PALEONTOLOGY

Author: ALDAY BEATO MARIA.
Year: 2004.
University: PAÍS VASCO.
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS (UPV/EHU).

Summary: In order to meet the present environmental conditions and recent Estuary Muskiz (Cantabrian coast) have been analyzed associations benthic foraminifera and the content of heavy metals and PAHs in surface samples and small surveys of different estuarine ecosystems. The associations foraminínferos are inherent in these environments and content of heavy metals and PAHs is low, which indicates that the greatest impact of the zone is the occupation and physical alteration of the medium. They have also established the present environmental conditions in coastal lagoons of Albufeira, and Sao Melides (SW Portugal) by analyzing the associations and benthic foraminifera deferent physical and chemical parameters. Have also been drilled 7 polls mechanical in these two coastal lagoons and estuaries (Mira and Ribeira de Aljezur). The sedimentary record of Tardiglaciar and Holocene shows a phase Transgressive (sea level rise) and other insulation (where sea level stabilized around 5000 years BP) both associated with a period eustático globally positive.

Author: PÉREZ OCHOA REAL ALEJANDRO.
Year: 2004.
University: COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID.
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE CC. GEOLÓGICAS.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE CC. GEOLÓGICAS.

Summary: The development of Confocal Microscopy is essential to a better study of the structures celulares.Esta technology is uncommon in the world so many specimens to investigate that can not be cabo.Hasta a very few years ago, study Paleontropología, have focused on the description and comparison of the aspects macrosnatómicos of them, getting to these studies advances in the compression of our orígenes.Una the difficulties to further advance this knowledge has been unable to make studies of the microanatomía the fossil material, and that made it necessary to destroy these specimens. Over the past three years, we have been investigating how to solve this problem, because from our position paleoantropólogos specialized in the study of hard tissues and microscopistas, we had a greater need to be able to implement the Confocal microscopy to the study of fossil material. The result of our investigation was the first time in the development of a Portable Confocal Microscope Basic 1K2SBIO in order to test whether it could alleviate the shortage of this technology in the field of Paleoantropología.El microscope has been tested with fossil resin the Natural History Museum in Pretoria, S. Africa; at the University of the Witwatersrand, School of Anthropology, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, a collection of fossil remains of cave of Bones (Atapuerca) of the Center for Human Behavior and Evolution of Madrid.Con this microscope is totally automated, 2K2SBIO, which is unique in the world, we have managed to get some results which prove their effectiveness in the study of non-destructive hard tissues, structure, function and growth and open up immense possibilities for better understanding of development evolution of the human species.

Author: SAID ISMAIL.
Year: 2004.
University: COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID.
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS GEOLÓGICAS.
Place of preparation: UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID.

Summary: Have been identified and described 53 species of coral rugged included in 21 genera of 4 families (Cyathópsidos, Aulophyllidos, Lithostrotiónidos and Axophyllidos). Of these taxa is a genus new Tizraia. Also, three species are new, Clisiophyllum macocolumellatum, tizraia berkhlii and Aulokoninckophyllum rodriguezi. We have recognized and characterized evidence transport, biodegradation processes, stuffed sedimentary, understanding and fracturing diagenéticas, cementation, recrystallization, silicification, ferruginización, estilolitización, shearing and dissolution. We have recognized the various phases tafonómicas in different formations studied. It has been found that generally are more tafonómicas different stages in different formations studied. It has been found that generally are more intensive processes fosildiagenéticos in Agourai and Training Tizraia in formations Akerchi and Idmarrach. There are 9 associations reef environments are well defined. Of the analysis microfacies, paleoecological and tafonómicos are drawn environments in which they lived corals rugged studied: * corals Agourai lived in a ramp with important development event remobilization (turbidity flows and storms). * Training Tizra there was a complex geography. Thus, in this formation recognizes three types of partnerships: (1) Associations allochthonous composed of large coral colonies lonely and fragmented "debris-flows" and bioclastic layers. (2) Partnerships consist of native corals without disepimentos associated with the flanks of microbial mounds. (3) Associations located on indigenous microbial large mounds, which are biostromos. * In Odmarrach is another very diverse association and solitary corals coloniale with disepimentos associated with gigantoprodúctidos. The coral used shell gigantoprodúctidos for fixed and proliferated in large numbers. Partnerships coral dating allow individual members of formations studied. * Levels of Agourai where the corals are located correspond to a Asbiense- Brigantiense lower, as can be determined by the association Siphonodendron, Solenodendron and Siphonophyllia. * The association existing in the member TZ2 of Training Tizra little feature and could correspond to a Asbiense or Brigantiense. * The coral formation Akerchi also indicate an age Birgantiense by the presence of Palastraea: the presence of acne of S.junceum suggests that this is already a Brigantiense higher. * Associations Training Idmarrach also indicate an age Birgantiense by the presence of Palastraea and by the predominance of genres Arachnolasma and Dibunophyllum.

Author: BOTELLA SEVILLA HÉCTOR.
Year: 2004.
University: VALENCIA.
Place of defense: BIBLIOTECA CAMPUS BURJASSOT.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS BIOLÓGICAS.

Summary: It presents the paleontological study of the remains of primitive vertebrates (primarily fish scales and teeth) containing marine sediments of the Lower Devónico Area Nigà ¼ her, in the Cordillera Iberian. This will have risen 2 sections in detail in the area Nigà ¼ it (sections Ni4 and Ni2), which recognize parts of the Education and Training Luesma Nogueras (LochKoviense-Praguiense, Devónico Lower). Additionally, depression axial River Houses were lifted partially four sections in the area Loscos-Santa Cross Nogueras (Vineyards, Poyales E. Ribazo, San Roque and South Barranco de Santo Domingo), which identified the next level the limit Lochkoviense-Praguiense. The processed in the laboratory of samples taken in calcareous levels of these sections have provided numerous microictiolitios. The systematic study has permitted the recognition of 20 taxa of the following groups: Telodontos (Turinia pagei) Acantodios climatiformes (Cheiracanthoides comptus, Eifellepis sp. A. Nostolepis costata, N. maderi n. sp. N. cf. Minimum, N. nigà ¼ ellensis n. sp. N. punctate n. sp. N. and N. striata? n. sp.), Acantodios ischnacantiformes (Gomphonchus sandelensis, G. irenensis n. sp. and Machaeracanthussp. A.), Placodermos (Ochiaspis tumulosa) and condrictios (Cladolepis sp. Lunalepis leonensis, Hibodonteoidea inet. type A., Leonodus carlsi, Ellesmeria? sp. and Nogueralepis teruelensis). All these taxa are described morphological and histological features and presents the same stratigraphic for the study area. Additionally it is conducting a study consisting of different analysis to reconstruct the series dental and some functional aspects of the dentition and the palaeoecology of L. Carsi, which is one of the microictiolitos features of lower Devónico Spanish and has an enormous importance paleoecológica and evolving to deal with the remnants of condrictio the oldest fossil record. Finally rebuilt type swimming using a group of these enigmatic primitive fish, Pteraspidomorfos. To do this we employ tools biomechanical testing experimental wind tunnels and water and analysis of morphological and dynamic descriptors that allow us to the correlation between these fish and aquatic vertebrates today. All this provided a link between the results biomécanismos obtained and possible relations paleoecológicas as lifestyle, and so on. With the aim of increasing knowledge about the group fossil in question.

Author: REGUERA GARCIA MARIA ISABEL.
Year: 2004.
University: SALAMANCA.
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS.
Place of preparation: UNIVERSIDAD DE SALAMANCA.

Summary: The study of the associations of foraminifera (planktonic and benthic) reveals that during the last glacial cycle, the Western Mediterranean suffered oceanographic and climatic changes due to the variability millennial recorded during the same events and marked by Heinrich and cycles Dansgaard-Oeschger . Considering the associations of planktonic foraminifera, we can say that for the Ice Age, they vary by cyclicity Dansgaard-Oeschger, so that over the estadiales recorded microfauna that mark conditions of low temperature of surface water and an increase in the turbulence in the water column, whereas during the interestadiales the association is dominated by micro-warm and productive. Emphasize that the events are presented Heinrich increases the species Neogloboquadrina pachyderma (dextrógira) that can be attributed to the inflow of water from melting, which would require a stratification in the water column with development of a Maximum Deep chlorophyll (DCM - Deep Chlorophyll Maximum-). Already in the interglacial have recognized the same oceanographic conditions that occurred in the Eastern Mediterranean during the formation of sapropel 1, with stratification in the water column and development of a DCM, after which the oceanographic conditions are restored, registering a microfauna planktonic typical warm sea. With regard to the association of benthic foraminifera, can divide the Ice Age into two subperiodos: upper and lower. For the glacial bottom partnership records variability Dansgaard-Oeschger, so that over the estadiales it can be observed an increase in the epifauna, feature environments with high oxygenation, which would indicate conditions improved ventilation in the basin due to weather more cold and dry during these periods. By contrast, during the interestadiales, the large percentage of infauna, typical poor in oxygen environments, spoke of an increase in productivity surface and a decrease in convection in the water column and ventilation at the bottom of the basin as a result of warm weather wetter and developed in the area. In the glacial upper registers an increase in the epifauna due to a strengthening in the deep ventilation, which makes the variability Dansgaard-Oeschger miss this subperiodo. During the deglaciación, it is observed throughout the Western Mediterranean region, the presence of a layer rich in organic matter (ENT -Organic Rich Layer-) due to the impasse in the deep circulation, which would encourage the preservation of organic matter. Finally, during the interglacial, the association of benthic foraminiferal fauna shows a particular indicative of a water column well ventilated with a good oxygenation at the bottom of the basin mediterráneo-occidental.

Author: PEREA MANERA HECTOR.
Year: 2005.
University: BARCELONA.
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE GEOLOGÍA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE GEOLOGÍA.

Summary: Recognition of active faults and obtain the parameters describing its seismic cycle is one of the points that may help to improve seismic hazard studies in areas with low seismic activity. The flaws found in these regions are characterized by sliding rates low (less 0.01 mm / yr) and long seismic cycles (10 (3) and 10 (5) years), making it difficult to distinguish between active faults and failures inactive . In order to locate the faults active in a zone of deformation slow groove of the northwestern margin of Valencia, different approaches have been followed. First a study has been made sismotectónico to see what the structures neotectónicas in the area, taking into account both geological and geophysical information, and it has been found that these correspond to the normal faults arising during the extension neógena. Then if there has been looked conscience space between earthquakes, both instrumental as historical, and these flaws. This would have been able to distinguish failures that could be responsible for part of the current seismic activity and / or faults which have been responsible for some of the large historical earthquakes. It has conducted a study which has allowed palaeoseismology recognize the sismogénico the failure of the Camp (Tarragona) and characterize its seismic cycle. It has also conducted a study of geomorphological mountain fronts to identify those associated with failures that would still active. Finally, analysis of seismic reflection profiles made in the areas of marine groove has found that some faults extend neógenas were moving reflectors corresponding to the levels sedimentary plio-cuaternarios, which suggests that these failures would still active. Based on the various approaches have been classified faults extend the groove of Valencia into five groups: 1-Fallas sismogénicas 2-Fallas with activity log current and accumulated 3-Fallas with activity log accumulated 4-Fallas with activity log current 5-Fallas without registration activity. Based on the length of active faults considered and the rates of slippage were obtained two of the seismic parameters that describe the cycle of seismic faults considered active and sliding rates have been obtained two of the seismic parameters that describe the cycle of seismic faults, the maximum magnitude of the earthquake and its typical return period. Anyway, because of the limitations of the approaches used this information has only been able to obtain the flaws sismogénicas for failure to register current and accumulated activity and for the faults with activity log accumulated. The third parameter that characterizes the cycle of seismic faults, the time elapsed since the last earthquake, can only be obtained from studies of palaeoseismology and in the area only been able to obtain the failure of the Camp. With this information has been included active faults in a seismic hazard study to see what are the changes that this produces and to determine which of the three parameters describing the seismic cycle is the one who has more influence on the final outcome. It has been observed that the inclusion of faults produced significant increases of dangerousness (peak acceleration) in areas where previously this was low and that the parameter values that most affects the end of dangerousness is the period of recurrence.

Author: ORTIZ SAINZ-AJA SILVIA.
Year: 2005.
University: ZARAGOZA.
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS.
Place of preparation: UNIVERSIDAD DE ZARAGOZA.

Summary: During the Paleogene Period, which covers the first 41 million years of the Age Cenozoica, the Earth's climate underwent continuous changes. In a warm climate without ice caps at the poles, we moved to a cooler climate and heterogeneous with polar icecaps in the Oligocene. These gradual changes in global events overlapped them faster and smaller magnitude, the most prominent being the one that took place over the limit Paleocene / Eocene, which is known as the Eocene Thermal Maximum Home (IETM), during which global temperatures were extremely high. Given the uniqueness of the Paleogene and trying to apply the data micropaleontológicos to problem solving cronoestratigráficos were selected bioeventos in several different sections to analyze them through small benthic foraminifera: The limit Daniense / Selandiense (Paleocene lower / higher) in the section Zumaya (Pyrenees vasco-cantábrico; limit Thanetiense / Ypresiense (Paleocene / Eocene) in section estratotípica of Dababiya (Egypt), the limit Ypresiense / Luteciense (lower Eocene / medium) in the section of Fortune (Béticas) and limit Priaboniense / Rupeliense (Eocene / Oligocene) in the section Source Caldera (Béticas). chosen group of benthic foraminifera as one of the main components of the marine communities, very environmentally sensitive and for being the most benthic abundant in the fossil record. example, has undertaken a comprehensive review taxonomic recognized more than 450 taxa of small benthic foraminifera of those who have selected 203 to analyze them in detail, comparing them whenever possible with the material-tipo. Study quantitative associations benthic foraminifera in each studied stratigraphic level, has allowed to establish quantitative and ecozones stadiums, as well as obtain significant findings Palaeoenvironmental (paleobatimetría, oxygenation, nature and concentration of nutrients), paleoclimáticas and paleoceanográficas, and analyze each of the bioeventos studied with the aim of identifying events (eg, events Hyperthermic) having an interest cronoestratigráfico. biostratigraphic The study has highlighted the limited usefulness of the classical biozonas using biohorizontes (data) from the first and last record of taxones-índices of foraminifera benthic. A biozonación based asociaciones-tipo (biozonas association) and quantitative stadiums (biozonas apogee) seems to be more useful because of its potential usefulness cronoestratigráfica.

Author: GUILLEM MARTÍNEZ JORGE.
Year: 2006.
University: VALENCIA.
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE MATEMÁTICAS - UNIVERSITAT DE VALÈNCIA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS BIOLÓGICAS - UNIVERSITAT DE VALÈNCIA.

Summary: This paper deals with the study of foraminíferos of Fm lagoon Torreblanca from a triple point of view: taxonomic and ecological tafonómico. We studied the content of 46 samples foraminifera, each with a fixed volume of 3 cm3 sediment. The samples were collected by scraping the surface of 9 sampling points located in the lagoons of brackish water standing, caused by industrial extraction of peat, in the northern sector of Prat de Cabanes- Torreblanca. In two of these items was conducted sampled monthly over the year 1993, while the remaining samples were collected in Ios months of January, May and August. Meantime, the lIevó out measurements of a series of parameters fisico-químicos in water gaps between Ios which included temperature, salinity, alkalinity, pH yel oxygen content and various ions. The method of staining rose bengal allowed separate associations formed by foraminifera living at the time of sampling (biocenosis) of those constituted by foraminifera shells killed or empty (tanatocenosis). We have found a total of 18 species of foraminifera spread over 6 orders distinct, some of which (Disconorbis bulbosus, Laminononion tumidum, Turrispirillina sp. Or aft. Physalidia sp.) Have not been cited previously in restricted environments. The foraminifera of hyaline shell limestone are prevalent, particularly Trichohyalus aguayoi and D. Bulbosus and rnenor rnedida Spirillina llillipara, aft. Physalidia sp. And Ammonia beccarii var. Tepida As is common in environments parálicos, associations of foraminifera are characterized by a very variable density, low diversity and abundance of copies of small size and small species. Both the narrow range of variation in environmental parameters between different sampling stations as the wide range of tolerance for Ios foraminifera restricted environments impede the delimitation of subambientes in the study area from associations of foraminifera and explain, generally low correlation between these and these environmental variables. The data are consistent with a model in which the various species do not compete with one another else that react jointly to a single factor, fluctuating so aperiodic and asynchronous with the same species aggregate neighbors. Different statistical techniques employed (cluster analysis, principal components, and correlation) allowed two associations differentiate species: prirmera asodación could be linked to greater influence and includes continental species related environments marjal high or medium such as T. Aguayoi, Trochammina inflata, Jadammina macrescens and Haplophragmoides wilberti the second partnership could be linked to greater influence marine species and includes related environments marjal low, as A. Beccarii var. Tepida, Elphidium sp. And Miliammina fusca. The processes tafonómicos acting saber and the shells of foraminifera that have been revealed are: tafonómica distortion, which leads to alterations in mechanical type, precipitated CaCO3 on the surface of calcareous shells, stuffed and sedimentary pyrite, bioerosión, crystal growth and encostramientos biogenic. The geographical environment, constjtuido overwhelmingly pair calcareous materials determines the conditions fisico-qumicas water gaps (basic pH and high alkalinity), which favors the conservation of the shells of CaCO3, while there is a process of destruction of shells differential wall aglutinada on organic base. The high affinity between biocenosis and tanatocenosis is expected in restricted environments coma coastal lagoons with a low hidrodinamismo, where the mixture of shells of prodedencias different oe 8 l transp 2d8 orte are not factors impartantes.