GENETICS OF POPULATIONS

Author: FERNANDEZ GONZÁLEZ BLANCA.
Year: 2003.
University: VIGO.
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE BIOLOGÍA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS.

Summary: In this paper we have analyzed the methods of estimating the ratio of dominance that employ more commonly used data poblaciónes segregating. These methods assume that the study population is in the balance between the emergence of deleterious mutations and their elimination by selecting natural.Los estimators coefficient of dominance provides --- h weighted by different functions of the ratio of selective mutations, b ---- which makes them difficult to interpretation.

Author: COROMINAS MACÍAS HECTOR.
Year: 2003.
University: AUTÓNOMA DE BARCELONA.
Place of defense: HOSPITAL DE SANT PAU.

Summary: OBJECTIVE 1-Analyzing polymorphisms Tiopurina S metiltransfersa (TPMT). 2-To describe the changes in TPMT in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). 3-Studying the gene TPMT in different ethnicity. 4-Report individuals heterozygous carriers with low enzyme activity (TPMT HL). 5-Demonstrate if the genetic polymorphism of TPMT justify the withdrawal of azathioprine. MATERIALS AND METHODS 111 HR, 146 ulcerative colitis and DNA samples from three groups of different ethnic origin: 138 individuals Spaniards, 51 Basques and 95 gypsies. The control group: DNA from 105 healthy subjects and DNA samples from 213 healthy individuals; 105 in Barcelona and 108 of Amesterdam. RESULTS Results published on 6 magazines national and international indexed. Conclusions The study genotypic of TPMT identifies patients with: high risk for severe toxicity (TPMT LL), allelic variants associated with intermediate (TPMT HL) a normal genotype (TOMT HH), in this group, can prescribe higher doses no apparent toxicity risk to get a better therapeutic response.

Author: BEORIZ REMÍREZ BEATRIZ.
Year: 2003.
University: COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID.
Place of defense: FACULTAD CC. BIOLÓGICAS.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD CC. BIOLÓGICAS - U. COMPLUTENSE MADRID.

Summary: The crayfish Austropotamobius pallipes (Lereboullet, 1858), is included in the IUCN Red List (International Union for Conservation of Nature) in the category of "vulnerable", as in the National Catalog of species threatened by its population regressive trend that has led him to disappear from much of its former range ( BOE n ° 149 of 23 June 2003). Given the situation facing the crayfish we have raised, using RAPD-PCR methodology and morphometric markers, the study of their populations. The simultaneous combination of both markers opportunity to familiarize themselves with the population structure of the species A.pallipes in Spain. The distribution patterns of variability, genetic and morphometric observed in these populations, shows a certain degree of differentiation between them, probably the result of the antigà ¼ age establishment and the fragmentation that populations have suffered. There is a genetic / morfométrico-geográfica or genetic / morfométrico-hidrográfica clear. It may be related to the movements of crabs from some other places made by man so perpeturar populations crab, or the fragmentations, which have led to smaller sizes strength of stocks and inbreeding, possibly as a result of multiple bottlenecks where genetic drift has been playing a very important role. These bottlenecks that have crossed populations could be due mainly to the different causes which have led to the decline of crab in our country, among which are the alterations produced by the man on habitat, afanomicosis and the introduction of species alien crab. The information obtained can be effective in government in the design of programs to design programs recovery of the populations of native crab.

Author: GOMEZ LLORENTE MARIA AMALIA.
Year: 2003.
University: GRANADA.
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE MEDICINA.
Place of preparation: INSTITUTO LOPEZ NEYRA.

Summary: The Cystic Fibrosis (CF) is an autosomal recessive hereditary disease most common in the Caucasian population. It is produced by the lateración of CFTR gene located on the short arm of chromosome 7. The genetics of this disease is very heterogeneous, so that so far have detected more than 1000 mutations responsible for various CF. The type and frequency of submission of such mutations depends on ethnicity and location of the study population. In Spain it is the increasing heterogeneity of Europe difficult, therefore, genetic diagnostics. To characterize a large number of mutations required complex and expensive techniques that are not accessible to almost none of the laboratories engaged in molecular diagnosis in Spain. Applied Byosistem has recently developed a method that permits the simultaneous detection of 31 mutations other than a simple and straightforward. The objective of this study is to conduct a study based on the simultaneous detection of 31 mutations of the CFTR gene in a sample of CF patients and their families Andalusian in the first grade, and try to establish a relationship genotipo - fenotipo in the patients studied. In a total sample of 350 chromosomes applied the method previously commented that combines techniques of PCR, capillary electrophoresis and fluorescence detection. From this analysis were obtained a total of 8 mutations in different sample estudiad and representing 68.2% of all alleles studied: mutations and their corresponding frequencies were presented respectively delta F508 (43.5%), G542X (11.4%), R334W (5%), R1162X (3%), 2789 +5 GA (2.3%), Delta l507 (1%), and W1282X (1%). In applying this method to be even detect 31.8% of the alleles, either because they really do not carry the mutation, or because they carry a mutation is not detected by the method used. To accomplish this is why we have designed a method that allows the detection of two mutations that occur with a frequency are important in Andalusia as the 1881 + 1.6 Kb AG and the 1609 FC, and not in the first method implemented. The method was designed based on the techniques of PCR competiva. Various tests were conducted and results were obtained as the optimal conditions that allow PCR was carried out by the differential amplification. Finally, we studied a number of clinical parameters of CF collected by the American Consortium for the disease (Beryl et al., 1998). These clinical variables were studied in 55 patients with CF in the sample studied was established a relationship genotpio-fenotipo hallándose only this relationship between the presence of the mutation delta F508 in homocigosis and the presence of gastrointestinal pathology, primarily pancreatic. CONCLUSIONS 1, - In the study have been detected 8 mutations that occur with different frequency greater than or equal to 1%, and they are: Delta F508, G542X, R334W, R1162X, 2789 +5 GA, Delta l507, and W1282X. 2 - The mutation delta F508 is presented with a frequency of 43.5%, 9% less than that of the Spanish population as a whole, indicating that in Andalusia, the molecular heterogeneity dela CF is superior to the rest of Spain. 3 - The genetic study conducted provides data that support the theory of the influence that Arabs, Phoenicians, Jews have had on the people Andalusian regarding the frequency of submission of mutations of the CFTR gene. 4 - The design of oligonucleotides, made in this work has led to a differential amplifier for specific mutations 1609 FC and 1811 + 1.6Kb AG in the following conditions: The concentration of 30 ng of DNA, number of cycles 24 , anillamiento temperature of 53Â ° C, dNTPs concentration of 10 microM, and a concentration of ologonucleótidos of 02 microM. The application of this methodology, together with the 8 sarrolla 3dd said Applied byosistema, it will identify a percentage greater than 80% of the mutations of the CFTR gene in the population Andalusian. 5 - The study of relationship genotipp-fenotipo confirmed, in the sample studied, the existence of a relationship between pancreatic pathology and homocigosis for the mutation Delta F508.

Author: CARMONA HEREDIA M. ANGELES.
Year: 2004.
University: BARCELONA.
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE BIOLOGIA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE BIOLOGIA , UB.

Summary: The specificity of the brain connections needed performance mechanisms dependent activity is crucial for the maturation and refinement sináptico.En the developing brain, before the emergence of activity evoked, there are patterns of activity coordinated spontaneous, very important to building circuits maduros.Las neurotrofinas are a family of proteins essential for neuronal survival and development of the system nervioso.La neurotrofina BDNF, through interaction with its receptor TRKB regulates addition neurotransmission and synaptic plasticity. This thesis has studied the role of BDNF signaling / TRKB in vivo activity and increases spontaneous neuronal maturation of neurotransmission GABAérgica excitadora.En hippocampus trkb- / youth-note a marked increase in the excitability of the intrinsic circuit associated with a sharp decline dela effectiveness of inhibiting BDNF / TRKB controls levels and the timing of spontaneous neural networks by regulating the nuerotransmisión GABAérgica.

Author: RODRIGUEZ HERNÁNDEZ JOSÉ VICTOR.
Year: 2004.
University: CÓRDOBA.
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE VETERINARIA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE VETERINARIA.

Summary: This thesis focuses on the study of the growth of the breed sheep meat native Segureña, which have analyzed the data on weight and growth from the database of herds integrated into the kernel selection of the Association National Breeders lamb Segureño. It was the birth weight control, and 30, 45 and 75 days edad.Se determined the values of genotypic and phenotypic characteristics of weight and growth in core selective breeding sheep segureño and study trends fenotípics genotypic and the characters evaluated. The sheep Segureño has presented some weights and growths own race specializing in production of light lambs, typical of the Spanish market. In the present study obtained values genáticos high quality and high accuracy within a modern selection scheme based on the use of genetic BLUP that backed securities influence individual and family, so this study, for farmers with a correct technical leadership in decision-making, will undoubtedly an effective genetic progress. Our results also show that the mass selection, historically applied on this race, has been seen as ineffective, according to the rare genetic trends demonstrated.

Author: RODRÍGUEZ RAMILO SILVIA TERESA.
Year: 2005.
University: VIGO.
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS.

Summary: The procedure to match the contributions of individuals to the offspring is one of the simplest strategies and widely recognized for maintaining genetic diversity in conservation programs, as it would reduce by half the rate of increase in inbreeding and adrift genetics. However, the method involves the negative effect of reducing the intensity with which operates selacción natural, so deleterious genes are removed from less actual population, ocn consequent negative consequence for capcidad reproductive individuals. It is expected, therefore, better edicacia biological programs where they match the contributions relative to those families in which the contributions are free. The theoretical results sugiern that this effect is only significant for populations with relatively large censuses and after a long period of time. However, previous experiments that have been conducted to compobar this prediction, Population censuses have used very small and short periods of maintenance of the lines. This paper presents a long-term experiment with Drosophila melanogaster to compare the effectiveness of biological lines held with reproductive management in which match contributions (lines CM) and others held without management (SM lines) in which mating and contributions from parents are free. It had two (five) mirrors census N = 100 (20) individuals from each type of line for 38 generations. Predictably, the lines on which matched contributions had increased diversity and gene allelic microsatellite markers for four and higher heritability for the number of quetas esternopleurales. Characters reproductive evaluated (the feasibility huevo, success in mating and a measure of the biological effectiveness overall) decreased with the passage of generations, but there were no significant differences between the variation neutral and reproductive characteristics. The overall conclusion is that matches contributions familiare does not involve a disadvantage in the reproductive capacity of the people in conservation, even in the long term, and the fact that the greatest variation method keep neutral and it is correlated with the variation in reproductive characters, confirming the practical usefulness of the method in conservation programs.

Author: PÉREZ FIGUEROA ANDRES.
Year: 2005.
University: VIGO.
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE BIOLOGÍA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE BIOLOGÍA.

Summary: The area of hybrid marine snail Littorina saxatilis exposed on the coast of Galicia represent an ideal scenario for the study of speciation simpátrica. The hybrid zone has been the subject of numerous studies on experimental and it has a large amount of genetic information, morphological and poblacionesl. However, so far not been carried out theoretical studies on the evolutionary factors involved and its contrast with the empirical data. This system represents a possible case of incipient speciation and thus requires a thorough analysis of reproductive isolation. Therefore, the pirmer study conducted in this research was the analysis, under different scenarios biological properties of the estimate of 12 statistical commonly used in the literature to estimate the reproductive isolation from mating frequency. It showed that some indexes were suitable for biological sample sizes under different conditions, while others saw their very biased estimate and therefore their use should be avoided. Recently, it has proposed an additive decomposition of the Pearson correlation coefficient to gain a better appreciation for the contribution of each partner to mating partnership for quantitative characteristics, known as the correlation coefficient individual (ri). The present work has been estudido the distribution of values of the new statistical simulations, thereby verifying the biological significance of the distribution of parametric values of ri, remains sample sizes are finite. Using a novel procedure selacción models using computer simulations were investigated the contribution of different evolutionary factors in the maintenance of polymorphism. The results show that the model that best fits the observed data is characterized by a high gene flow, reproductive isolation incomplete and a selection diversificadora moderate to strong, particularly in the ecotypes in their own habitat. Furthermore, the analysis indicates that the scenarios that best explain the polymorphism is a relatively high number of loci additives contribute to the character selaccionado and a narrow definition of the phenotype hybrid within the range of phenotypic values. By contrast, both the biological effectiveness of hybrids, such as plsticidad phenotypic or environmental variation, it does not appear to be key parameters. One of the pilot studies carried out to ascertain the genetic structure of populations of L. Galicia Saxatilis has been conducive to the estimated actual population census methods temporary. We used the simulation model prior withthe intent to quantify bias that could be producing inthe estimate of the actual census. The results suggest that populations of L. Saxatilis of exposed coasts of Galicia, the census estimate of cash. The results suggest severely biased by the presence of gene flow and by using a low of independent marker alleles. However, it appears that the estimate is affected loci for the presence of selective or changes in other factors such as evolutionary selection divergent effectiveness of the hybrid or level of reproductive isolation.

Author: SÁNCHEZ GRACIA ALEJANDRO.
Year: 2005.
University: BARCELONA.
Place of defense: FACULTAT DE BIOLOGÍA.
Place of preparation: DEPARTAMENT DE GENÉTICA, UNIVERSITAT DE BARCELONA.

Summary: This thesis has studied the molecular evolution of the genes of olfactory OS-Ey OS-F in system species of subgenus Sophophora of Drosophila, specifically species groups melanogaster and dark. These genes OS (olfactory-specific) encoding proteins of the family of OBPs, proteins binding to odorantes (i / or pheromones); because of their participation in the system for the recognition of individuals in their external environment are genes that, a priori, could have changed the type of adaptive. The work has been to study the potential impact of natural selection in the positive evolution of these genes in Drosophila. The study was conducted by analyzing the nucleotide variability, both international and intra-and its relation to chromosomal polymorphism and the structure and function of the protein OBP. The results of the analysis suggest that these genes have been able to suffer type adaptive processes during their evolution in the genus Drosophila.

Author: BALAÑA ALCAIDE DANIEL.
Year: 2005.
University: BARCELONA.
Place of defense: UNIVERSITAT DE BARCELONA FACULTAT DE BIOLOGÍA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAT DE BIOLOGIA, UNIVERSIDAD DE BARCELONA.

Author: ARMERO MARTINEZ Ma. PILAR.
Year: 2005.
University: SALAMANCA.
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE MEDICINA.
Place of preparation: MEDICINA.

Summary: Pain is a very complex neurophysiological response that is more than just a sensory perception merely informative because, being an unpleasant experience, it becomes an act emotionally. From a physiological pain is a specific sensory modality consisting of a substrate specific morphological and functional. From a functional point of view, in the process of collecting the painful sensation involving multiple systems involved in a wide variety of proteins. Among the possible causes of interindividual different perception of pain, play an important role variations in the levels of proteins involved in different stages of the perception of painful sensation and even his emotional component. That is why variations in the genome can change quantitatively and qualitatively protein and modify the response to painful stimuli. In our work we study raised polymorphic regions of the genome associated with genes encoding proteins involved in pain perception and analyze whether these regions are associated with susceptibility to pain. We have obtained DNA samples from a group of patients with neuropathic pain type and a second group of patients with type-inflammatory pain. Finally, we studied a group of individuals who have never suffered pain intensity or duration enough to go to a specialized medical consultation. Our results suggest that variants of genes encoding proteins involved in different stages of the transmission and perception of the painful sensation may be associated with a predisposition to suffer pain and thus modify individual susceptibility to pain.

Author: SOLIS LÓPEZ AINHOA.
Year: 2005.
University: PAÍS VASCO.
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE CIENCIA Y TECNOLOGÍA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE CIENCIA Y TECNOLOGÍA.

Summary: This work has been characterized genetically four equine breeds native to the Basque Autonomous Community (CAV) and Navarre (Pottoka, Jaca Navarra, Burguete and Euskal Herriko Mendiko Zaldia (EHMZ)). To this end, it has analyzed the microsatellite polymorphism 12 loci (AHT4, AHT5, ASB2, HMS2, HMS3, HMS6, HMS7, HTG4, HTG6, HTG7, HTG10 And VHL20), the region D-loop of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and HNS Pro258Leu gene nuclear PRJAG3 (Protein Kinase Adenosine Monophosphate-Activate gamma3-subunit gene), possibly connected with the phenotypic characteristics, in a total of 417 individuals. On indicators of variability of microsatellites analyzed, there are statistically significant differences between race and the rest Burguete. The fact that the four races present levels of variability slightly higher than other European or American equine breeds can be a consequence of having these traditional management. With regard to the distribution of the observed genetic variation within and between races, the analysis of statistical F indicates that 2.3% of the variability can be attributed to the differences between the races. The differentiation between races would be responsible for the excess observed in the homozygous horses indigenous population. Despite the historical references reduction in the population size, has not been detected bottleneck in races or semi Pottoka light and Jaca Navarra. Taking into account the high value of the probability of exclusion in the four races analyzed, the panel of 12 microsatellites used is very suitable for the control of kinship. In phylogenetic analysis and correlation analysis of native breeds, are grouped on the one hand the two races heavy (EHMZ and Burguete), putting the race Jaca Navarra in an intermediate position between these and race Pottoka. This could be a reflection of the influence of non-native breeds. The phylogenetic analysis including other equine breeds note that despite the great influence of the French races, the four breeds native form an independent group distinct from the rest. With regard to the conservation of races, and according to various estimates, which are light breeds greater contribution to the diversity have total, but the loss of any of the four races analyzed involve a significant decrease in genetic diversity. The variant allele Leu 258 of HNS Pro258Leu presented more frequently in the races in heavy breeds light, but also appears, although at a low frequency, race Pottoka. If we accept that race is Pottoka which has suffered less influence from other races, these results could doubt on the hypothesis that the allele variant of the SNP appears only in races heavy. The analysis of the sequences of the region D-loop of mitochondrial DNA, has enabled us to detect 27 haplotypes in the 80 individuals analyzed. The nucleotide diversity and haplotípica is similar to the four races, with the race ENHMZ which introduced greater diversity. The analysis of population demographics based on mtDNA confirm that there has been no bottleneck in the four races. In this case, the phylogenetic tree between races coincide with the geographical location of these because, on one hand are grouped races Navarre Jaca Navarra and Burguete and other races pottoka and EHMZ, which are located in the Basque . The study of the phylogenetic relationships among these and other equine breeds ancient and modern, that the haplotypes centered native breeds are classified, jutno with haplitpos other razs, 6 haplogrupos previously described by other authors, supports the hypothesis multi-8 process 312 domestication in different geographic areas over a wide span of time.

Author: GONZÁLEZ ANDRADE JORGE FABRICIO.
Year: 2005.
University: ZARAGOZA.
Place of defense: DEPARTAMENTO DE MEDICINA LEGAL Y FORENSE.
Place of preparation: LABORATORIO DE GENÉTICA FORENSE.

Summary: This study analyzed a total of 1438 samples 4gupos ethnic Ecuador, including mestizos, Amerindians hollaras, Amerindians waorani and black African-Americans were analyzed by technical manuals and capillary 20 microsatellites electrophoresis autonomic D3S1358, HumFGA, D21S11, Penta E Penta D HuntvWA, D8S1179, D7S820, D13 S317, DSS818, D16S539, HumTHOI, HumCSFIPO, HumTPOX, HumFI3A01, HumF13B, HumLPL, HumHPRTB, HumFES / FPS and amelogenina; were analyzed by capillary electrophoreses 12 microsatellites in the Y chromosome as DYS19, DYS385 a / b, DYS 3891, DYS389II, DYS390, DYS39I, DYS392, DYS392, DYS393, DYS437, DYS438 and DYS439. All ethnic groups analyzed showed to be in Hardy - Weinberg equilibrium for all STRs autosómicos analyzed. The use fame in joint 15 STRs autosómicos (multiplex format) has been shown to have a high variability and offers a power Discrimination (PD) set more than 0.99999999 and power of a priori exclusion (MEC) provided above 0 , 99999925, Probability Matching combined found is 1 in 1.27 x 1017 for mestizos.Se has confirmed and quantified are mestizos and Afro-Ecuadorian people trihíbridas, with varying proportions of contribution of Amerindian, European and African. As can be seen from chromosome "Y", the contribution of male Europeans (clearly the Spaniards in the case of mixed race) was much greater than when the mixture estimates calculated from the autosómicos STRs. It has been confirmed and quantified with STRs autosómicos markers that are mestizos and Afro-Ecuadorian people trihíbridas. The mestizos contain ~ 73% of chromosomes autosómicos of Amerindian origin, a putative European ~ 19% and ~ 8% African descent. The Afro-Ecuadorians can be measured in the ~ 57% Africans, Europeans ~ 28% and ~ 15% Native American. In mestizos, Amerindians kichwas and black African-Americans, the diversity haplotípica Chromosome "Y" is high, and fairly close to one, it should be noted that this parameter, as in the systems haploid chromosome and mitochondrial DNA "Y", is numerically equal to forensic parameters of a priori information and the power to the power of discrimination or exclusion in cases of paternity. It confirms that the mestizos are a short distance genetics with Spaniards and with the people caucasoides of the Iberian peninsula, while the kichwas clearly natives of the new continent are closer to most urban populations of Central America and the Andean area, in those sites where there is a clear indigenous presence. Seven different haplotypes were shared between kichwas and mestizos, one between mestizos and Afro-Ecuadorian and one out kichwas, afroecualorianos and mestizos. The latter proves to be the most common haplotype in the Europeans, and particularly in the northeast. The total number of different haplotypes is 276 in the whole sample analyzed. The Mestizo show a short distance to kichwas, but its distance from the Spaniards is clearly shorter than among kichwas and Spaniards. This is also the case for their respective distance. The Guineans. This is consistent with a triple genetic origin to the mestizo: Amerindian, European and African countries, as shown by the STRs on chromosome "Y". The Afro-Ecuadorians are closest to the Guineans, but are closer to those kichwas and a. Spaniards that what they are Guineans. With different proportions of mixture, the model proposed for triple origin mestizos also applies to the Afro-Ecuadorians. Inheritance haplotípica and. Great possibility of combinations that offer these markers warned of the possible existence of compositions allelic still without analyzing, and those in which it is not known how often real. The collaboration of all forensic laboratories allow further expand the database to the Y chromosome, thus may increase its 8 precisió 3a8 No statistical when interpreting the results of the investigation into the biological individuality in routine forensic. The data obtained are of enormous value anthropological and allow better chart the history of Ecuador in search of the origins of the current inhabitants of the New World.

Author: Varela Muiño Miguel Angel.
Year: 2006.
University: A CORUÑA.
Place of defense: Facultad de Ciencias.
Place of preparation: Facultad de Ciencias.

Summary: Microsatellites are regions of the genome of special interest for its unique features mutacionales for use as genetic markers. In this thesis analyzed various samples of mussel Mytilus gender and knives gender Ensis through microsatellite markers and markers ISSR (Inter-Simple-Sequence Repeat) based on the amplification of DNA fragments between two microsatellites located near enough to to be amplified by PCR. Additionally analyzed the distribution of interruptions in microsatellites characterized in this study and those contained in the databases of the human genome. By polymorphism markers ISSR on gender Mytilus identified samples from the two main areas of hybridization of this kind in Europe, the Baltic Sea and Islands Británicas-Noroeste of France. The molecular analysis of variance supported the existence of an intensive gene flow between sampling locations on the Atlantic coast of Europe. The results of a AMOVA and Bayesian analysis indicate the existence of a population structure shortly pronounced among localities analyzed and a high genetic variability within each locality, covering up to 85% of the diversity haplotípica. Microsatellites analyzed in this study were isolated from the sequencing of the ISSR themselves and the development of a genoteca enriched. On multivariate analysis, the NJ tree and FST estimators calculated on the basis of genetic variability in the microsatellite markers in Ensis siliqua, indicate the existence of a slight genetic differentiation among the Galician towns of Finisterre and Cangas, with respect to the Portuguese, Olhao and Setubal, as well as a clear differentiation between these locations and Irish Strangford Lough. This genetic differentiation is not proportional to the geographical distance between sampling locations. This may be due to an intensive gene flow between locations Spanish and Portuguese by dispersing larvae or adults over long distances. The data of genetic diversity are therefore more consistent with the various degrees of exploitation of the localities studied with the distribution of the Prestige spill, which affected to a greater extent Galician localities. The measures of genetic differentiation among samples calculated from the same sampling location, both in Ensis siliqua as in E. Arcuatus suggest the existence of temporary differentiation in the genetic composition of these samples. This differentiation may be influenced by seasonal fluctuations of certain currents in the movement of the larvae and adults along the coast or intrinsic feature of the reproductive biology of these bivalbos as the variance in reproductive success. These data suggest that not all differences observed between samplings are attributable to restrictions on gene flow between different locations. At least part of the differentiation observed in these studies may be due to chance or temporal heterogeneity of the genetic makeup of the towns analyzed. The results of the amplification microsatellite counterparts in the genre Ensis indicate that microsatellite markers developed can be directly applied in other species without a redesign prior primers. However, knowledge of sequences homologous DNA microsatellite in Ensis arcuatus and Ensis siliqua has enabled the study of some events that occurred in these mutacionales repetitive sequences was supplemented by the analysis of microsatellite DNA genome h 8 umano qu 589 and noted the existence of a bias in the presence of interruptions in the nucleotides that make up the units of repetition of microsatellites dinucleotídicos. Moreover, in the case of microsatellites (JI) No there was a polarity 5Â'- 3Â'en any of the mutations and a tendency for mutations to stand at the ends of the microsatellite. The analysis of the distribution of interruptions in the sequence of repetitive micro-motivated AC microsatellite DNA in the human genome suggests that the similarity of the patterns and sequences flanqueantes could arise as a result of degenación's own repetitive sequence, and therefore, it would not be necessary to resort to the evolutionary convergence to explain these characteristics.

Author: Ferrando Lebraud Ainhoa.
Year: 2006.
University: AUTÓNOMA DE BARCELONA.
Place of defense: Facultad de Ciencias y de Biociencias.
Place of preparation: Facultad de Ciencias y de Biociencias.