Abencor and extractabilidad. In 2002 and 2003 was controlled oil quality midiéndole acidity, the peroxide value, K232, K270, or content of polyphenols stability and acidic composition. Finally, the date was related to the flowering of air temperature previous months. It was also determined the temperature basis of shoot growth of trunk diameter, the volume of drink and fruit. Doses of irrigation used were much higher than estimates of water needs calculated by the FAO methodology. In 2001 and 2002 there were no significant differences in the potential water between treatments. In 2003, there was so much potential in the trunk and the outbreak measured at noon, the first to occur in late June and early July, while the latter were somewhat later, during July and whose treatment most irrigated which had greater potential. Only there were significant differences in the conductance of the sheet, as done at the end of July in 2002, with the least conductance in the treatment less irrigated. There was no significant difference in perspiration, photosynthesis, and CO2 concentration between treatments. Significant differences were observed in the temperature variation between the blade and the environment at the beginning of July, late August and early September. The growth of outbreaks 8 in 2002 aa8 and 2003 was significantly higher in the treatment irrigated. Although this significance not moved to growth in the volume of glass, the trees were irrigated with over larger volumes of glass at the end of the trial. There was no significant difference in increasing the density leaf, but if growth in the trunk of 2003, but only when measured with fire. In measured with dendrómetros these differences were not observed. The growth of the olive only significant differences in the surface of the bone surface and the relationship of the pulpa-superficie bone. The longitudinal and transverse diameter of the fruit had different growth patterns. The growth of the bone surface was completed in the 47 days after full bloom. This time should be included in future deficit irrigation controlled trials as a possible beginning of the reduction of irrigation, rather than the 56 days considered now. It was noted that high production decrease the water potential and increase conductance and transpiration from the leaf, which also reduces the concentration of K + ion leaf. In terms of performance and quality of production only significant difference in performance on the field fatty fresh in 2002, which fell in the most irrigated. There was also in the composition acidic, although the latter were not clearly dose-related irrigation. It was noted that the timing of flowering is determined by the average temperature for the months of April and May and maximum temperatures in March, with a temperature basis for the accumulation of degree days, 7.55 Â ° C, and needs 998 grades day. It was noted in turn that shoot growth and the volume of glass have a temperature base growth located between 10 and 15Â ° C, while the torso is less than 13Â ° C. Temperatures basis for the growth of the fruit are above the 25Â ° C.

Author: JIMÉNEZ TARODO SERGIO.
Year: 2006.
University: ZARAGOZA [www.unizar.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS.
Place of preparation: ESTACIÓN EXPERIMENTAL DE AULA DEI (CSIC-ZARAGOZA).

Summary: Using patterns allows fruit varieties adapted from fruit to edaphic conditions that may be unfavorable for the species in question. In the Mediterranean area, limestone soils are abundant in the main growing areas. These soils have a low bioavailability of iron, causing a deficiency in the same plant. Under these conditions, caused symptoms of iron chlorosis on leaves, the productions are minor and, in extreme cases, it can cause death of the tree. The plants respond, in general, to iron deficiency develop coping mechanisms, resulting in a number of morphological and physiological changes. Associated with these mechanisms of adaptation to the soil, metabolic changes occur in the root, which in the case of fruit patterns are unknown. The best solution to prevent iron chlorosis in fruit, is the use of patterns tolerant well suited. Therefore, one of the priority criteria for selection in the improvement programs patterns fruit is tolerance to iron chlorosis. Thus, the overall objective of this study is the selection of fruit patterns of bone (Prunus genus) are well suited to growing conditions in the Mediterranean area, primarily in response to nutritional and metabolic responses developed under such conditions. The assessment in terms of field patterns for cherry fruit showed a great influence on the mineral composition of the variety grafted after the nutritional analysis of flowers, buds and leaves. Some patterns showed better adaptation to the limestone and heavy as those belonging to the species P. Cerasus (CAB 11E, CAB 6P, MM9) and P. Cerasifera (Adara). Moreover, the latter pattern has been highlighted by his best behavior productive. On the other hand, there is evidence that the mineral analysis of the flowers could be a method for early diagnosis of possible deficiencies for some mineral elements such as manganese. In terms of hydroponic cultivation, differences were observed in the iron reductase activity patterns Prunus subjected to iron deficiency. Based on this ability, genotypes were classified as tolerant (Adesoto, Felinem, Krymsk 86, GF 677, CAP 9921-07), moderately tolerant (Garnem, Gisela 5, Krymsk 1, Torinel, VSL-2, CAP 9904-01) and sensitive (CAP 9907-02, CAP 0006-05, Barrier, Cadaman-Avimag, CAP 9907-23, CAP 9908-02). The patterns that showed a greater induction of iron reductase activity also showed a greater affordability of Faith, under controlled conditions, and were able to maintain an adequate concentration of chlorophyll in leaf, in a position clorosantes field. These results support the hypothesis that the ability of induction of reductase activity can be used as a method of selection patterns of early fruit tolerant ferric iron chlorosis. Patterns fruit Adesoto, Barrier and GF 677 showed, after iron deficiency under controlled conditions, a behavior similar to the metabolic roots of herbaceous plants, characterized by the accumulation of sugars, organic acids and amino acids. The activity fosfoenolpiruvatocarboxilasa on the roots of plants deficient was also induced in the genotypes tolerant Adesoto and GF 677. However, there was no such induction in the sensitive genotype Barrier. This enzyme could be a good indicator of tolerance toward the iron chlorosis pattern fruit. Using the standard GF 677 as a model of tolerance chlorosis, it was noted that iron deficiency causes a dismin 8 ución in 5cd growth of the stem and an accumulation of other divalent metal, such as Mn, Zn and Cu. The readición iron plants under deficiency for three weeks, prompted the accumulation of it on the leaves and the root as well as a recovery in the concentration of chlorophyll in the leaves younger. However, since there was no recovery in the concentration of chlorophyll in the leaves expanded more adult, they might be a good model for study under controlled conditions of the so-called "paradox of iron chlorosis" observed in the field (presence of high concentrations of Faith in leaves with symptoms of chlorosis). In addition, the results of distribution of iron in plants of the genus Prunus suggest that the carriage on the stalk can be a limiting step in the process of transport and homeostasis.

Author: BERNAL IBAÑEZ MARIA.
Year: 2006.
University: ZARAGOZA [www.unizar.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS.
Place of preparation: Estación experimental de Aula Dei (CSIC) de Zaragoza..

Summary: Suspensions photosynthetic cells soybean (Glycine max var. Corsoy) are able to tolerate high concentrations of CuSO4 (5-50 Â µ M). Under these conditions the cells accumulate high levels of mercury and have a growth rate similar to that of control cells under conditions of normal light (65 Â E µ m-2 s-1) and 2.5-3 times faster in terms of light limiting (30 Â E µ m-2 s-1). Cells adapted to the excess Cu characterized by a higher content of chlorophyll, a higher stacking (grana) of the membrane tilacoidal, and greater photosynthetic activity. The results indicated that the Cu plays a positive role in photosynthesis and focused in particular on the structure and function of fotosistema II. The study compared the response of cell suspensions to stress excess of 10 Â µ M CuSO4 short (cell stress) and long term (adapted cells) indicated that although the cellular organization of these cells in general is similar to the cells control, with specific structural features of mesophyll cells from young leaves, they also contain some changes in the chloroplast and the vacuola that are dependent on the length of exposure to the metal. So, after treatment with an excess of CuSO4 of 21 days the chloroplasts of the cells stress appear smaller, more rounded and more numerous, and with a heavily reduced starch content. Under these conditions are also seen some extracellular deposits associated with the cell wall with high content of Cu and an induction of synthesis of citrate and malato. These changes accompanied by both a response to stress Cu in the short term. In Cu cells adapted to the changes in the structure of the chloroplast in the short term remain, there appears to be the presence of extracellular deposits, but if appears the vacuola with a larger size. Tolerance to the excess Cu developed by cell suspensions soybean contrasted with the data collected from the literature in the whole plant. In order to investigate these differences, comparing two kinds of treatment with excess CuSO4 (10-50 Â µ M) in soybean plants grown in hydroponic half, consisting of supplementation 10-50 Â µ M Cu in the middle hydroponic or via foliar . With the first treatment plant developed symptoms of toxicity (less chlorophyll / leaf dry weight, decreased activity detachment oxygen). By contrast, treatment via foliar caused the stimulation of these parameters. These results indicate that potentially strategies acquisition and transport of Cu in cell suspensions and in the leaf mesophyll cells are different from those that take place in cells in the bud. This report also presents the identification and characterization of a conveyor Cu in soybeans, which was called GmHMA8, the family of P-ATPasas type IB counterpart to transporters PacS and AtHMA8/PAA2 of Synechocystis PCC 6803 and A. Thaliana, respectively. Studies subcellular localization by immunofluorescence techniques and inmuno-oro showed that GmHMA8 is located in the chloroplast membrane tilacoidal of forming small âclustersâ of 2-4 units. Therefore, this conveyor could be involved in the transport of the Cu lumen tilacoidal. On the other hand, analysis of this protein by electrophoresis desnaturalizante showed apparent molecular weight of about 2 times higher than theoretically calculated. These results might suggest an organization oligomérica on this conveyor. Moreover has identified a new messenger counterpart to the conveyor GmHMA8 was called GmHMA8-T. This new messenger was found both in cell suspensions in soybean plants and could encode a truncated protein homologous to GmHMA8 with a similar or complementary to the transporter. The study of regulac 8 ion l 3a4 to express GmHMA8 and GmHMA8-T showed that they are governed by a mechanism âsplicingâ alternative and Cu. It is therefore proposed that the regulation of transcriptional level and postranscripcional these messengers could be essential in controlling Cu homeostasis in the chloroplast.

Author: GÓMEZ CASANOVAS NÚRIA.
Year: 2006.
University: BARCELONA [www.ub.es].
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE BIOLOGIA. UNIVERSIDAD DE BARCELONA.

Summary: My doctoral thesis deals with the effect of elevated CO2 growth on respiratory physiology of the species CAM (Crassulacean Acid Metabolism), Opuntia ficus - indica. This thesis has been assessed the long-term effect of elevated CO2 on the rate of respiration, respiratory equipment (number of mitochondria and respiratory enzymes) and the contribution of the airways (via citocrómica and alternative) in cladodes (or foot, they are modified stems that form the basis of the structure of this plant air). It did grow plants Opuntia ficus - indica in controlled environment chambers and greenhouse conditions CO2 environment (approximately 380 ppm) or elevated CO2 (approximately 780 ppm). The results showed that elevated CO2 growth reduces the rate of respiration specifies the number of mitoconcrias and activity of cytochrome c oxidase. In addition, for the first time in the scientific literature showed that the respiratory machinery (cytochrome c oxidase and number of mitochondria) is fully correlated with the respiratory rates in terms of CO2 high environmental, and also during the ontogeny of cladoidio (ie at lower respiration rate, the lower the number of mitochondria and activity of cytochrome c oxidase for both treatments Cos). It also demonstrated for the first time that there is some homoestasis between respiration rates and the number demitocondrias regardless of the treatment of CO2, so that the specific activity of mitochondria is similar to tissues that derive from elevated CO2 as CO2 environment. Moreover, the high CO2 reduced activity "in vivo" in the way citocrómica but increased that of the alternative. Furthermore the results suggest that increased activity (and capacity) of the route is not always related to a physiological stress, ie that the alternative has another role besides the already known antioxidant function. The plants under conditions of elevated CO2 also showed lower production of ATP, and pro So these resutlados suggest that the high CO2 growth reduces the demand for energy in the tissues. It also showed that the acclimation of respiration rates are related to the reduction of some physiological processes night (reduction in the rate of respiration occurred when cladodes were exposed to elevated CO2 for 24 hours, or only during the period night), as it could be for example reducing futile cycles associated for example with the accumulation of malato. Lastly, note that the results showed that the response of the number of mitochondria and cytochrome c oxidase (key enzyme of the mitochondrial transport chain mail), together with the response of the contribution of the respiratory form the basis of the aclimaticación the mechanistic elevated CO2 growth.

Author: BENET PIFARRÉ JOSEP IGNASI.
Year: 2006.
University: BARCELONA [www.ub.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE BIOLOGÍA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE BIOLOGÍA, UNIVERSIDAD DE BARCELONA.

Summary: Studying the effects of root cause different stress (water, cold, nutritional deficit) applied to the root system in exchange for gas dela aerial part. (Pn, E, gs), the hydro potential of the outbreak and the root activity (ion absorption, respiration, loading xilemática). For this purpose have been used plants sunflower (Helianthus annuus cv. Solmax) floods in the middle hydroponic fluid, using the technique of separation root in several parts regulated independently. It attempts to answer the question of how the plant modulates the activity of each part of the root in half heterogeneous?. It has studied the roots they stress, getting a decrease in their activity (absorption and ionic breath) caused by the different stress. It is well known that the airline was not affected in any of the complementary treatments because the roots showed a clear response to the decline in compensatory activity of the root causes stress, increasing their rate of absorption and ionic root respiration.

Author: CAMAÑES QUEROL GEMMA.
Year: 2006.
University: JAUME I DE CASTELLON [www.uji.es].
Place of defense: E.S. DE TECNO. Y CIENCIAS EXPERIMENTALES.
Place of preparation: ESCUELA SUPERIOR DE TECNOLOGIA Y CIENCIAS EXPERIMENTALES.

Summary: This paper has studied what is the common point that regulates the metabolism of N and C as both affect on the regulation of the influence of ion NH4 + and gene expression CitAMT1 plant citrus (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck x Poncirus trifoliata white). It has been isolated and characterized for the first time genes CitAMT1 and CitNRT2, which are involved mainly in transport, mediated by the HATS, ions NH4 + and NO3-, respectively. It has been found that the link between metabolism of N metabolism C, citrus plants, is the variation in the synthesis of sucrose and its transport to the roots via the regulation of photosynthesis. The sucrose regulates the expression of a specific gene CitAMT1 and the influence of ion NH4 + in the roots. On the other hand, prefer citrus plants absorb NH4 + versus NO3 regardless of the concentration and ratio of N available. The influence of ion NH4 + and gene expression CitAMT1 is de-reprimen and de-inducen by different mechanisms involving both transcriptional regulation level as postranscripcional, depending on the time of lack of N was induced and repressed depending on the source N available and its concentration. Finally, it appears that the regulation of the influence of ion NH4 +, mediated by the LATS, is not subject to changes in the metabolism of Cy N.