ZOOLOGY, 2

Author: SÁNCHEZ MARTÍN-CARO ISABEL M..
Year: 2005.
University: COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID.
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS BIOLÓGICAS.
Place of preparation: PROGRAMA DE DOCTORADO EN LA FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS GEOLÓGICAS: TESIS EN EL MUSEO NACIONAL DE CIENCIAS NATURALES-CSIC.

Summary: Mosquitoes are ruminants Pécora that are currently represented only by gender Moschus. During the Miocene, gender Hispanomeryx Micromeryx were an important component of mammalian faunas mainland. In this thesis provides a systematic review of stocks and taxonomic Spanish Micromeryx and Hispanomeryx, as well as an analysis of their phylogenetic relationships. In addition, it carries out the phylogenetic analysis of Moschidae, demonstrating its monofilia and offering an alternative scenario kinship within Pecora, as a sister group of cattle, which refutes their traditional vision as close relatives of cervids. In addition, it provides an approximation of the species paleoecológica Spanish Micromeryx and Hispanomeryx.

Author: BLANCAFORT PUJOLS XAVIER.
Year: 2005.
University: GIRONA.
Place of defense: UNIVERSITAT DE GIRONA.
Place of preparation: UNIVERSITAT DE GIRONA.

Summary: The main pol-linizadores Euphorbia characias, the kind used in most experiments were 4 species dipteros (Calliphora vomitoria, Eristalis tenax, Episyrphus balteatus and Sarcophaga carnaria). While polimización by dipteros is not unusual, there are very few cases described plant pollinated by this insect. The Argentine ant (Linepithema humile), an invasive species native to the shores of the Parana River, was a regular visitor of this plant. Their presence in the inflorescences had an effect re pelente, inflorescences occupied by this ant received less visitors, and some of them were visiting less flowers and traveled more distance between them. In areas invaded by the Argentine ant disappeared most species of native ants, some of which are surely good pollinator of some plants, such as Euphorbia biumbellata (another kind used in this estudio9. Invasion of the Argentine ant not affect the community at large pollinators. When I compare the production of fruits and seeds for Sarothamnus arboreus, Genista monspessulana, Lavandula stoechas, Cistus Salviiforlius and Cistus monspelliensis no differences were found between areas (in the same study also found that these species were alógenas pollinated necessarily flying insects). only two species produced fewer fruits and seeds in areas invaded. Euphorbia characias and Euphorbia biumbellata. This would lower production caused by the effect repellent ants native pollinator.

Author: BLANCAFORT PUJOLS XAVIER.
Year: 2005.
University: GIRONA.
Place of defense: UNIVERSITAT DE GIRONA.
Place of preparation: UNIVERSITAT DE GIRONA.

Summary: The main pol-linizadores Euphorbia characias, the kind used in most experiments were 4 species dipteros (calliphora vomitora. Eristalis tenax. Episyrphus balteatus and Sarcophaga carnaria). While pollination dipteros is not unusual, there are very few cases described plant pollinated by this insect. The Argentine ant (Linepithema humile), an invasive species native to river Panama was a regular visitor of this plant. Their presence in the inflorescences had a repellent effect, the inflorescences occupied by this ant received less visitors, and some of them were visiting less flowers and traveled more distance between them. In areas invaded by the Argentine ant disappeared most species of native ants, some of which are surely good pollinator of some plants, such as Euphoriba biumbellata (other species used in this study). The invasion of the Argentine ant would not affect the community at large pollinators. When I compare the production of fruits and seeds for Sarothamnus arboreus, Genista monspessulana, Lavandula stoechas, Cistus salviifolius and Cistus monspeliensis no differences were found between areas (in the same study also note that these species were pollinated necessarily cross-pollinated by flying insects). Only two species produce fewer fruits and seeds in areas invaded. Euphorbia characias and Euphorbia biumbellata. This would lower production caused by the repellent effect and the disappearance of native ants pollinator.

Author: DÍAZ ÁLVAREZ LETICIA.
Year: 2005.
University: COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID.
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS BIOLÓGICAS.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS BIOLÓGICAS.

Summary: The main objective of this thesis is to address the effect of habitat structure, understood as a structure and floristic composition and characteristics of topography on the distribution and autoecología of bird species forest of Central System (Madrid). Specifically, it highlights the following objectives: 1-To determine the distribution and abundance of species richness of avian communities across the three types of dense forests in the Sierra (Pinus sylvestris formations, and their transitions Quercus pyrenaica) and patterns of habitat selection of the species that compose (cap.1). 2, - Addressing the impact of the arrival of winter in the patterns of distribution at the landscape and habitat forest of the study area in terms of habitat they occupy his stature and his body substrate feeding Preferred (cap.2 ). Considering the importance of melojares in maintaining poultry populations, the remaining objectives are raised exclusively in this medium. 3-Studying the effect of factors abiotic stress-related term on the communities of birds during the winter in melojares (cap.3). 4-Analyze the effects of habitat structure on the patterns of association of passerines of melojares and conduct search of food. Specifically studied: - The frequency of training camps, their size and wealth in species and species groups Frequently within them. (Cap.4). B-seeking behavior food from one of the most ubiquitous species and representative of these means, Herrerillo common Parus caeruleus, considering different aspects of their behavior (cap.4). 5-To determine the influence of habitat structure, position of the nest and characteristics of the substrate which camufla, on the potential risk of predation on artificial nests in melojares (cap.5). 6-See the effect of the structure of breeding territory on the pressure of demand feeding chickens in Herrerillo policy. It used rates ceba and singing of the parents who were observed during two periods of the day: dawn and noon, since only these parameters have been studied during the early hours of saying (Ch. 6). The results of this work can be concluded that: A SCALE ENTRE-HÁBITATS Transitions mixed pine and oak forest formations are maintaining avian wealthier communities during the spring and winter. However, their quantitative importance is lowered because of their small size. Therefore, the masses of oak assume greater significance in maintaining bird populations. A SCALE OF HABITAT The structure of the vegetation has a marked effect on avian communities studied, conditioning all the parameters studied in this thesis. The most important factors are the maturity and development of the wooded shrub layer, both in coverage, as in height and species composition. The topography of the land is a key factor influencing all the parameters studied during the winter because of the relationship it has with temperature and the negative impact of this on small birds. The parameters of influence are the most remarkable elevation and exposure to the field of direct solar incidence.

Author: GUTIÉRREZ LÓPEZ MÓNICA.
Year: 2005.
University: COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID.
Place of preparation: UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID - FACULTAD DE BIOLOGÍA.

Summary: In this work, we studied the effect of earthworm soil hormogaster elisae on the abundance of different groups microartrópodos soil in a number of studies both in the countryside and in the laboratory. This took place in the first place, several laboratory experiments in which there was a clear negative impact of this worm on the abundance and movements of many of the groups microartrópodos studied. In most cases, were extracted more microatrópodos in soils without worms, with statistically significant differences in the groups most abundant. He then attempted to support these results through field studies in more natural conditions. The sampling in the experimental plot of El Molar showed that microartrópodos were more abundant in the absence of those points with various species of earthworms. The last part of the work is focused on finding out the possible causes of the negative effect of earthworm on microartrópodos in the laboratory. We studied two possible mechanisms, predation and competition. After carrying out a series of observations of the contents of the digestive tract and feces of the earthworm, it is concluded that it is not likely to occur predation on microartrópodos at least an active form. To address the hypothesis competition was conducted a series of experiments which subsequently came to the conclusion that these two groups soil possibly compete for some sort of remedy tróifoco located in the first three centimeters of the soil profile. However, neither ruled out that there may be a physical effect of type of disruptive activity of earthworms on microatrópodos.

Author: ZABALA ALBIZUA FRANCISCO JAVIER.
Year: 2005.
University: PAÍS VASCO.
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE CIENCIA Y TECNOLOGÍA.
Place of preparation: UPV-EHU.

Author: HERNÁNDEZ GORDO PATRICIA.
Year: 2005.
University: COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID.
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS BIOLÓGICAS.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE BIOLOGÍA DE LA UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID.

Summary: The study of a community of earthworms in El Molar and his pattern of horizontal distribution form the basis of this thesis. After the completion of three samples at three different times there has been a population consisting mainly of worms by H.elisae, A.caliginosa and A.rosea. These species have a distribution pattern forming patches added with a mean size of 45.55 m for H.elisae, 22.3 for A.rosea and 38.3 m for A.caliginosa. H.elisae seems widely distributed for the whole plot forming a large part of it, a population monoespecífica. This report is complemented by the study of reproduction in the laboratory H.elisae, with the aim of finding a suitable culture medium. This species has a greater production of cocoons when moisture crop is 15%, the density is less than 4 individuals and adds extra food in the form of soil sifting to 250 um. The average weight of the buds is 127.87 +-30.03 mg and is affected by supplementation alimetno of crops from which the worm mother. Similarly, the temperature influences the time of embryo development, which was higher than 15Â ° C (134.89 +-25.71 days) than 18Â ° C (89.56 +-7.09 days), the weight of the earthworm that born is 133.71 + -48.65 mg, if applicable crop to 15Â ° C and 157.51 +-44.65 mg when appropriate means s 18Â ° C. It has also been addressed in this Report times onset of sexual characteristics and external aspects of the dynamics of populations H.elisae.

Author: MORALES FERNAZ JUDITH.
Year: 2005.
University: COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID.
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS BIOLÓGICAS.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS BIOLÓGICAS.

Summary: That argument is framed in the field of Ecology and Evolutionary its focus on the study of quality indicators phenotypic in wildlife, using as a model the flycatchers cerrojillo Ficedula hypoleuca. These indicators provide us with valuable information on the health status and conservation of wildlife populations. But in addition, allow us to deepen their commitments to evolutionary was enfrenan individuals who in their natural environment and the causes of variability in intrapoblacional livelihood strategies. The main conclusions obtained in this thesis are: 1-A process moves early favors the probability of return of the females, the increase in body condition and reducicón the levels of stress. However, it reduces the breeding success. Overlapping moult and reproduction may be an expression of a sudden change in the compromise between present and future reproduction towards greater investment in maintenance own. 2-infection Haemoproteus at the beginning of reproduction could be one of the proximate causes that are conducive to the overlap of the moves and reproduction in females. This enhances the role of parasites blood modulating strategies lives in wild birds. 3 - The synthesis of proteins stress-induced body to defend against the physiological stress is negatively associated with the ability of humoral and cellular immune response. This suggests the existence of an evolutionary compromise between the two maintenance functions in females during playback and confirms that the immune response is expensive. 4 - The levels of total serum immunoglobulins are positively associated with the observed immune cell in females of flycatchers cerrojillo. The blood parasites and physiological stress are positively associated with the level at the beginning of the reproduction, it is necessary to consider these factors to use the level of immunoglobulins totals as an indicator of quality immune. 5 - The females make eggs smaller when they are paired with males less attractive. This indicates that the females show phenotypic plasticity in the allocation of resources in terms of a secondary sexual trait in males, ie, the white spot on the forehead. 6-Color azul-verdoso of eggs flycatchers cerrojillo is positively associated with the humoral and cellular responses of females, which reflects the quality of the same immune. This reinforces the hypothesis of the role marked color azul-verdoso of eggs in wild birds. 7 - The color azul-verdoso of eggs reflects the substance of maternal antibodies in the yolk and the probability of survival of the resulting chicks. 8 - Chlorine azul-verdoso of eggs could be used as an indicator of health status in populations of wild animals, being particularly useful when working with populations under threat. 9 - The expression of the white spot on the forehead of female populations Iberian did not reflect his state of health, but is associated positively with the number of volantones. The expression of the white spot wing is associated with the date, the number of chickens hatched and indicates the level of total serum immunoglobulins. Therefore, white spots of feathers reflect some aspect of the quality of phenotypic females. However, its potential role signaling must be verified experimentally.

Author: PÉREZ IBARRA IRENE.
Year: 2006.
University: MURCIA.
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE BIOLOGÍA. UNIVERSIDAD DE MURCIA.
Place of preparation: UNIVERSIDAD DE MURCIA.

Summary: The present report deals with the social and cultural aspects of the conservation of species through the study of one of the main factors threatening the conservation of turtle arrears (Testudo graeca) in the Southeast Iberian: practices and social representations associated with the problem of collection and captivity of the species. This has been used quantitative and qualitative methods of social research that has enabled in-depth knowledge and sizing practices and social representations on the Turtle arrears and know the positioning of the various social groups involved in the conservation and management of the species. The practice of collecting and possession was very rooted in agrarian society and the species were collected for its maintenance in the home and for sale as a pet. This collection and trade decreased considerably due to rural exodus and the protection of the species. Nevertheless, the custom continues to maintain local turtles in captivity and the species is still collecting but not business objectives. In addition, the development urbano-turístico is reversing the situation of depopulation and is causing an increase in the processes of collection. The current status of the collection and possession is proven and dimensioned through surveys school and new residents of international tourism in the municipalities around distribution of the species in the provinces of Murcia and Almeria. To find social representations that motivate these practices were held captive to the different social actors that keep captive turtles. Analysis of the speeches reveals the existence of three social representations on the Turtle arrears reflect the changes in society's rural environment of the species distribution. The agrarian society maintains a representation of the turtle as "Animal domesticable." This social representation, with the shift to a urban society, is being replaced by "pet". At present, new rural residents have an image of the turtle as "protected animals" and maintain an address "nature conservation" to legitimize the practice. In connection with the strategies of action, in-depth interviews were conducted with the social partners that make up the "scope" of the conservation of the species. The speeches show the existence of two positions: one in which manipulative, via breeding and reintroduction are employed individuals who remain captive to intervene on wild populations and the problems of conservation of the species and other non - - manipulative in which separates the conservation of wild populations of the management of the captive population and pursues habitat protection and the preservation of ecosystems as a strategy for the conservation of the species. The first posture reflects a vision of the turtle as "kind manipulated" and the latter representing a "flagship species". Both positions are clearly distinguishable in the provinces of Almeria and Murcia (manipulative) (no-manipulativo) and especially in the agencies responsible for the decision. The interviews have allowed, likewise, have been learning how to build and differentiating these positions. To assess whether the tools manipulator, in this case the translocations, are suitable for the conservation of the species, has designed a system hierarchically organized into three levels of decision (assessment of the need for action, risk and technical). Applying this system, translocations, as a general strategy for the conservation of the species in the southeastern mainland, are not appropriate or priority. Following this assessment, the report is a proposal for management 8 of the p 3da oblation captive framed in the conservation of wild populations of the species. As mechanisms to prevent the collection and possession of the captive tortoise arrears, it is suggested, and give guidelines for designing an educational program designed to strengthen the image of the turtle arrears as wild species.

Author: MAGAÑA RAMOS MARINA.
Year: 2006.
University: COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID.
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE BIOLOGÍA DE LA UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE BIOLOGÍA DE LA UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID.

Summary: The Great Bustard Common presents a number of morphological and behavioral characteristics that make it an object of study extremely interesting. This dissertation seeks to extend the current knowledge on reproductive behavior of the species. Studying the great sexual dimorphism that introduced and the causes that have given rise to such dimorphism between the sexes. Making a detailed and quantitative description of the reproductive system of the Great Bustard in the population of Madrid. Exploring existing relationships in males between age, weight, body size, character development sexual and reproductive success obtained at the time of mating. Just as the relationship presents the development of secondary sexual characteristics and the age male with the rate of aggressive interactions, which occurred both at the time of establishment of hierarchies as at the time of mating. Moreover, for the first time, based on a large sample of females marked described the reproductive behavior of females, the effect of age on reproductive and certain parameters are characterized nesting sites of the Great Bustard Common, through a series of variable terrain, Descriptive regime's agricultural intra-específicas and derived from human discomfort.

Author: LÓPEZ GONZÁLEZ JOSE ANTONIO.
Year: 2006.
University: EXTREMADURA.
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS.
Place of preparation: UNIVERSIDAD DE EXTREMADURA - FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS.

Author: FERNÁNDEZ VEGA CRISTINA.
Year: 2006.
University: VALENCIA.
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE MATEMÁTICAS - UNIVERSITAT DE VALÈNCIA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS BIOLÓGICAS - UNIVERSITAT DE VALÈNCIA.

Summary: The present work has evaluated the acute toxicity of the herbicide propanil on the European eel Anguilla anguilla (from the Lagoon of Valencia) identifying on its effect on mortality of individuals. In addition tracked the secondary stress-induced response in this species under the influence of two sublethal concentrations of the same herbicide, during a presentation of 72 hour, followed by a recovery phase in water free of the herbicide (144 h) through a system of continuous flow of movement half (Flow-through test system). There was a clear response to stress in eel, which is characterized by hyperglycemia, hiperlactemia, hyperlipemia and hypoproteinaemia, to be accompanied by a reduction in the levels of glycogen, total protein and lipids in different organs and tissues, in which an increase in lactate he was also measurable as a result of the situation caused hypoxia. The herbicide propanil, at sublethal concentrations tested, it proved very toxic to the eel, as the animals needed to mobilize their energy reserves, as evidenced by the decline in the calorie bodies in reserve as the liver and muscle. The recovery period provided was insufficient for the restoration of the parameters studied once removed herbicide environment, regardless of the concentration of propanil used. The liver was a very "extenuado" during the exposure of animals to propanil in the concentrations used, as is apparent from the decline observed in plasma levels of albumin and total protein, together with the increasing activities aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase Lactate dehydrogenase liver, and the decline in activity -Glutamil transferase liver, supported by the increased rate hepatosomático, and the water content of this body. This deterioration was most pronounced liver in animals exposed to the highest concentration of the herbicide. It quantified the alkaline phosphatase enzyme activity, which showed a great sensitivity to the presence of propanil in the middle. His overall activity increased in all organs and tissues analyzed, indicative of injuries in the tissues and cell necrosis. The degree of impairment was greater with the highest concentration of the herbicide and its subsequent recovery was depending on the tissue or organ, the concentration of the herbicide and the exposure time. The role -Glutamil transferase, indicative of the activation pathways of detoxification of xenobiotics and oxidative stress, responded to the intoxication of eels for propanil, so there was a reduction of this activity in the liver parallel to its increase in the skeletal muscle and heart, during exposure to toxic. After the transfer to free water from propanil, the activity is "normal" in the heart, while continued altered in muscle and liver. The recovery period of six days was enough to observe the trend of restoring most of the enzymatic activities measures eels exposed to the lowest concentration of propanil. However, in animals exposed to the highest concentration, the recovery period prescribed (double the exposure period) was not enough. So we can conclude that require a longer recovery period to determine whether or not there is trend towards standardization in the selected parameters.

Author: GALDÓN DE DOMINGO MMa. ANGELES.
Year: 2006.
University: VALENCIA.
Place of defense: BIBLIOTECA DEL CAMPUS DE BURJASSOT.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS BIOLÓGICAS.

Summary: The present study has Ilevado out parasitological analysis of 324 copies of Podarcis bocagei and 290 of Podarcis carbonelli (sauria: Lacertidae), five localities NO Portugal. Such an analysis has revealed the presence of: (i) inclusions eritrocitarias associated virus, (ii) 2 genres Protozoos hemoparásitos (Hepatozoon sp. And Plasmodium sp.), And (iii) 6 species of helminths [1 Digenea (Brachylaima sp. ), 1 Cestoda (Oochoristica gallica), and 4 Nematoda (Spauligodon carbonelli, Skrjabinelazia hoffmanni hoffmanni, Skrjabinelazia sp. and spirurida gene. sp.)]. The analysis reveals no differences in the structure and composition of the communities parásitarias both hosts one another. In addition, from the point of vist ahelmintofaunístico, the results conform to the typical pattern seen in other Lacertidos mainland, despite the fact that the values of diversity are the poorest of all known Eurasian Reptiles. However, the analysis hemoparasitario shows that values high prevalence of infection in each of the species tested, while the average intensity of infection were found to be lower than those seen in other hosts have been detected Reptiles.No relationship between sex host and parasitofauna (except in the case of males of P. carbonelli the town of Torreira), or between diet and carnivora presence of certain species of Nematodes. Both species Lacertidos show a similar relationship between time of the year and cargo helmintofaunística, which is higher in adult except in the area of sintopla. The low values of diversity helmintiana be most likely to dune ecosystem habitats are shown as little prone to the occurrence of such infections in hosts Lacertidos, while as far as the hemoparasitofauna is concerned, the type of habitat does not exercise any influence or qualitatively or quantitatively speaking. From the point of view blood, have not found differences in formulas leucocitarias copies of infected and non-infected, which suggests the existence of a hemoparasitismo inmunocontrolado by both hosts.