ANIMAL BEHAVIOR

Author: TAPIA DEL RÍO LUIS ENRIQUE.
Year: 2004.
University: SANTIAGO DE COMPOSTELA [www.usc.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE BIOLOGÍA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE BIOLOGÍA.

Summary: It brings descriptive information about the community falconiformes in the province of Orense, in relation to its diversity, abundance, density and estimated populations, as well as data about selacción of hábitat.Se made special mention for the south-western mountains, where inidicó in knowledge of the distribution local.Se discussed the state of stocks of red Partridge (ALECTORIS rufa), Iberian hare (Lepus granatensis) and rabbit (Oryctolagus cunicufus) in sierral south-western Ourense.Se developed patterns of distribution and habitat selection at macroescala.Se discussed the possible impact on the falconiformes present is the status of these especies-presa, as well as the conflicts in the conservation of both establishing management strategies for the populations of red Partridge, Hare and Rabbit in Iberian the Baixa-Limia.Se marked the community falconiformes media mountainous northwest of the Iberian peninsula over an annual cycle and analyzed patterns of habitat selection of hunting during specific periods reproductive and discussed how post-reproductivo.Se environmental variables influencing analyzed in the presence, abundance and richness of different falconiformes in those períodos.Los patterns of habitat selection obtained intend to provide a tool for the management of stocks in such medios.Se propose measures for the conservation and management habitat that could favor the falconiformes presentes.Se modelizó the habitat selection two spatial scales: SCI Baixa-Limia and province Ourense.Se discuss patterns of habitat selection obtained, analyzes the affection of the scale in the selection of habitat by them and evaluates the effectiveness of the two census techniques employed to carry out these estudios.Igualmente discussed the implications and practical applications of these models in the conservation of the diurnal raptors in Ourense.Se analyzed the situation of Águla real in the province of Orense, and their patterns of distribution and selection hábitat.Se predict areas distribuación potential from data of known nesting areas, current and former, developing models cartographic identifacadores of áresas habitat potentially more appropriate priority for conservation. are analyzed and discussed conservation problems associated with the limitations of the media and that can influence their ability are charging.

Author: DALMAV BUENO ANTONI.
Year: 2004.
University: AUTÓNOMA DE BARCELONA [www.uab.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE VETERINARIA.
Place of preparation: ESCUELA DE DOCTORADO Y DE FORMACIÓN CONTINUADA.

Summary: This work is divided into five studies are designed to study the habitat selection of Pyrenean chamois (Rupicapra pyrenaica pyrenaica), possible sexual segregation of the species, social behavior and feeding within the flocks, seasonal changes in the concentration faecal cortisol metabolites as stress indicators and parameters fermentativos of the population microbina rumen of a chamois. This study was conducted in the Sierra del Cadíz from January 2001 to July 2004. The chamois were observed traversing the study area on foot, classifying individuals by age and sex. It took into account aspects such as altitude, vegetation, direction of the slope and distance to a spot exhaust. We obtained samples of grass and feces of 4 areas from 2001 to 2003 to study nitrogen in the grass (NP), as an indicator of the quality of forage and fecal nitrogen (NF), as an indicator of the quality of the diet. The feces were also used to analyze metabólitos cortisol. To study the social behavior and feeding within groups were followed up on an animal for 10 minutes, considering his position and scoring central or peripheral activities in various fractions of 5 seconds. We used 6 fermenters double continuous flow over a trial period of 10 days to compare digestibilidades dry matter (DM) and fiber, the profile of fermentation and nitrogen metabolism of bacterial populations ruminal from chamois and cow (Bos taurus) . The overall results showed a clear segregation of sex with males selected by pine and scrub areas with a half-height and females by grassy areas with altitudinal migration more evident than in males. Due to altitudinal migration pattern of females, the animals were always segregated in areas with vouchers similar NP. Poor correlation between Npy NF confirmed the highly selective nature of chamois. The level of vigilance was higher for animals in the middle of the pack in the periphery, with no effect on the group size or age of the animal. Males and females showed a high degree of desynchronization of activities in mixed groups. The metabolites of cortisol in faeces (MCH) showed a clear seasonal pattern, being highest in winter and with some correlation with the monthly average minimum temperatures and NF. There was no difference in the digestibilidades of MS and fibers, as well as the total concentration of volatile fatty acids from the seeds of chamois and cow. However, the proportion of propionic and ammoniacal nitrogen was higher in the chamois, while the butyrate and synthesis of bacterial protein was higher in the cow. So in conclusion, the results of this study are consistent with the assumptions proposed by the assumption reproductive strategies to explain sexual segregation in ungulates, with a peak of sexual segregation in the summer, when apparently the offspring are more susceptible to predation . However, the quality of the diet should be reconsidered as a factor involved in this phenomenon for species with high capacity for selection, such as chamois. The hypothesis size corporal-dimorfismo sex was refused agree with the results, and other assumptions that try to explain sexual segregation in ungulates, like that of the social factors or the swings d 8 and activi 5ee dad (activity budget) , partially supported by the behavior of both sexes in mixed groups, they need to be studied in greater depth. On the other hand, chamois, the differences displayed in reference to other ungulates, appears as a sort interesting to study aspects of social behavior. From a management standpoint, the MCH can be a good stress index winter in the chamois and fermenters a useful tool to study the role of rumen wild. According to the results, other things being equal, the population of a rumen microbial chamois would have a capacity of digestion similar to that of a cow, but differ in the profile of fermentation, and chamois would lower bacterial protein synthesis.

Author: VEGAS MORENO OSCAR.
Year: 2004.
University: PAÍS VASCO [www.ehu.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE PSICOLOGIA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE PSICOLOGIA.

Summary: The first overall objective of this research focuses Jan. Study the impact of social stress and the different coping strategies are the same on the neuroendocrine activity (corticosterona blood), the immune activity (T lymphocyte proliferative capacity levels of IL-2 and IL-12) and tumor development (pulmonary metastasis of melanoma B16). The second overall objective is to the study of behavioral and neuroendocrine effects caused by the tumor development. The results show that social stress depresses the immune certain parameters and it causes a greater tumor development. Further subjects are adopting a more passive coping stress, which presents greater tumor development.

Author: Corgos López-Prado Antonio.
Year: 2004.
University: A CORUÑA [www.udc.es].
Place of defense: Facultad de Ciencias.
Place of preparation: Facultad de Ciencias.

Summary: The spatial structure of the population of M. Squinado in Estuary A Coruna can be defined as a meroplanctónica metapopulations. We identified two local populations in the shallow waters consist primarily by juveniles. (Bastiagueiro, on the inside, the most abundant and Canide, in the middle). I diante experiences marcado-recaptura was ruled out the existence of flows of individuals youth exchange between these two populations or movements of these individuals toward deep zones. The local population of Bastiagueiro brings a large number of individuals to the population of adults in deep water, while the population of Canide contributes a very small number of adults. Individuals youth show a marked behavior agregativo, occupy only a small portion of the available habitat and conduct coordinated movements along the habitat. The reckytanuebti of hyvebukes small size substrates in shallow sandy water is virtually continuous from the summer until early winter, but with maximum peaks in the fall and early winter. Individuals youth preferably used substrates sandy someros (5-15 m depth) in oceanic areas but relatively protected within the estuary of A Coruna. The apparent survival rate estimated for young people in Bstiagueiro was higher than the estimated population of Canide. Population dynamics of local populations of youth is regulated by mortality, recruitment and reproductive migrations after pubertal moves. Significant differences were detected in the growth of males and females in their úlltimo year as a youth, both in the number of annual silent as in the period of intermuda. Most of the females performed 3 dummy in the year they reach maturity. The males have a period of silent broader terminal (April-September with a peak in July) and with respect to females (June to August, with a mácimo in August). Males begin migration to deep water on average a week earlier than females. The first male to initiate migration are smaller and in worse physiological condition.

Author: ALONSO NUEVO CESAR LUIS.
Year: 2004.
University: COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID [www.ucm.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS BIOLÓGICAS.
Place of preparation: MUSEO NACIONAL CIENCIAS NATURALES (CSIC).

Summary: One of the most important contingencies that should solve toods animals in their daily activities is predation. The objective of this thesis is to analyze from a doctoral evolutionary perspective and autoecológica the impact (direct and indirect) of predation on many ecological phenomena and begin to understand the strategies employed for the species to minimize their influence on the proper implementation of other vital activities . These strategies are developed before, during and after the encounter with a predator. Through a series of approximations both observational com experimetales has tried to obtain an overview of the behavior antidepredatorio of species. The risk of predation, through dela structure of the vegetation is the main determinant of the size of the camp of passerines and the use of space for food. However, the diet (ie local distribution and abundance of each type of food) could have relevance in the appearance of gregarismo along the evolutionary history of species. On other hand, the use of habitat can be modified by other factors conditioning in the temporary budget or energy of individuals (e. G. Termorregulación and competition). Once that occurs encounter with a potential predator, flexibility in the behavior of species allows them to respond to changes in the balance between their needs and the costs associated with their activity antidepredatoria. The type of flight and the time a copy of the prey species fleeing a predator seem to respond to that commitment. For his part, when the risk of death by starvation is patete dams are able to increase the time devoted to food without an apparent increase their vulnerability to predators. In conclusion, the risk of predation is an unavoidable factor in any action or decision taken by individuals, but not the only pressure to bear in mind. The need to harmonize the activities antidepredatorias to achieving a positive energy balance requires individuals to develop mechanisms for minimizing the effects of predation. The dams have the ability to assess the risk in the absence of predator and seem to behave conservatively sobrestimando their risk of capture. This allows them to compensate for high-risk situations with a rise in its effort antidepredatorio and integrate the influence of other environmental factors that affect their survival.

Author: Ons Sheila.
Year: 2004.
University: AUTÓNOMA DE BARCELONA [www.uab.es].
Place of defense: Facultad de Ciencias.
Place of preparation: Unidad de Fisiología Animal.

Summary: In recent years efforts have been made to identify and characterize genes (IEG) early activation-induced neuronal activity as a tool to explore the cellular and molecular basis of synaptic plasticity. Depending on your role, these genes can be classified into two groups; a) genes encoding transcription factors and b) genes encoding effector proteins, which play a direct role in the changes in efficacy or in the synaptic connectivity. Of the transcription factors whose expression is induced in response to neuronal activity one of the most studied is the c-fos. The activation of this gene has been widely used as a marker of neuronal activity. The expression of transcription factors (such as c-fos) provides information on those areas where it is induced transcriptional activity, but does not indicate areas where they can also occur synaptic reorganization processes. That's why it is interesting to explore simultaneously SGIs others who can provide additional information. Among the IEG called effectors, the most studied so far is the one that encodes for a protein called Arc. The characterization of IEG Arc revealed a number of interesting special features for use in the study of learning processes. This gene gives rise to a high protein homology with the protein cytoskeleton espectrina, which is associated in vivo with F-actina. Since proteins associated with the cytoskeleton has been implicated in the structural changes underlying sinápticos changes, the discovery of a gene strongly induced by neuronal activity that also encodes for a protein cytoskeleton suggests that the same could play a role major changes at synaptic plastic. For that reason, Arc has been studied extensively in recent years, which has helped establish a number of interesting features, among which we highlight three: first is the only known IEG whose mRNA is transported and selectively localized in the dendrites of activated synapses, and secondly, that localization is dependent on the activation of glutamate receptor type NMDA. Finally, blocking the induction of Arc by injection intrahipocampal of antisense oligonucleotides, rat, inhibit both the consolidation of LTP, such as the establishment of memories in the space version of the Morris water maze. The main contribution of the thesis submitted is the characterization of gene expression in the CNS Arc in response to various stressful situations, with special emphasis on the consequences of a previous experience with a stressful situation on the response to the same situation resubmitted . The main conclusions were obtained as follows: a) It has been shown that the expression of Arc in stressful situations is restricted to areas telencefálicas, in stark contrast with the activation of c-fos throughout the CNS. B) The expression of Arc is activated in some areas where there is usually observed expression of c-fos (eg basolateral amygdala, training hipocampal and striped), which indicates that the latter is not a universal indicator of neural activation, and that is the use of several important SGIs to better characterize the neuronal populations that really are activated in stressful situations. C) Repeated exposure to the same stressful situation (immobilization, IMO) leads to a reduction in the induction of c-fos expression in much of the CNS, while the decline in the induction of Arc is more limited. D) The effects of repeated exposure to the IMO have the greatest impact on the transcription of c-fos on protein levels measured by the number of neurons that show immunoreactivity the c-fos. E) The effects of repeated exposure to IMO and one expos 8 ición (q 4f5 ue has taken place days or weeks before) on some variables such as the HPA axis, are qualitatively similar, but appear to respond to different mechanisms. To characterize whether there is a substrate neurobiológico different was conducted to compare the effects of repeated experiences with the IMO with one previous experience. The results indicate that reducing the expression of c-fos is more widespread with repeated exposure, but does not reveal any area of the CNS which is sensitive to only one previous exposure.

Author: SÁNCHEZ PRIETO M. CRISTINA.
Year: 2004.
University: EXTREMADURA [www.unex.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE VETERINARIA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE VETERINARIA DE CÁCERES.

Summary: The mating system of deer in Doñana is a special case in the area of global distribution of the species. The deer is a kind poligínica in which a male pairing with a variable number of females. Defending harems mobile is the strategy outlined for the deer in most of its range. However, the deer in Doñana defending harems coexists with the territorial strategy in which a male defends a territory rather than following the harems of females in their daily turnover of food. This paper addresses outstanding issues on the use of space and strategies mating males and females requiring marking individually. The results show that non-territorial mating strategy is more frequent than territorial, and there are few changes in strategy in the same individual from different years. In addition, deer territorial succeed better player than non-territorial areas of greatest champion totals, and during the berrea has areas campeo lower than those of non-territorial. Fidelity to mating areas year after year is high, and more animals are moving away from the areas of berrea during the remainder of the year are those with a successful intermediate player. The characteristics of the area campeo of deer in Doñana are similar to those described for the species in the Mediterranean environments, taking males areas champion older females. We found a big swing in the size of individual areas campeo, and that both male and female use the same areas campeo in different years, the absence of seasonal changes, except in males using a smaller area at the time of heat, being smaller areas campeo of males with greater thickness cuerna, which has been linked to other jobs with competitive ability, it could be indicative that males are more capable of defending a territory. Due to the high mortality suffered by the females have not been able to observe movements makes the ecotone in the era of berrea, and the few that we have managed behavioral data suggest that females can be integrated into harems of different males to be established in their area campeo. As for the characteristics of the population of deer Doñana, we found that deer Doñana has cuernas shorter and less thick that deer and other populations studied are lower and longer. In addition, the deer population Doñana present an allelic diversity and a degree of heterocigosidad higher than huntable populations studied, and in the latter the effect of gene drift is very pronounced, causing genetic differentiation among populations very close. It should be pointed out that the isolation of populations through the fence hunting does not appear to be a decisive factor in the degree of variability among them, and that populations without fenced hunting were not genetically more diverse than closed. Finally, we found that the construction of fences exclusion, breeding enclosures and other obstacles in the wild, is not a safe management for deer, and affects the use they make of habitat, and may reduce the amount of habitat available.

Author: MARZAL REYNOLDS ALFONSO.
Year: 2005.
University: EXTREMADURA [www.unex.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS (BIOLÓGICAS).
Place of preparation: UNVIERSIDAD DE EXTREMADURA (FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS).

Summary: Parasites can play a very important role in almost all aspects of evolutionary biology of their hosts as a factor selective regulation population, and may interact with other components delas vital strategies. These effects on a variety of aspects of the strategies of their hosts vital cause a reduction in its biological effectiveness. But we are still far from knowing exactly these mechanisms of action, and the commitments that may arise between the different components of the strategies vital. Therefore, we raise the following objectives in the thesis: * Check experimentally, and natural conditions, the pathogenic parasites in blood, analyzing its effect on the biological effectiveness of its host. * Ascertain whether the breeding success of a total host is affected by the harmful effects of hemoparásitos in the early stages of its reproductive cycle. * Identify the costs of producing immune responses in the various components of the strategies vital. * Verify the existence of a compromise between the production of an immune response and the deposition of androgens in the bud. * To determine whether the investment in the bud is androgen dependent on the body condition of the female. * Knowing the percentage of individuals infected by parasites in the blood of people Joint Plane, noting the prevalence and intensity of infection in different age classes that compose it. * Ascertain the role played by hemoparásitos in developing the senescence of their hosts, analyzing the immune system and infection of the individuals in the population over time. * To investigate whether the role of parasites in the development of senescence is common in different bird species varies by comparing how infection in two species of hirundíndos over time. We experimentally that the production of an immune response implies a decline in the breeding success, which gives us evidence of the existence of a compromise between these vital components of the strategies. Moreover, we can also conclude that the blood parasites have very adverse effects on the size and other demographic variables putting their hosts. We were also able to demonstrate that the immune system declines with age in natural populations of birds, while the prevalence and intensity of blood parasites increases as a result of deteriorating immune, starting to see the effects of parasitism at an early age. Therefore, we showed that parasites play a key role in the expression of senescence, so that all studies and comparisons of the effects of parasites on the populations of their host should take into account the age of the individuals analyzed. Likewise, we see experimentally that the distribution of androgens in the yolks of eggs is very expensive and is an investment dependent on the body condition.

Author: AYUSO OLIVA AIDA MARÍA.
Year: 2005.
University: GRANADA [www.ugr.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS.

Summary: In this thesis provides the results of 2 years of research (2003-04) of habitat use of 17 species of bats in the karst, plasters of Gobantes (Antequera, Malaga), an area whose interest lies in the construction of the This research consists of a botanical study, meteorological and zoo. Based on the data collected through transects listening with ultrasonic detectors, we knew of the activity of bats in 6 habitats described in the study area. The habitat "work" is not detected the presence of cave species. The habitats were most commonly used, in order of importance, "reservoir" (by species fisuricolas "," watercourses temporary "(usually by all species of bats) and" burned area "(as natural exit of the cave , whose refuge Yesos III is located in this habitat). methodology revealed 10 new appointments distribution bats for the study area, three of them which showed increased activity in this area: Pipistrellus pygmaeus, Eptesicus serotinus and Tadarida teniotis, according to order of importance. novel This study is complemented by tracking the movements of entry / exit the refuge of bats Mina del Arroyo Moralas (Álora) compared to the blasting made for the construction of a tunnel belonging to another stretch of the same railway line. Lastly, the quantity and quality of the sound recordings of species Pipistrellus pygmaeus and P.pipistrellus, recorded during sampling in Gobantes were used in a study bioacústico international at Bristol University, to find differences tonal. compared with individuals from Italy and Britain confirmed the existence of "dialects.

Author: MUÑOZ MUÑOZ ALBERTO.
Year: 2005.
University: COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID [www.ucm.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE BIOLOGÍA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE - UNIVERSIDAD DE CASTILLA-LA MANCHA.

Summary: The overall aim of the thesis is to analyze what factors influence the predatory behavior and dispersing seed of the oak moruno and field mice, and what impact these factors may have on the natural regeneration of the encinaen ecosystems Mediterranean. The objective is approached from a broad ecological perspective in which factors relating to the characteristics of the seeds, rodents and environment interact and together determine the patterns of predation and dispersal observed in the field. It was found that the type of habitat (forest / dehesa) has a great influence on the populations of both mice and in their patterns of predation and dispersal. The presence of wild ungulates also conditioned largely to the populations and behavior of the mice. In general, the impact of large herbivores on mice was higher in range, as the apparently scrub forest can operate as a shelter paralos mice compared with the disruptions of genetic ungulates. The size of the seed and its relation to the size of the mice had a great influence on the predatory behavior and dispersing. The large seeds were generally ignored by individuals small presumably due to transport costs associated. The mice consistently avoided acorns infested by insect larvae (Curculio elephas), but the ability to recognize and reject a priori is a learned behavior, as individuals born in the laboratory and that they had never seen an acorn consumed infested and healthy to equal frequency. The overall conclusion of this work is that the predatory behavior and dispersion of acorns from oak by mice depends on a number of factors of a different nature, which may vary over the life of a single oak. It is therefore desirable to study processes spread of this species extensive spatial and temporal scales to get reliable conclusions on the role of mice as predators and dispersants seed in upper floors of long life.

Author: Moreno Rueda Gregorio.
Year: 2005.
University: GRANADA [www.ugr.es].
Place of defense: Facultad de Ciencias.
Place of preparation: Facultad de Ciencias.

Summary: This thesis examines how the birds nidícolas distributed food among chickens. In the first chapter examines the behavior of sharing food in the alzacola (Cercotrichas galactotes). The alzacola fed chickens preferably those who sought faster, with greater intensity, reaching higher and closer to the parents. There was evidence that these chickens were the most hungry, so that parents feed her chickens preferably more hungry. However, the chickens were fed largest preferably also because it got closer to ask parents in a greater number of occasions. Females cebaron than males, and the rate of cebas increased when the number of chickens that called was higher. The second was found was how the distribution of food among chickens in a state of nutritional stress.

Author: MARTINEZ DE LAGRAN CABREDO MARIA.
Year: 2005.
University: BARCELONA [www.ub.es].
Place of defense: CENTRO DE REGULACIÓN GENOMICA.
Place of preparation: CENTRO DE REGULACIÓN GENOMICA.

Summary: This paper deals with the study of the contribution of Dyrk1A in establishing neurodegenerative processes associated with Down syndrome (DS) and the non-pathological aging. This is a gene located in the so-called critical region SD, which encodes for a serine-threonine kinase function is not well determined. We propose that changes in the levels of expression of this protein in conjunction with other genetic factors, epigenetic and environmental concerns, could be involved in the development and progression of SD, a neurodegenerative disease process characterized by progressive symptoms contest especially during the first few years of life, reflecting the progressive alteration of a part or parts of the nervous system. In the adult SD, changes neurodegnerativos features differential with respect to those observed in the EA, despite their shared neuropathological signs. These differences are due to the process neurodegnerativo is a consequence of specific alterations in neurodevelopment and neuronal plasticity. Our results imply a Dyrk1A in age associated with the deterioration of motor function as the disregulación the levels of expression of Dyrk1A amending pattern of neurological impairment, suggesting their involvement in neurodegenerative processes and the motor impairment in the DS. Possibly the motor impairment observed related to impairment of dopaminergic system nigroestriatal and modified at cortex. On the other hand, overexpression of Cyrk1A produced alteration of cognitive-term memory associated with age is accompanied by a slight deterioration of cholinergic system, suggesting a relevant role of Dyrk1A, along with other genes of chromosome 21, in the relationship between EA and SD. Furthermore, the overexpression of Dyrk1A implications patogenéticas in processes neuritogénesis, probably by modulating the dynamics of the actin cytoskeleton. Of these alterations might be responsible for the lack of cognitive effects observed in transgenic mice in a model of neuroplasticidad in vivo (environmental enrichment). Taken together, these results involve Dyrk1A in the process neurodegnerativo present in people with SD from an early age.

Author: CARCEL RUBIO MARIA JOSE.
Year: 2006.
University: ZARAGOZA [www.unizar.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE VETERINARIA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE VETERINARIA.

Author: AGUILAR DE SOTO NATACHA.
Year: 2006.
University: LA LAGUNA [www.ull.es].
Place of defense: AULA MAGNA DE LA FACULTAD DE FISICA DE LA UNIVERSIDAD DE LA LAGUNA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE BIOLOGÍA.

Summary: This study uses multi marks (DTAG) recording acoustic guidance and attached by suction cups to study the ecology of whales dive deep. The main contributions to knowledge of the study of marine mammals dive deep are: 1 - The discovery pair science wing of the existence of populations of two species dela family Zifidae on the island of El Hierro. 2-A detailed description of the behavior of diving calderón fin short and zifio de Blainville, and their vocalizations trophic and feeding strategies. 3 - The estimates of the metabolic rate of these kind of field and the cost of energy on their dives. 4-An analysis of their social cohesion in the deep dives. 5-Registration of a possible reply to a ziflio Cuvier to high levels of noise of a boat. In addition the data have implications on the vulnerability of the species to other impacts anthropic: 1 - The proportion of time spent near the surface is related to their likelihood of collisions with boats, while its negative buoyancy, with the lungs or closed damaged QUANTIFICATION limit of the possible carnage. 2-They considered the physiological consequences of deep diving, for example, the need for recovery between dives to assess the possible impact of behavioral changes in that area have been measured in pilot whales in response to bringing boats. 3 - The time that zifilos happening at various levels, as well as the speed of ascent during deep dives, can help to understand their vulnerability to anthropic intense sound sources, such as military sonar.