ANIMAL CYTOLOGY

Author: OLIVA HERNÁNDEZ JORGE.
Year: 2004.
University: COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID.
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE VETERINARIA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE VETERINARIA.

Summary: The sperm capacitation is a necessary process to develop the acrosomal reaction and fertilization in mammals. To acquire the ability fecundante the epsermatozoide has experience training, this process takes place in the female genital tract where sperm undergoes a series of changes that include alterations in the fluidity of the membrane, withdrawal of cholesterol and increased intracellular ion they cause changes in the membrane potential of sperm, and motility patterns in the acrosomal reaction. Recent studies show that the phosphorylation of proteins, especially in the tyrosine residues play an important role in training and in the acrosomal reaction. Several studies have shown that EGF and TGFa induce fosforilazión of tirosinas through the activation of EGFr. The EGFr has been identified in the sperm of different species of animals and is phosphorylated in the presence of EGF, inducing acrosoma exocytosis of the bull and in mice. However, the system EGF / TGFa has not yet been studied in the boar. The objective of this study was to study the distribution of EGF, TGFa and EGFr in the genital tract of boar, determine the location of EGFr in the spermatozoa of boar, quantify the number of sperm that have EGFr in different functional states and study the effects the EGF on training, and maintenance acrosomal reaction of the sperm over time. The use of specific antibodies allowed locate the EGF, TFGa and EGFr in the testis and the sexual glands attached. However, bulbouretrales glands showed no immunoreactivity. In the testis, EGF was expressed with similar levels of intensity on the Leydig cells, the cells peritubulares, germ cells and Sertoli. The TGFa expressed in Sertoli cells while the EGFr did so in the germ cells and Sertoli cells. The epididymis, prostate and seminal vesicles were also stained positively for EGF, TGFa and ECGr. The higher intensity levels were detected in the seminal vesicles. For investigacr location EGFr in the spermatozoa of the boar were set samples, were marked with specific antibodies and examined using a confocal microscope. Sperm showing EGFr, were quantified using a citómetro flow. Sperm in its three functional states (without training, and trained under the acrosomal reaction) showed the EGFr in different regions including the sperm tail, intermediate piece and in the head. Analysis of the results obtained in the citómetro flow revealed that the proportion of sperm presenting the EGFr was highly variable depending on the individual and not found related to functional status. To study the effects of EGF on training, were trained to boar sperm using half Tyrode (TALP-HEPES) supplemented with 0, 10 and 100 ng ML-1 of EGF. Sperm trained with each of the rallies were submitted to the acrosomal reaction in the presence or absence of 10. M ionóforo A23187. It was taken after our training and the r eacción acrosomal and were valued acrosoma integrity, the integrity of the membrane and motility patterns. The application of EGF in concentrations of 10 or 100 ng ML-1 is not altered (P greater 0.05) integrity acrosoma, the integrity of the membrane, or (P greater 0.05) patterns motility when assessed samples of training. However 8, adi 686 tion in the middle of training 100 ng ml - 1 of EGF better quality of motion (P less 0001) after applying a treatment to induce acrosomal reaction. The EGF had no effect on the acrosomal reaction or on the viability of the sperm over time. Taken together, these results suggest qu eel system EGF / TGFa can play an important role in the regulation of testicular physiology of the boar and could be implicated in the regulation of spermatogenesis, the maturation of sperm in the epididymis. Moreover, the presence of EGF / TGFa in glánculas sexual annexed, as well as the presence of EGFr in the spermatozoa, suggesting their involvement in the modulation of sperm function. Finally, the results suggest that the EGF acts during training to improve the quality of motion after applying a treatment to induce acrosomal reaction.

Author: VIÑUELA SANCHEZ ANTONIO.
Year: 2004.
University: SALAMANCA.
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE MEDICINA.
Place of preparation: LABORATORIO DE NEUROBIOLOGIA DE LA AUDICION. DPTO BIOLOGIA CELULAR Y PATOLOGIA.

Summary: In this Doctoral Thesis, we demonstrate the existence of an unpublished nucleus of the rat brain. It is a cylindrical core that runs lengthwise roof mesencefálico between the edge of the rostral comisura of colículo top and the caudal edge of the comisura of colículo lower near the median line and immediately above the dorsomedial column of the gray periacueductal, with a length of 3.5-4 mm. With approximately 10,000 neurons. Comparing column comisural tectal with nuclei that surround it make it different: a) its citoarquitectura. Its neurons have a different size and greater neuronal density that colículo higher or the gray periacueductal. B) Because of their connections. After injection with tracer retrograde FluoroGold in the complex olive grove above the rat, are marked many neurons in the column comisural tectal ipsolateral, while not seen the same thing in the regions around it. For the study of the major sources of the projection inject tracer FluoroGold in column comisural tectal. This allowed us to the analysis of the distribution of somas scored in the brain. Despite the huge number of centers with somas markings, the likeliest candidates as sources of innervation are the core parolivar upper branches of colículo below, the core of conjunctival arm of colículo lower, colículo higher, the core precomisural and hearing areas of the cerebral cortex. In order to confirm that these centers are really a source of projection, we made shots with tracers anterógrados in these centers to analyze terminals fields generated in column comisural tectal. So we recorded the innervation of the heart parolivar higher and the subdivision colículo lower described extensively in this thesis work.

Author: GOMEZ NIETO RICARDO JOSE.
Year: 2005.
University: SALAMANCA.
Place of defense: EDIFICIO HISTORICO.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE MEDICINA.

Summary: The reflection hearing sobresalto (SAR) is a reaction motor that living organisms are in the presence of an auditory stimulus unexpected and intensive. The circuit of neural SAR consists of the root of the cochlear neurons (NsRC) intending to neurons in the nucleus lattice pontinocaudal (NRPC), which in turn innervate the motoneuronas contracting muscles, triggering the sobresalto. One of the most interesting modulations of RAS as a measure of the mechanisms sensoriomotores brain is the inhibition by previous stimulus (IEP) of RAS. The IEP is a drastic decline in response sobresalto when the auditory stimulus is preceded by a pre-estímulo weak non triggers the sobresalto. Knowledge of the neural circuit that mediates the IEP can be used to understand the pathophysiology of neuropsychiatric illnesses who are studying with alteration of this phenomenon, such as schizophrenia and Huntington's disease. However, this circuit is not yet known exactly. If a pre-estímulo auditory inhibitory causes this phenomenon, there must be a connection between a core of the auditory pathway and one of the circuit components of the RAS, NsRC or NRPC. Most of the authors consider the RAS inhibition occurs at the level of NRPC through a long circuit that does not explain peculiarities of the IEP as will happen for intervals between stimuli (ISI) less than 50 ms. Our study describes a projection directly from the ventral nucleus of the trapezoid body (NVCT) to NsRC using Immunohistochemical techniques and layout of the nerve pathways to study the terminals NVCT to optical microscopy, confocal and electronics. Contacts sinápticos on NsRC are symmetrical with small round vesicles contain as neurotransmitter acetylcholine neurons and come from non olivococleares the NVCT. This direct route towards inhibition circuit RAS is consistent with the strong inhibition of response from the NsRC before implementing pre-estímulos hearing that we have studied through extracellular recording technique in vivo, with the ISI of 25 ms where we noticed the greatest inhibition. Our study suggests a short circuit in which pre-estímulos hearing inhibit the response of the NsRC through the cholinergic projection from the NVCT, which can be an important component of the neural circuit that regulates the SAR's IEP.

Author: Sánchez Gea José Fermín.
Year: 2006.
University: MURCIA.
Place of defense: Facultad de Veterinaria.
Place of preparation: Facultad de Veterinaria.

Summary: Gender Zabrus problematic taxonomic, cytogenetic, phylogenetic and biogrográficos interest. The aim of this thesis has been rebuilding its evolutionary history and analyze phylogenetic relationships that exist esntre their lineages. Two approaches have been used one other cytogenetic and molecular. In análsis cytogenetic have located rDNA loci through the technique of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and the molecular were analyzed mitochondrial DNA sequences (cytochrome oxidase) and nuclear (ITS-II and 28S), by methods of distance , parsimony and verosimiltud. The results show that the chromosomes carrying rDNA loci vary from 2 to 12, while the number of cistrones forming these loci is also variable. As for the analysis of DNA sequences, the results show a number of lineages and sublinajes matching partly taxonomy and phylogenetic relationships already known of the genre, based on morphological characters, the female genitalia and data chromosome. The pattern of variation found in ribosomal genes have been descrtio for the first time in insects and is not associated with the variation in chromosome number. This character has not proven useful in obtaining phylogenetic conclusions. The molecular analysis corroborates any of the previous assumptions about the taxonomy and phylogeny of some taxa and himself raised new hypotheses on the evolutionary history of species that make up this genre