PLANT GENETICS

Author: ROBLEDO ARNUNCIO JUAN JOSE.
Year: 2003.
University: POLITÉCNICA DE MADRID.
Place of defense: ETSI DE MONTES.
Place of preparation: ETSI DE MONTES.

Summary: This study aims to provide information on the pilot genetic structure and pollen dispersal of Scots pine (Pinus Sylvestris L.), which is applicable to the conservation of the genetic resources of their populations Iberian. It analyzes the geographic structure of molecular genetic diversity of populations of the species in the Northern Plateau using microsatellite chloroplast (cpSSR). Using microsatellite nuclear (nSSR), assesses the potential impact of two practices selvícolas of natural regeneration, thinning suceviso uniform and forests on the pollen dispersal system and the reproduction of the species. Finally, we investigated the spatial pattern of pollen dispersal in a population marginal Scots pine and is a comparative study of their reproduction system in relation to the one observed in large populations of the species. The populations of wild type of Plateau North showed levels of very high molecular variability in cpSSR analyzed (diversity haplotípica I = 0977) and a very weak population structure (ST = 0031, p = 0010), suggesting no significant drift processes genetics. The more diverse populations are located in the Sierra de Guadarrama and most genetically distinct populations are small marginal within the Plateau and the Sierra de Gredos. The genealogical relationships between haplotypes show greater genetic similarity between people located in different systems mountain slopes to the same river basin between populations on steep mountainous opposing the same system, a result consistent with the altitudinal migration processes suggested by the fossil record species. There were no significant effects of the practices selvícolas of natural regeneration on system parameters reproduction of Scots pine (autogamy rate and likelihood of inbreeding biparental minimum). The decrease in the density asocaida to short nor had significant effects on the genetic structure of lan ube of polon (feet). From the point of view of pollination, these results suggest that the methods of natural regeneration based on thinning now routinely employed in the masses of wild pine Spanish, consistent with the objective of maintaining the genetic diversity of the species. The spatial analysis of pollen dispersal in the marginal population showed a pattern clearly leptocúrtico, also detected a 4.4% immigration pollen from trees outside the population. The trees of the small population showed an average rate of autogamy (s = 0.25) eight times and an average rate of paternity correlated (rp = 0.20) a hundred times higher than in the trees of large populations. This difference is mainly due to the restriction of the spatial dispersion combined with the isolation, although individual variation in fertility and floral asincronía phenological would have an impact on the rate of comparable paternity correlated.

Author: SORIANO SORIANO JOSÉ MIGUEL.
Year: 2003.
University: VALENCIA.
Place of defense: INST.VALENCIANO(I.V.I.A.).
Place of preparation: INSTITUTO DE INVESTIGACIONES AGRARIAS.

Summary: In economic terms, apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) is one of the most important species within the fruit of bone. However, the emergence and expansion of Plum Pox Virus (PPV) or Sharka threatens to reduce the size of this crop in Europe. To overcome this constraint, were initiated several programs to improve in France, Greece, Italy and Spain. In all of them being introduced Sharka resistance by traditional methods of improvement, from sources of resistance, which in most cases are varieties autoincompatibles. The ultimate goal of these programs is to improve the collection of new cultivars autocompatibles resistant Sharka and with good quality and agronomic for commercial use in Mediterranean regions. Within this objective, the detection of resistance Sharka is the bottleneck in the selection process. The molecular marker assisted selection (MAS) for the resistance PPV increase efficiency improvement programs. To carry out this strategy both genetic maps of the building as the search for similar resistance genes or markers associated with them are very useful strategies. Within the genus Prunus, the apricot is the most appropriate species for the study of markers associated with resistance PPV as there are no sources of resistance in peach, the species Prunus best characterized genetically. In this context, the ultimate goal of this dissertation is the identification of markers linked to the resistance PPV permitting assisted selection and thereby facilitate the evaluation of the resistance in improvement programs, if it only partially . We have raised two complementary strategies. First, given that resistance to viruses, and more specifically to potivirus in plants has been linked to resistance genes type R, try to identify RGAs and place them on the maps available breeding looking for a possible co-localizacion with the resistance to PPV. Second, increase the number of markers co-dominantes present on the maps available and select a methodology which provides a model for genetic control polygenic to improve the mapping of this nature. In this thesis we have identified for the first time analogues resistance genes in apricot using degenerate primers developed in other plant species. The analysis cluster of 43 sequences obtained the protein grouped in 6 families with similar or less 70%. The presence of domestic reasons preserved provides evidence that all of them belong to the family TIR-NBSLRR of resistance genes. From these RGAs have developed 27 markers AFLP-RGA of whom 16 have been located on the map 'LxL'. Six of these markers show homology with resistance genes TIR-NBS-LRR, one with a glucosiltransferasa expressed during infection fire blight in Malus x domestic, four with POL polyprotein of retroelementos and six more are similar to other proteins with unknown function . Additionally, 3 SSRs linked to cadidatos to resistance genes have been located on the map 'GxC' and the other 'LxL'. These genes are involved in gene silencing and processes resistance recessive, 10 which could suggest the involvement of these mechanisms in the resistance sharka. It has developed a second generation of the maps' GxC 'and' LxL 'by adding 45 and 39 SSRs respectively, identifying for the first time the 8 groups linkage for the genre Prunus' GxC'. These markers, from apricot and peach, have allowed an increase to 28 and 29 the number of anchor 8 s with 619 overview map of Prunus' GxC 'and' LxL 'management remain essentially colinear with the established in the map. The resistance PPV has been mapped in a region roughly 20cM located on the linkage group G 1 of apricot through a non - parametric analysis based on the Kruskal-Wallis test. Although only has detected a region involved in the resistance, it is not excluded that also act genes minor effects or resistance genes recessive. Analysis of linkage with the resistance a. Sharka of 4 SSRs selected has shown that are potentially useful for selecting assisted in improving the apricot. The accuracy in the identification of phenotype r resistance to the most effective of these markers, ssrPaCITA5, ranges between 58 and 75%. For populations type F1 or F2.

Author: PEÑAS CIVIT GISELA.
Year: 2004.
University: AUTÓNOMA DE BARCELONA.
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS UAB.
Place of preparation: ESCUELA DE POSTGRADO.

Author: LOPEZ PUJOL JORDI.
Year: 2004.
University: BARCELONA.
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE FARMACIA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAT DE FRAMÁCIA.

Summary: It has studied the genetic diversity of a series of plant taxa in total nine most endemic in the Western Mediterranean and representative of various process and situations: Seseli farrenyi, Silene sennenii, Stachys maritima, Thymus loscosii, Delphinium montanum, Delphinium pentagynum subsp. Formenteranum, Erodium rock, Petrocoptis montsicciana and P. Pardoi. To do so, has been used for electrophoresis gels isoenzymes on starch, analyzing some 2,000 individuals correspodientes to 41 natural populations, and tested a total of 28 enzymes different. The levels of genetic diversity obtained have proved highly variable, but generally quite high. With regard to the distribution of diversity, there is a high genetic divergence among populations. The patterns obtained are consistent with the results expected for a fleet region that served as refuge ice. On the other hand, most people show significant deficits heterozygotes, most often caused by subdivisions of the populations or genetic neighborhoods by high rates of inbreeding. Finally, it reviews the state of conservation of each of you taxa studied (secondment to the IUCN categories of threat, estimation of threats and drafting proposals for conservation both in situ and ex situ).

Author: REINA SANCHEZ ANTONIO.
Year: 2004.
University: CÓRDOBA.
Place of defense: E.T.S.I. AGRONOMOS Y MONTES.
Place of preparation: E.T.S.I. AGRONOMOS Y MONTES.

Summary: The salinity is one of the major limiting factors of plant cultivation in many parts of the world, and specifically in semi-arid Mediterranean. The irrigation with saline water drain the development of plants and gives salts in the middle, which can ultimately inutilizando soil for agricultural use. This makes it necessary to use plants with low water consumption and high efficiency in water use. The tomato, meanwhile, is a major horticultural crops in the world and in the Mediterranean area and is considered moderately tolerant to salinity. Traditionally, studies of tolerance to salinity has been made in terms of fruit production. Use a polygenic nature as salinity in the selection for a character as complex as the harvest would be ineffective, so the selection from physiological characteristics, which has already yielded practical results in other species would be more appropriate. Estimating genetic parameters, the search for molecular markers and the selection of genotypes more tolerant to salinity moving very slowly because the characters associated with tolerance are highly influenced by the environment. The study material Ideally lines with high homocigosis in which they might have abundant replicas of each genotype. The recombinant consanguíneas lines (RILs) meet this requirement as long as the characters show variability for stress-related saline. In this work, we studied a set of 30 characters physiological, morphological, flowering and production in a population of 117 RILs (F6), from a cross between Lycopersicon esculentum and L. Cheesmanii, growing Oy 100 mM NaCI in the nutrient solution. It was found variability in this population and interaction GxE and estimated the heritability of each character, concluding that most of them are suitable for use in Enhanced. There was a linkage map with 125 markers SSR and SCAR and discussed the significant associations between markers and traits through analysis of QTLs.

Author: LORENZO RODRÍGUEZ ZAIDA.
Year: 2005.
University: POLITÉCNICA DE MADRID.
Place of defense: ESCUELA TÉCNICA SUPERIOR DE INGENIEROS DE MONTES.
Place of preparation: ETSI DE MONTES.

Summary: The oak (Quercus ilex L.) and cork (Q.suber L.) are two of the most important species in terms of ecological and socio-economic area in the western Mediterranean. In the Iberian Peninsula landscapes of forests open antropizados of these species Quercus are known as "dehesa" and began to create in the Middle Ages. Since the late seventeenth century, and especially in the nineteenth, the area occupied by rangelands increased markedly, in part parallel with the development of the exploitation of cork. However, in recent years due to various causes, either natural or anthropogenic, has been declining significantly the land occupied by these forests. The pastures are threatened primarily due to aging and decay of the adult trees and the lack of regeneration. This pilot study provides information on the genetic structure and dispersal of pollen from oak and cork, useful in the overt efforts of the range. It has been considered for the first time the regeneration of these formations from a genetic point of view. This point has been made nuclear microsatellites (nSSR) that allow studies of gene flow, dispersion and kinship. One of the transferred microsatellites can be used as a diagnostic marker among the species considered, allowing for quick identification of hybrids. It has analyzed the genetic structure of an area of regeneration in dehesa, implying historical values of certain reproductive parameters; additionally has been evaluated through analysis of the extension of paternity flow polinico today. Microsatellites employees show greater polymorphism in that the cork oak. The heterocigosidad expected is higher in oak (HE = 0685 compared to 0519 for cork). The limited seed dispersal resulting in family structures in Q.suber to 70 m, while no genetic structuring to Q.ilex, which suggests a genetic flow strength. The analysis also reveals fatherhood, for both species, some distances pollinizaciones high, higher than 50 m in 50% of cases. These results, taken together, suggest that flujogenético is sufficiently effective to ensure the absence of inbreeding in future prgenies. Therefore, the maintenance of genetic diversity would be assured, and only be carried out actions that are conducive to the establishment of the same, for instance by restricting grazing. In cases where the densities are too low to be done plantations and / or encourage the deck, especially in the case of cork because of their limited dispersal and genetic less tolerance direct sun.

Author: VALBUENA CARABAÑA MARÍA.
Year: 2005.
University: POLITÉCNICA DE MADRID.
Place of defense: ESCUELA TÉCNICA SUPERIOR DE INGENIEROS DE MONTES.
Place of preparation: ESCUELA TÉCNICA SUPERIOR DE INGENIEROS DE MONTES.

Summary: The system characteristics reproduction of the species of the genus Quercus make them model organisms for studying the hybridization and genetic structure at the individual and population. In the Sierra Norte de Madrid two species live oak with marked differences in their ecological requirements and demographic expansion. The oak albar [Quercus petraea (Matts.) Liebl.] Is a kind of warm pan-European distribution reaches one of the southern limit of its range in the Sierra Norte Madrid, which develops on marginal ecological conditions and their populations are formed for a few hundred individuals. By contrast, the oak melojo [Q.pyrenaica (Willd.)] is well adapted to the conditions oromediterráneas by what appears widely represented in the Sierra Norte within a continuous distribution for the species. The intense secular use of the mountains of the region has led to a profound transformation of the natural landscape, so that, at present, the greatest performances of these and other forest species are within range boyales belonging to the common neighbors a municipality. The use of livestock ground has led to a mountain hollow in use for obtaining leñas, acorns and grasses, and in the case of melojo also maquis because of its remarkable capacity to regrowth after major ecological disturbance. In this research deals with the study of genetic diversity and spatial structuring of Q.petraea and Q.pyrenaica in four pastures of the Sierra Norte (montejo, Somosierra, Robregordo and La Dehesilla), which differ in the abundance of both species and treatments forest which have been subjected. Using demarcadores microsatellite nuclear, have been analyzed in three mixed populations and a mountain hollow pure Q.pyrenaica in maquis. The genetic relationships between the two species have been tested with different methods in order to characterize the hybridization between the two taxa. It has compared the structure of A.pyrenaica under two clonal forest treatments. It has also studied the effect on the density and hybridization in shaping the genetic structure of the three space intrapoblacional mixed rangeland from correlogramas and statistical Sp. On the other hand, Montejo, has conducted an analysis of kinship between two age cohorts, which permit study the spatial restriction dela dispersal and gene flow rates today. These distances have been compared with estimates of gene flow historic obtained from the analysis of spatial structure. Both species have high levels of genetic diversity, however, is greater differentiation among populations Q.petraea that among the Q.pyrenaica. For the latter kind, there has been no differences in the abundance of clones under the two treatments forest analyzed. The spatial structure intrapoblacional shows slight differences related to specific capacity dispersion However, the differences between populations are higher and it has been discovered that hybridization can be an important factor in shaping the relationships between individuals in a population due to the existence of crosses heteroespecíficos at short distances and spatial distribution of the resulting hybrid. In Montejo, the estimated direct and indirect flow of genetic reveal a stable population in recent centuries for the two species of oak.

Author: López de Heredia Larrea Unai.
Year: 2006.
University: POLITÉCNICA DE MADRID.
Place of defense: E.T.S.I. Montes.
Place of preparation: E.T.S.I. Montes.

Summary: The analysis of the patterns filogeográficos of oaks esclerófilos present in the Western Mediterranean (Quercus suber L., Quercus ilex L. and Quercus coccifera L.) has been made by combining four types of molecular markers with different modes of inheritance and mutation rates. First, we discussed the phylogenetic relationships of the three species to determine their current taxonomic status. The analysis was done under an approximation of population genetics and agrees with previous models that include Q. Ilex and Q. Ilex coccifera in the group, plus baseline, and Q. Suber cerris in the group, with more than 50 species that are absent in the study area. Quercus ilex showed the highest levels of diversity at both nuclear organular and a clear pattern vicariante separating populations ranges ibero-marroquí-balear those of Provenza-Italia-Argelia and other Mediterranean islands. The same pattern was observed in vicariante Q. Suber, though less genetic diversity. The people of East of the Península-Marruecos and the Balearics showed introgression at organular although markers nuclear revealed no significant remnants of introgression with Q. Ilex. The introgression explains the fact that they share DNA organular front of a hypothesis' incomplete distribution of lineages. The results suggest an ancient origin of the hibridaciones in Q. Suber Eastern Iberian, in time to dilute the contribution nuclear Q. Ilex. A model is proposed whereby, introgression provide an opportunity to Q. Suber increase the effective population size at critical stages (eg. Refuge in a glacial) through hybridization and subsequent backcrossing with parental Q. Suber, diluting the contribution nuclear Q. Ilex. He then analyzed the current spatial structure of DNA organular in the Iberian Peninsula to identify potential shelters glaciers. The combination with the information available paleobotánica describes a scene of multiple shelters for the three species in the Iberian Peninsula and numerous secondary contact zones between populations that result in spatial patterns of DNA organular complex. Finally, we thoroughly analyzed the spatial structure of DNA organular in an area shelter, the Balearic Islands, and compared with the populations in the environment. The Balearics are behaving as a refuge area and a reservoir of genetic diversity remains of maintaining genetic diversity of Messiniense-Plioceno. The presence of elements of Iberian descent tirrénica and is probably the product of events vicarianza and long-distance dispersal.

Author: GUTIERREZ RUIZ MARIA VICTORIA.
Year: 2006.
University: CÓRDOBA.
Place of defense: CAMPUS DE RABANALES.
Place of preparation: IFAPA ALAMEDA DEL OBISPO.

Summary: This work aims to transfer information from model species to other legumes, and to that end has been used markers developed in M.truncatula and to a lesser extent in pea (P.sativum) for amplification beans (V.faba), chickpeas (Ch. arietinum) and pea. The first microsatellite markers have been studied (or SSRs) developed; truncatula. The results showed that the transferability between species was high, but the low level of polymorphism which were inefficient for mapping studies. Subsequently testaron 256 markers derived from fragments of genes expressed (ESTs) from P.sativum and M.truncatula, with the goal of mapping between different loci counterparts legumes. Of the 256 markers analyzed, 221 (86328%) amplified band in heterologous parental lines of V.faba and only 35 pairs of primers did not obtain any amplification. For genotipado of polymorphisms were used traditional methods such as identifying ALPs in agarose gels or development of markers CAPs. When the methods did not disclose the variation in sequences, were on the verge new techniques which facilitated the identification of point mutations (SNPs) by the enzyme Cel developing markers after SSCPs. So far, we have identified 32 markers polymorphic in the population RILs for the two crosses of beans: Vf6 x Vf136 and Vf29H x Vf136 and these have been mapped 27. Arrays of sintenia between V.faba and M.truncatual and V.faba and Pisum obtained so far show a clear colinearity between V.faba and M.truncatula, while the comparison with P.sativum reveals certain reorganizations chromosome. The results of this study, along with the joint effort of various European groups, facilitate comparative studies between linkage maps of various legumes.