ANIMAL DEVELOPMENT

Author: SANTAMARIA ROJAS CARLOS ARTURO.
Year: 2001.
University: AUTÓNOMA DE BARCELONA [www.uab.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE VETERINARIA.
Place of preparation: ESCUELA DE DOCTORADO Y FORMACIÓN CONTINUADA DE LA UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA DE BARCELONA.

Summary: The study describes Histochemical and histological aspects of larval development of Dentex dentex to 36 days posteclosión and volume growth across the larva and its internal structures. ASPECTS HISTOLÓGICOS E HISTOQUÍMICOS: We describe the ontogeny of the structures involved in general metabolic processes, particularly those involved in the nutrition. The changes observed were associated with stages of development defined by external morphological characteristics. During Stadium 1, mouth and anus of the larvae are still closed. The stadium 2 starts when the mouth is opened and stages 3 and 4 are characterized by the appearance of thorns operculares and flexion of the notocorda respectively. During the first 3 stages, the larvae experiencing intense organogenesis, particularly important during stages 2 and 3. The stadium 4 is characterized by the increased size and complexity of the pre-existing structures.

Author: FERNÁNDEZ NAVARRO MÓNICA MARÍA.
Year: 2003.
University: GRANADA [www.ugr.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS - UNIVERSIDAD DE GRANADA.
Place of preparation: UNIVERSIDAD DE GRANADA.

Summary: Acid maslínico is a triterpeno pentacíclico abundant olives that inhibits specific proteases and has anti-tumor effects, antibacterial and anti-HIV. The present work has investigated the possibility of using this compound as a food additive stimulator of growth in rainbow trout to analyze its effect on biochemical markers indicators of the speed and nature of growth. Five groups of 120 ruchas of 20.00 - 0.16 grams of weight were fed during 225 days with diets containing 0,1,5,25 and 250 mg acid maslínico per kg diet. In groups fed with this compound, especially in the 250 mg / kg was observed a significant increase in the size and weight with respect to controls, the result of an increase in the rate of growth of specific animal altogether (CR) . In Similarly, in the liver and muscle target of these trout there was a stimulation of protein accumulation rates (KG-%. Día-1- and AG -mg.día-1-) coincides with a higher level of hyperplasia or total cellular DNA. In the liver, speeds parts protein (synthesis and degradation) were significantly higher in trout fed with 25 and 250 mg / kg of acid maslínico than in controls. In the white muscle, the speeds synthesis while also increasing the speed of protein degradation (KD,% day-1) significantly lower for the group of 250 mg / kg over control. In both tissues, stimulating the speed of protein synthesis is produced by increases in the values of effective synthesis (KRNA). In general, in the liver were also observed an increase in the values of activity and enzyme markers maximum speed of growth and degradation of amino acids: glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, 6-fosfogluconato deshidrotenasa, enzyme, malic, isocitrato dehydrogenase dependent NADP , serine deshidratasa and tyrosine aminotransfersa. The histological analysis of the structure of the liver to optical microscopy and electronic confirms previous findings showing in the trout fed with the highest dose few hepatocytes more compacted and with a higher content in rough endoplasmic reticulum and glycogen, or approximately hepatocytes biosintéticamente much more active than controls. These results show that the acid maslíncio can comportares as a growth factor can stimulate the synthesis and degradation of proteins and cell growth in rainbow trout, and can open the doors of its use as a food additive for subsistence. Labor supported by the Department of Science and Technology (Project AGL2000-1534) and the Junta de Andalucía (Research Group CVI 157).

Author: SANCHEZ CALDERÓN HORTENSIA.
Year: 2004.
University: EXTREMADURA [www.unex.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS.

Summary: The inner ear is the vertebrate sensory organ responsible for hearing and balance. This develops from a region swollen head of the ectoderm located on both sides of rombencéfalo and is called placoda ótica. The inner ear of birds housed eight four sensory organs macules, three peaks and basilar papilla. The specification of sensory regions and not sensory epithelium otic occurs via asymmetric expression of specific genes, whose boundaries can delimit compartments restricted cell lineage. In this paper we have addressed the pattern of expression of transcription factors Otx2, Gbx2 and Pax2, and growth factors fibroblásticos Fgf8 and Fgf19, we have used the technique of in situ Hybridization. We used the probe Bmp4 to identify the various sensory organs during development of the inner ear and the monoclonal antibody 3A10, which marks neurofilamentos. The gene OTx2 was detected on the wall ventro-lateral outline otic, also could play an important role in the segregation of the macula of utrículo and sáculo of the macula, as well as the formation of tegmentum vasculosum and training through utriculo - sacular. Gbx2 and Fgf8, 5 could cooperate in the innervation of the macula of sáculo and training through endolínfatico. The gene PAx2, is located in the three peaks in the four sensory and macules (sáculo, utrículo, lagena and neglecta), which may regulate the formation of the sensory cells of the various sensory organs. The gene Fgf19 is related to the delamination of neuroblastos and training ganlio acoustic vestibular. It also appears to be implicated in the innervation of sensory elements of the inner ear of birds. In the macula of the lagena was coexpresan genes Pax2, Fdgf8 and Fgf19 and bordering Otx2 may be involved in the formation of this sensory structure. The second part of the work was to analyze the pattern of space cell death related to the location of macrophages in the early stage of development of the inner ear quail also study the differentiation of cells similar to those of lamicroglía during more advanced stages of development. To this end we used the TUNEL technique, in addition to inmunocitoquímicas with monoclonal antibodies QH1 and 3A10 for analyzing macrófago and neurofilamentos respectively, and an antibody policional antilaminina. The entry of the pioneers in the epithelium axones otic takes place in regions of intense cell death, the cell death may play an important role during the process of innervation. In these regions d cell death was observed macrophages that fagocitan the remains of dead cells. These cells have a morphology similar to the precursor of microglial CNS. The macules these cells are few in number and are found in the cell layer support. At the peak of the channels these cells QH1-positivas are located in the epithelium not inervado with soma next to the basal lamina and its extensions directed toward the apical part of epetilio. These cells are similar to those of the micrglía CNS increase their complexity over life in the embryonic and postnatal stage.

Author: BASTIDA DE LA CALLE M. FELIX ISABEL.
Year: 2005.
University: CANTABRIA [www.unican.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE MEDICINA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE MEDICINA.

Summary: During the tip of vertebrates, the protein signaling Sonic hedgehog (Shh) is secreted by a group of cells mesodermo later called zone of polarizing activity. Shh controls the pattern on the shaft anteposterior and also is involved in the control of cell proliferation and apoptosis in the developing limb, two processes that contribute significantly to the employer end of the limb. Moreover, there is evidence that control of the processes of cell death by Shh takes place in a differential, depending on their position in the outline of limb. Indeed, the implementation of SHH prevents ectopic cell death in the anterior and middle mesodermo outline of extremity, while at the mesodermo later positively regulates. The Shh signaling is mediated by Gli transcription factors (Gli1, Gli2 and Gli3), and in the specific case of the tip, preferably by Gli3. It currently supports the Shh signaling by preventing the prosecution of Gli3 a short form repressor (Gli3R). The study of the double mutant mice Shh; Gli3 has suggested a correlation between the levels of Gli3R and cell death in the developing limb. Our work focuses on the study of the mechanism by which high levels of Gli3R result in apoptosis. We investigated the expression of genes Gli regarding Bmp2, Bmp4 and Bmp7, members of the superfamily of Transforming Growth Factors, processes involved in apoptosis during development of the limb. In our experiments the transcript of the three genes and the three Gli Bmps mentioned respond differently to Shh signaling. Our results indicate that Shh prevents cell death in the previous mesodermo the tip through the negative control of the expression of Bmp4, mediated Gli3R. In mesodermo later, the control of cell death by Shh is a tightly regulated process and involves, as in the previous mesodermo, control of Bmps mediated signaling proteins Gli, preferably controlling Bmp2 through factor transcript Gli1.

Author: GARCIA LOPEZ RAQUEL.
Year: 2005.
University: MIGUEL HERNÁNDEZ DE ELCHE [www.umh.es].
Place of defense: SALON DE GRADOS, FACULTAD DE MEDICINA.
Place of preparation: INSTITUTO DE NEUROCIENCIAS DE ALICANTE, UMH, CSIC.

Summary: In the first part of this work we set out to develop a map destination histogenético in the region diencefálica used as experimental transplants technical interspecific between chicken embryos and cordorniz stage HH10. Analysis of the results of our transplants has enabled us to establish the topological relationships between different domains histogenéticos in the neural tube as well, suggesting the willingness of the limits interprosoméricos of diencéfalo. In the second part of our investigation we sought to conduct a detailed study of the potential migration in the diencéfalo. According to our results, neuroepitelio germination of the basal plate of prosómero 1 and mesencéfalo, is a source of neural cells for the domain wing of prosómeros 1-3 and mesencéfalo.

Author: LEGAZ PEREZ ISABEL.
Year: 2005.
University: MURCIA [www.um.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE MEDICINA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE MEDICINA.

Author: BENITO GUTIÉRREZ ÈLIA.
Year: 2005.
University: BARCELONA [www.ub.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAT DE BIOLOGÍA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAT DE BIOLOGÍA, UNIVERSITAT DE BARCELONA.

Summary: The neurotrophic factors and receptors are essential for the development and maintenance of the vertebrate nervous system and play a crucial role in neuronal complex such as learning, memory and complex social behavior. These genes have been studied in the anfioxo, an invertebrate marion, for his plane body, embryonic development and prototype genome regard to vertebrates, it is now regarded as the closest living relative to that was the ancestor of all vertebrates. This study describes the characterization and functional molecular level to the first receiver Trk never isolated in an invertebrate, discussing the idea that recipients Trk are an innovation of vertebrates, suggesting that originated by barajado exons containers protein domains. Also the expression of this gene during the embryonic development of anfioxo has revealed some novel features regard to the development of their nervous system. During the neurulación been proven migration individual cells ectodérmics, which could reflect a behavior similar to the cells of the neural crest of vertebrates, a type of multipotent cells giving rise to a large number of structures present only in vertebrates and totally absent in the anfioxo. This work also includes the characterization of the first known member of the family of caspases in anfioxo involved in neuronal death and also the first techniques developed for obtaining routine embryo, with the potential that implies for manipulation "in vivo , "with the aim of testing functional and open the door to studies of Evo-Devo pilot.

Author: ABALO PIÑEIRO XESÚS MANOEL.
Year: 2005.
University: SANTIAGO DE COMPOSTELA [www.usc.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE BIOLOXIA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE BILOLXÍA.

Summary: The development of the nervous system in the sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus), is a complex process and sequential presenting a general pattern of vertebrates. The characterization of the neuronal groups and their development could provide crucial information for a complete understanding of the early evolution of the nervous system of vertebrates. In this work, by Immunohistochemical techniques, attempting to elucidate the development of the central nervous system of sea lamprey period from the embryonic stage to adulthood. Specifically discussed is the development of three systems neurochemical: serotonin system, catecolaminérgico and colinérigco. As a result of this study were observed groups cellular serotoninérigicos in diencéfalo, rombencéfalo and spinal cord, as well as occasional cells in the telencéfalo and mesencéfalo flow. This distribution is similar to that found in the river lamprey. Groups cellular inmunorreactivos to tyrosine hydroxylase (TH-ir) were observed in the prosencéfalo, the most caudal rombencéfalo and in the spinal cord of adult. Neurons DBH-ir were found in the body for ventricular, the segment sinencéfalo-mesencéfalo and the rombencéfalo flow. The groups serotonergic cell of the central nervous system of the sea lamprey appear in different time from the embryonic stage and the metamorphosis. The cells catecolaminérgicas appear for the first time at the stage prolarvaria. The pattern of distribution of inmunorreactividad to HT and DA in adults is not complete until the metamorphosis, while the inmunorreactividad DBH to be complete by the end of the larval period. These results indicate that the same groups are neuronal phenotype begin to express it in different time of development, which probably involves differences in the mechanisms of cell specification. A comparison of systems development serotonin catecolaminérgico shows that serotonin has an earlier onset. This result is similar to or found in other vertebrates, suggesting that must be a feature highly conserved within the developing nervous system of vertebrates. We did not find any group cell with transient expression of serotonin, TH, DA or DBH, despite the described in other vertebrates. The study of systems development serotonin, catecolaminérgico and cholinergic in the retina of the sea lamprey showed that while the serotonin and cholinergic begin his speech at the beginning of the metamorphosis, catecolaminérgico delay its appearance until the middle of it. All these cells immunoreactive substances were described as cell type amacrino, since no immunoreactive fibers were found in the external or plexiform layer on the outside layer dela nuclear internally. The order of presentation of these systems in the retina during the metamorphosis coincides with the order of appearance in the brain during the sea lamprey larval stages prolarvaria and. The absence of inmunorreactividad these systems in the retina larval and delayed ripening delas cells amacrinas are unique among vertebrates and probably is related to the peculiar life cycle of this species. This, coupled with the lack of necessary structures parala image formation in the retina larval, support the hypothesis that the eye larval is a structure similar to a "ocelo" which takes place in a functional eye during metamorphosis.

Author: VALDES SANCHEZ MARIA LOURDES.
Year: 2006.
University: MIGUEL HERNÁNDEZ DE ELCHE [www.umh.es].
Place of defense: INSTITUTO DE NEUROCIENCIAS.
Place of preparation: INSTITUTO DE NEUROCIENCIAS.

Summary: The mutation of the gene Lis1 mouse, causing severe alterations in the development of the cerebral cortex in this work doctoral thesis has been discussed: the migration process tangentially in mouse embryos from 13.5 days postconcepción, the morphology of the crust Prenatal and postnatal brain, and some of electrophysiological responses cortical pyramidal neurons and not pyramid during postnatal development mouse mutant Lis1/sLis1.

Author: ASTIGARRAGA PALLARÉS SERGIO.
Year: 2006.
University: BARCELONA [www.ub.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE BIOLOGÍA.
Place of preparation: UNIVERSITAT DE BARCELONA.

Summary: The early development of Drosophila requires two signaling pathways tyrosine kinase (RTK), the route of Torso (Tor) and the path of Epidermal growth factor (EGFR), which govern the formation of patterns terminal and dorso - ventral Embryo respectively. Previous studies have shown that these routes, either directly or indirectly, cause the regulation of post-repressor Capicua (cic) in the early embryo and the ovary. In this thesis show evidence that both regulators are direct effects and depend on a union of the MAP kinase (MAPK) in Capicua that interacts with the MAPK Rolled. Derivatives Capicua lacking here anchoring dominant cause phenotypes similar to those resulting from the loss of activities Trunk and EGFR. These phenotypes from the suppression of inappropriate genes that are normally expressed in response to signals from Trunk and EGFR. Our results are consistent with a model in which Capicua he is the main effector nuclear Torso route, but only one of several effectors that respond to the EGFR signal. Finally, we describe differences in the way in which Capicua is regulated by signals Trunk and EGFR. Thus, while the embryo Capicúa is degraded in lso nuclei of the cells that receive the signal regulating the path of Torso, in the follicular epithelium of the cameras ovarian, Capicua suffers a redistribution núcleo-citoplasmática in those cells that receive the signal the route of EGFR. These results suggest the possibility that differences in the regulation of Capicua perhaps contribute wing tissue specificity of the two signals.