ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY

Author: LÓPEZ PATIÑO MARCOS ANTONIO.
Year: 2003.
University: COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID.
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE BIOLOGÍA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE BIOLOGÍA.

Summary: Melatonin is a molecule synthesized both in the pineal gland and in the retina of all vertebrates. The actions of this indolamina are mediated by membrane receptors coupled to G proteins The purpose of this Doctoral Thesis is the characterization of these receptors of melatonin in tench (Tinca tinca), and investigate whether there are daily and seasonal rhythms both in the density and affinity of the receptor. In addition, to find out if the daily variations may be due to the presence of an endogenous oscillator and know the effect of environmental factors, light and temperature on the binding of ligand to receptor. We found a high binding capacity in the central nervous system, primarily in the neural retina and optic ceiling. In most of the peripheral tissues studied were hand detected binding sites of 2-[125I] -Melatonina, with the iris, heart, kidney gills and those with the highest densities. The receptors present in the neural retina, the roof optical and heart showed kinetic and pharmacological characteristics very similar and may be considered as belonging to the family of receptors MT1 described for other vertebrates. The binding sites found in the kidney presented kinetic very fast and pharmacology typical family of receptors MT3. All tissues studied, central and peripheral presented melatonin binding sites of protein coupled Gi / o. There are daily rhythms significant density of receptors in all tissues examined in the autumn, the largest measuring densities during fotofase. These rhythms are due to changes in Bmax, but not the affinity of the receptor, and was able to nullify constant darkness, indicating the absence of an oscillator endogenous functional governing rhythmicity of melatonin receptors in tench. The acclimation of fish to different intensities lumínicas day produces changes in the density of receptors during fotofase, with increases associated with high light intensities. These results show that light is an important factor in the regulation of the daily rhythms of melatonin receptor density, at least in this species. As for the effect of temperature we observe in tests saturation neural retina, but not the roof optical reduces their union by increasing the maximum temperature, no change in the affinity of the receptor in both tissues. The tests show a descenos dela kinetic speed of the association and dissociation kinetics with decreasing temperature, no change in the affinity of the receptor in both tissues. Trials kinetic show a decline in the speed of the kinetics of association and dissociation with decreasing temperature test, which demonstrate that the temperature exerts a regulatory action of the daily and seasonal rhythms of density of receptors, ultimately modulating the different roles in which melatonin is involved. For the first time in fish, our study demonstrates the existence in the kidney tench of a type binding sites completely different to the kind MT1 described in other tissues, possibly as a receiver of the family MT3, described in mammals . In conclusion, the thesis provides relevant information for the first time in tench on melatonin receptors, distribution, characterization and functional implications in the transduction tissue level of melatonin as a signal endocrine in different central and peripheral tissues.

Author: ARRIERO HIGUERAS ELENA.
Year: 2003.
University: COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID.
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS BIOLÓGICAS.
Place of preparation: MUSEO NACIONAL DE CIENCIAS NATURALES-CSIC.

Summary: This thesis aims to identify aspects that explain the variation in health status of herrerillo common in natural populations of the Central Spanish. My aim is to identify physiological parameters which prove to be good indicators of health status and immunological capacity, while easily measurable and extrapolated to other studies of bird populations. The main results indicate that the structural characteristics of the territory of breeding habitat of herrillo common determine physical aspects of their fertility. Moreover, the habitat determines the presence of parasites and parasitic infections have been shown to have a marked impact on the chickens. The quality parenting is also an important determinant of health status and condition of the chickens herrerillo. From the point of view applied forest management practices carried out in the oak of the Sierra de Guadarrama, and the consequent disruption of habitat structure caused seem to have a significant impact on bird populations insectivorous forest.

Author: GUIJARRO ANTÓN ANA ISABEL.
Year: 2003.
University: COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID.
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE BIOLOGÍA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE BIOLOGÍA.

Summary: The tench (Tinca tinca) is a cyprinid with a growing commercial interest throughout Europe, including Spain. However, the data about their physiology Sister: 'scarce. The objective of this study is the Doctoral Thesis of the daily and seasonal variations of various hematological parameters and metabolic reserves, and potential systems monoaminérgicos and peptidérgicos involved in it. Control of energy homeostasis. Also analyzes the oscillations content melatonin rhythm whose production can be used to síncronizar the daily and seasonal changes in physiological functions, Y.de enzyme activity timitante its synthesis, AA-NAT, and the regulation by the yla temperature possible presence of an endogenous oscillator responsible for this rhythmicity. The haematological parameters related iasseries red and white in the teleósteo show daily oscillations whose profile and scope vary depending on the seasons. The largest number of red blood cells and white in summer on other stations may be related to decreased availability of oxygen and lower water quality, respectively, at this time of year. Therefore, changes in hematology the tench can be used as indicative useful ladetección changes in natural or artificial origin in its natural aquatic environment, with a potential application in the cultivation of this kind. Reservations ehergétisen tench experiencing marked changes annual likely related to the reproductive cycle Emcamina dasa meet the high energy demands associated with this process. Reservations hepáticasenJa Jenca San gonadal used for development are stimulated and in autumn and winter. In addition, the period of fasting winter also imposes certain metabolic adaptations. The muscle proteins could be mobilized to meet the energy requirements during the winter, when there is a shortage of food available. The various correlations found with various parameters analyzed suggest different functions of NPY in the hypothalamus and telencéfalo. The correlation between changes estacíonales the content of NPY hypothalamic and intake, and its daily rhythmicity allows us to suggest their involvement in the regulation of appetite in seasonal tench. However, the NPY telencefálico appears to be implicated in other functions not related to cyclical processes daily. The ghrelina in tench shows a significant daily pace in June, with values noctumos higher than daytime. It ignores the possible functional significance of this rate, but it could be related to food nocturnal activity of this species. On the other hand, high circulating levels that occur after spawning favor, through stimulation of the intake, body weight gain and recovery of energy reserves. The marked sexual dimorphism shown by leptin in both sexes reveals a different functionality. The sharp decline in leptin circulating in the spring facilitate the commencement of the recovery of energy reserves after the spawning period, to remove the inhibitory effect of this hormone on intake, and could also interact with the fast experienced by the fish in winter . High levels of leptin in the autumn and winter could promote the mobilization of fat reserves for use in reproductive processes. The seasonal variations of content mónoaminérgico hypothalamic might be involved in regulating appetite. The low dopaminergic activity in the spring, after a period of prolonged fasting can reduce a signal anorética, allowing an increase in the intake led to the recovery of energy reserves depleted during the winter. The decrease in the content h 8 ipotéllá 4b8 opment of NA.en winter leads to a reduction in the signal orexigénica noradrenérgica that podríá be relácionadá with fasting winter, while the increase in the setlal oxigénica facilitate the recovery of metabolic reserves. In the tench retina.es an important component of the circadian system, producing melatonin with a sharp rhythmicity diariai and stacional. The ambient temperature is a key regulator of the extent of the daily rhythm of melatonin. The retina of, latenca has no endogenous oscillator regulating the pace of MEL eye, but the synthesis of indolamina depends exclusively on environmental information. Ultimately melatonin eye tench can act as a signal regulating seasonal different physiological functions.

Author: CARRERA GONZÁLEZ MARIA DEL PILAR.
Year: 2003.
University: JAÉN.
Place of defense: CIENCIAS EXPERIMENTALES Y DE LA SALUD.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS EXPERIMENTALES Y DE LA SALUD.

Summary: In developed countries, breast cancer is the most common cancer among women, and the leading cause of death among them. Since the 80's is known that the same factors that are responsible for the proliferation of normal breast tissue during puberty and cyclical changes in the menstrual cycle, are involved in the promotion, development and progression of breast cancer. In fact, estrágenos and progesterone are mitogénicos in breast tissue, so that women who have never had a proper functioning of the ovaries in terms hormone, show a near total absence of breast cancer, the incidence is similar to that observed in boys. In rodent models have been particularly useful in the study of breast cancer, because these species, the mammary gland is the source of neoplasms hormono-dependientes, which are in many respects similar to the most frequent diagnosis of malignancy found in women. There are numerous works documenting that the same types of benign lesions, premalignant and malignant morfolágicamente detectable taking place in the human breast also appear in rodent models for mammary carcinogenesis. That is why the induction of mammary carcinoma injection N-Metil-nitrosourea (NMU) in female rats is one of the most frequently used methods for the investigation of breast carcinogenesis and treatment of breast tumors. The status of these endocrine carcinomas, appears to be similar to that of breast cancer in women. Generally, the NMUinduce carcinomas breast that are characterized by being aggressive, locally invasive and capable of metastizarse. Within this context, enzymes proteolíticos (peptidases) are particularly interesting in cancer research because they can participate, at least in part, in metastasis. Most peptidases are exopeptidasas, releasing one or more of the amino acid N - or C-terminal end, or endopeptidasas, which operate internally in the peptide. The exopeptidasas acting on the tip Nterminal and releasing a single residue aminoacídico known as aminopeptidasas (APs). These PAs are generally metalopeptidasas dependent zinc, ie hidrolasas in that breaking the link peptídico is mediated by a water molecule, which is activated by a divalent cation metal, usually zinc. Some of these aminopeptidasas are used in clinical as markers of disease and also play an important physiological role in the regulation of several biologically active peptides. Changes in these peptides could be reflected in changes in enzymatic activities. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the activity of a broad spectrum of aminopeptidasas of substrates neutral as alanine aminopeptidasa, (APN, CD13) (CE: 3.4.11.2), leucine aminopeptidasa (LeuAP) (CE: 3.4.11.1 ), tyrosine aminopeptidasa (TyrAP) (CE: 3.4.11 .-), and cystine aminopeptidasa (Oxitocinasa) (CE: 3.4.11.3), as basic arginine aminopeptidasa (APB) (CE: 3.4.11.6) acids, as aspartate and glutamate aminopeptidasa (Aminopeptidasa A APA) (CE: 3.4.11.7) and omega type, as pirrolidon carboxipeptidasa (piroglutamato aminopeptidasa, Pcp) (CE: 3.4.19.3) in the serum and tissues of various ratas con tumores de mama inducidos por NMU,para evaluar, por un lado, el posible valor de estas actividades como marcadores biológicos de esta enfermedad, y por otro, el papel que pudieran desempeñar las distintas hormonas peptídicas a las que regulan, en la promoción and / or progression tumora!. This will have carried out the following experiments: * Induction of breast tumors in rats by administration of N-metil-nitrosou 8 rea. * 12ba nálisis the evolution of body weight, location and number of tumors, major and minor diameters of the tumor. * Analysis of other parameters of tumor development, such as the latent period, the tumor incidence and the average number of tumors per rat. * Analysis of the specific activity of APN, ABS, oxitocinasa, Pcp, AspAP, GluAP, LeuAPy TyrAP serum controls rats and rats with breast cancer induced by the administration of N-methyl nitrosourea. * Analysis of the specific activity of soluble and membrane coupled with APN, ABS, oxitocinasa, Pcp, AspAP, GluAP, LeuAPy TyrAPen the hypothalamus, hipófisisanterior, hipófisisposterior, the pineal gland, breast, thyroid, adrenal cortex and medulla , ovary and uterus. The results lead to the following conclusions: First: Breast cancer in rats induced by N-methyl nitrosourea leads to the modification of the specific activity of a variety of proteolytic enzymes regulating hormones peptíticas with important functions autocrinas / paracrinas. These changes are manifested not only at the breast, but also in the level of serum and various endocrine systems. Second: In the serum, changes in the activities angiotensinasas, oxitocinasa, pirrolidón carboxipeptidasa and encefalinasa in rats with breast cancer induced by N-methyl nitrosourea, suggesting a decrease in the levels of angiotensin 11, oxytocin and encefalinas, and an increase the levels of Ang IV and GnRH with the disease. Moreover, the fact that the recipient AT4 for Ang IV show activity oxitocinasa suggests the existence of a connection between a local renin-angiotensin system at breast and the system oxitocina-receptores of oxitocina-oxitocinasa, to be involved in the the development and progression of breast cancer, so also dependent estrágenos. Third: At the local level of the breast, modificacionesde activities angiotensinasas, pirrolidón carboxipeptidasa and encefalinasa in rats with breast cancer induced by N-metil-nitrosourea suggest an increase in the levels of angiotensin III and encefalinas, and the rapid deterioration high levels of circulating GnRH, which would be involved in the processes of promoting and / or progression of the disease. oxytocin, GnRH and encefalinas, which may be responsible for altering the mechanisms for regulating the secretion of pituitary hormones with various important roles in the processes of promoting and / or progression of breast cancer, found altered function of the endocrine glands governing, such as thyroid, adrenal glands or the gonads. Fifth: At the pineal gland, changes in the activities angiotensinasas and oxitocinasa in rats with breast cancer induced by N-methyl nitrosourea, suggesting an increase in the levels of angiotensin II and lower levels of oxytocin, which could ser responsables de una mayor producción de melatonina, lo que soportaría un mecanismo de defensa para evitar la promoción Y/o progresión del cáncer de mama. Sixth: The pathogenesis of breast cancer in rats studied using a model of induction of tumors by the administration of N-metil-nitrosourea involves a large number of endocrine hormone systems both as autocrine and paracrine, which alter the physiology of the body in different direction, with its most visible effects the appearance of breast tumors. Seventh: The induction of breast tumors in rats by administration of N-methyl nitrosourea is a suitable method for studying the role of enzymes proteolíticos regulators as biological markers of the disease, and the role of peptide hormones that regulate the , in the promotion and progression of breast cancer.

Author: PÉREZ BOSQUE ANNA.
Year: 2004.
University: BARCELONA.
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE FARMÁCIA.

Author: BRONET CAMPOS FERNANDO.
Year: 2004.
University: COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE CC.BIOLÓGICAS.

Summary: SUMMARY: Lead is one of the metals more toxicological concern. Five of the twenty most dangerous substances listed in 1999 by the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registryl U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Priority List of Hazardous Substances "are metals and among them is the lead, the others are Arsenic, Mercury, Cadmium and Chromium . Lead is a metal that due to its long half-life leads to accumulation of events. The effect of lead is diverse and toxicological effects in tissues varied. One of the ways by which the lead toxicity is presented by oxidative stress, causing a disruption of equifibrio pro-oxidantel antioxidant, in a way that contributes to tissue damage through both oxidative damage. The lipid peroxidation has a significant role in the toxicity of lead, in fact it has been found that a contribution of lead acetate in the diet stimulates lipid peroxidation of the whole body of rats. That is why this study raises evaluate different parameters of oxidation. It also study a number of blood parameters (red blood cell count, white blood cells, hemoglobin, hematocrit), hematological indices (Volume Corpuscular East, Concentration Corpuscular Half of hemoglobin, hemoglobin Corpuscular Media) and was valued in plasma glucose and activity alkaline phosphatase and acid. These parameters together with the amount of protein, the concentration of total lipids and alkaline phosphatase activity in liver and kidney (medulla and cortex) were studied in order to assess the overall status of animals and organs studied. In addition, it conducted a recount of the intestinal microbiota, both in the small intestine and the large intestine, to determine whether there was any alteration at the level of bacterial flora. Lastly, there was a histological study of all tissues valued at this work to determine the presence of lead in these tissues and in the case of liver see if there is emergence of hemosiderosis. The experimental groups were chosen as follows, 1-control group was one who received distilled water throughout the treatment, 2-group gestation: receives lead acetate during pregnancy and the day of birth is replaced by distilled water, 3 - group breast-feeding receives lead acetate during pregnancy and lactation is replaced by distilled water after weaning, 4-group Chronic: receives lead acetate during the entire experimental period, 5-young group: distilled water receives from pregnancy until the age of 70 days, at which withdrew it and lead acetate is administered until the day of slaughter. The administration is done in lead acetate lead in the drinking water at a dose of 300 ppm. All animals are slaughtered at the age of 100 days. The results show as no major differences in hematology, as in the case of the weights of organs and animals. The concentration of protein and fat, not differences. Therefore, a priori, the experimental animals not manífestarian major alterations to the control parameters. But when studying oxidation parameters as we see there is a widespread tendency to increased lipid peroxidation and a decrease in certain antioxidant defense mechanisms such as catalase activity and reduced glutathione. Moreover, the study of intestinal microbiota, reveals that there is a growth inhibition bacterium not as a result of lead poisoning. Moreover, the outcome of histology shows how there is an accumulated 8-, and 433 is intranuclear or extracellular in all tissues and all groups exposed to the metal. Therefore, we believe that intoxication with a heavy metal such as lead to a dose at which the typical parameters of reference are not changed, causing a series of changes in parameters not established as a control. So, while data from the hematology not show large variations, which cause to think that there is no harm, there are many others who are seriously committed, as are the oxidation of organs and intestinal microbiota. Based on this, perhaps there should be a review of the toxic dose for this metal.

Author: SAAVEDRA TORRES YOLANDA.
Year: 2004.
University: AUTÓNOMA DE BARCELONA.
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE VETERINARIA.
Place of preparation: ESCUELA DE POSTGRADO.

Summary: Introduction There are a number of intestinal disorders of unknown cause, which fall under the name of Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS), which are characterized by hypersensitivity bowel. Food allergies and intolerance to certain components of the diet, among others, have been described as potentially a major role in the onset and perpetuation of IBS. The mast cells present in the tissues under physiological conditions, and those involved in the pathogenesis of allergy, could influence, through the release of mediators on the motor activity in intestinal both physiological and pathological situation. Objectives The objectives of this study were: 1-Evaluate whether somatostatinta (SS) could contribute to reducing the degranulation of mast cells of the intestinal mucosa (IMMC). 2-Determine whether awareness could induce chronic functional motor impairment in the intestine and the mechanisms involved. 3-Establish an appropriate model of food hypersensitivity. 4-To determine whether genetic factors may determine the type of immune response and the functional consequences of awareness. METHODS By Duodenal infusion rat anestesiada assessed the effect on the SS concentration in the perfusate Rat Mast Cell Protease II (RMCP II) in basal conditions and stimulation with peptone, and mast cell hyperplasia in rats with infected Trinchinella spiralis. By immunofluorescence was assessed for the presence of mast cells in the SS. Rats Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats and Brown Norway (BN, genetically predisposed to allergies) were sensitized to egg albumin (OAV) through three different protocols induction (two parenteral and one oral) and valued the serum IgEs and RMCP by ELISA II, intestinal motility by strain gauges, intestinal mast cell activity through stimulation of intestinal sections in vitro and in vivo by duodenal infusion, and the number of IMMC by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS somatostatin, acting directly on recipients mastocitairos decreases the activity of mast cells of the intestinal mucosa. Only BN rats showed an increase in the concentration of IgE in response to awareness. All rats sensitized hypermotility showed in the small intestine. The release of RMCP II in vitro was increased in rats sensitized. The release of RMCP II to the gut lumen correlates with the number of IMMC, both parameters increased in the rats decreased in SD and BN rats, in response to awareness. Only the rats sensitized injecting responded to the exposure to antigen with an increase in serum RMCP II. CONCLUSIONS AND AREAS FOR POSSIBLE FUTURE STUDIES Somatostatin reduces mast cell activity in both physiological status during mast cell hyperplasia. According to this action, the SS and its analogues can be used to reduce mast cell activity and preventing abnormal responses of matocitos in allergic and inflammatory bowel or enrolled with visceral hypersensitivity, such as IBS. The hypersensitivity to dietary protein induces chronic motor impairment that persists beyond exposure to antigen and a state of excitation / activation of IMMC sensitized. This increased sensitivity of mast cells may be responsible for the maintenance of one and 8 xcitabil 549 ity increased in the structures of nerve intestine, which could explain some of the clinical symptoms observed in patients with IBS. Awareness oral the OAV is all in the BN rat and in the SD response restricted to the intestine, making it difficult to diagnose by conventional methods (IgEs and mediators mastocitarios serum). The number of IMMC and mast cell activity show a clear correlation with intestinal motor activity. Awareness oral the OAV in individuals predisposed to atopy could be used to mitigate the functional consequences of allergy.

Author: TERRON SÁNCHEZ M. PILAR.
Year: 2004.
University: EXTREMADURA.
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS.

Author: CUBERO JUANEZ JAVIER.
Year: 2004.
University: EXTREMADURA.
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS.

Summary: From the Chronobiology: science that studies the biological rhythms. The research conducted in this dissertation, has been to study and the influence the aminóacido tryptophan, exist in breast milk, on the emergence of rhythm sleep / vigil in infants. It has been observed that such aminóacido in breast milk, maintains different levels over a period of 24 hours, which is decisive and necessary for the synthesis of the hormone melatonin, marker rhythms and vital importance for a total healthy growth. Complementing the human experience, has worked with laboratory animals, diurnal habits and characteristics similar development for infants. After treatment with tryptophan has been studied possible changes in the hormone melatonin and its influence on the hypnotic and immune function as both are intertwined. In this animal model results have revealed the influence amino acid across the hormone melatonin on the role of phagocytic cells of the immune system from attack by a foreign particles to the body. In addition, we have seen action exercising tryptophan, on the consolidation of rest during night, in the early stages of life, which is essential for optimal development. Therefore, it shows the benefit of a daily rhythm tryptophan in milk, which is high during night and drops during bright.

Author: ISORNA ALONSO ESTHER.
Year: 2004.
University: COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID.
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE BIOLOGÍA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE BIOLOGÍA.

Summary: The study of melatonin receptor is essential to understand how this hormone exerts its effects. In recent years, there has developed in the study mammalian vertebrates, but in other vertebrate groups, I trabajossobrereceptoresde melatornnason escasos.El objetivogeneralde the presenteTesisDoctoral was e! Study of receptoresde melatoninaen the amphibious anuro Rana perezi, suchas aproximacióna understanding where and how this hormone acts. By testing radioligando, we have characterized a single binding site to melatornna in the retina and the brain of Rana perezi, which meets all the requirements to be considered a true receptor type Mel 1. The distribution of melatonin binding sites to study with autorradiografias is very aJ.Dpliaen particularly in brain of Rana perezi. These results support the hypothesis that melatonin can act as a neuromodulador throughout the brain, but its effect is mainly being associated with the integration of visual and infonnación kernels diencefálicoshipotalámicos where probablementeejerce an endocrine function as a regulator. In addition, we have cloned a fragment of! Mella receiver from the roof of otic Rana perezi, which has allowed us to locate his speech to  ¡úvel central to the telencéfalo, optical roof and hypothalamus. The most important expression is rnvelde roof optical and the hipotálaJ.Do, reinforcing the results obterndos in autorradiografias and the idea of the important role that melatonin exerts modulated at the central visual sensitivity, as well as neuroendocrine functions through their action the hypothalamus. Even the peripheral tissues of R. Perezi possess melatonin receptors but with lower density, indicating that Rana perezi, melatonin exerts its actions in addition to central level to rnvel peripheral. In the brain and the retina of R. Perezi, melatonin binding sites to have a daily rhythm opposed to the hormone, with the acrofase during the day, suggesting the existence of IDiritmo in sensitivity indo. The origin of these rhythms is diferenteen different tejidosestudiados.En the telencéfalo, diencéfalo and roof Optical not seem detenninados by light. In the retina, on the other hand, light it modifies the ability of the tissue to utúr melatollina, rmentras that the hormone in vitro has no effect desensibilizador on their receivers, so we suggest that the daily rhythms observed in the retina are regulated by the daily cycle of light darkness. The temperature at which conducts union delligalldo your receiver is key in the signal transduction of the hormone in Rana perezi, and probably in other poiquilotennos, however, the temperature acclimation of animals does not affect the ability of encefálicos tissue and the retina of utúr melatonin. So the signal transduction of melatonin in the retina of rmili is dependent upon temperature, any acclimatization technical previa.En particular proponemosque duranteel inviernolas funcionesde estahormonapueden be affected by a blockade of the interaction with the receiver or with the seconds messenger is attached to, because in lentecimientode the cinéticaasícornoa lainactivaciónde protein G asociadasal receiver. The sensitivity to melatonin of the neural tissues of larvae Rana perezi estimated corno density of receptors for the hormone increases during development premetamórfico, coinciding with the temporarily. Demonstration of the ability of melatonin synthesis rítrtúca of the retina. The retina and the pineal gland, classically considered the main sources of melatonin, are the regions that 1 more AA-NAT expresan.len Rana perezi, especially in photoreceptors, however 8 there are 266 other areas Brain extrapineales expression of the hormone (epithelium periventricular third ventrículo and core supraquiasmático), and peripheral tissues such as intestine and testicles.

Author: CHACÓN GARCÍA FERNANDO.
Year: 2004.
University: COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID.
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS BIOLÓGICAS.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS BIOLÓGICAS DE LA U.C.M..

Summary: The work on which this thesis proposes an animal model of calorie restriction in male rats in growth and sexual development in this pilot study as amending the immune response of the lymph nodes submaxillary and interactions of the autonomic nervous system and the system endocrinológico modulating dÍtha response. It was submitted for 30 days male rats of the cepaWistarde 35 days old to a calorie restriction of 66% (restriction with a reduction in carbohydrates and lipids and increased protein, simulating a food pattern anorexic), and isolation. We evaluated the immune response and is modulated by the autonomic nervous system and the endocrine system. All evaluations were made from a point of vistacronobiológico. The results 1io ~ show that:. The modeloiplanfeado is suitable for the study of the proposed objectives for the work. . . Isolation and la.restricción calorie of 66% during the phase of growth and maturation. Sexual activity alter immune circadiana of lymph nodes submaxillary, mainly due to the associated changes in plasma levels of prolactin and ACTR, but not MO, as well as the alterations observed in their concentrations of NF and GABA. . The overall results suggest that calorie restriction of 66% modifies the activity of endogenous circadian clock. This seconfmna since most of the parameters analyzed to characterize the activity circadiana of lymph nodes submaxillary, changing phase and in the specific case of prolactin, there is a secretory pattern characteristic of the fall season when the experiment was held in the spring. However isolation does not alter significantly the activity of the endogenous circadian clock. . All this indicates that establishing interayciones specific between plasma concentrations of pituitary hormones studied, the concentration of neurotransmitters and the number and aCtividad of T lymphocytes and B + +, present in the lymph nodes submaxillary, which vary depending on analyzing only after isolation or calorie restriction in isolated animals.

Author: BOADA DONOSO MARIO DANILO.
Year: 2004.
University: MIGUEL HERNÁNDEZ DE ELCHE.
Place of defense: INSTITUTO DE NEUROCIENCIAS DE ALICANTE.
Place of preparation: INSTITUTO DE NEUROCIENCIAS.

Summary: It characterized the electrical properties of primary sensory neurons belonging to the trigeminal ganglion of a novel mouse model "in vivo" where is the intracellular recording of action potentials (AP) recalled in the soma by the physiological stimulation of the peripheral field of these receiver neurons and estudián their properties by applying electrical pulses intracellular flow. The neurons are classified by the type of peripheral physiological stimulation can cause your answer, with their respective subtiposo functional both diferencites magnitudes of mechanical stimulation and its combination with thermal stimulation peripheral (increases and reductions tempmeratura in their field receiver), finding that sensory neurons ORR whose fibers are branches V1 and V2 presents five subtypes functional neurons: response to mechanical stimuli low threshold (LTM), and reductions in surface temperature: LTM skin (adapting (SA) and slow to adapt quickly (RA), LTMPelo, LTMVibrida, LTM / Cold: three subtypes with neural response to mechanical stimuli high threshold (HTM) and increases in the surface temperature; HTM45mN, HTMdaño, HTM / Heat (Polimodal) and neurons whose terminal is in the cornea. other hand, are correlated its modality and electrical properties somatic conduction velocity (CV) of its fibers within their respective ranges A and C.

Author: CERVERA OLAGÒE AMELIA.
Year: 2004.
University: VALENCIA.
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE FARMACIA - UNIVERSITAT DE VALÈNCIA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS BIOLÓGICAS.

Summary: It has been studied primarily the effect of Cd on the development and reproduction of the insect Oncopeltus fasciatus (Heteroptera: Lyageidae) through an experiment lifecycle. The exposure to Cd produced a number of negative effects on the insect, such as an increase in mortality in the stadiums ninfales and adult, a delay in development and a decrease in body weight, being the two most affected those related to reproduction, as the rate of oviposition, the fertility rate of hatching eggs and fertility. He then investigated the effect of Cd on the synthesis of vitelogeninas and their relation to the effects on the reproduction of the females. It deterrninó content polipeptidos vitelogenicos in hemolymph, ovaries and body fat by electrophoresis SDS-P AGE, as well as the degree of rnaduración ovarian. The exposure to Cd resulted in a decrease in the levels specified in polipeptidos vitelogenicos, rnanera proportional to the concentration of the metal, and a delay parallel in rnaduración of the ovaries. The possible effect of Cd on the endocrine control of the vitelogenesis was studied using hormone replacement therapy with youth. The juvenile hormone therapy restored the synthesis of polipeptidos vitelogenicos in females deprived of food or alactectomizadas with Precoceno II, showing that the synthesis of these polipeptidos to 0. Fasciatus estci controlled by juvenile hormone. The hormone replacement therapy with youth, however, had no effect on females exposed to Cd, demonstrating that the CD does not affect the production of this hormone. These results suggest that the target of the effect of Cd is located below the juvenile hormone in the model endocrine control of the synthesis of vitelogeninas to 0. Fasciatus, as a likely target the hormone receptor youth in the body fat. Finally, we explored the role played by vitelogeninas in Cd resistance of the strain OCdR of 0. Fasciatus. This strain was selected by exposici6n to increasing concentrations of the metal for 50 generations, showing a resistance factor of 2.7-2.3 in the Cd chronic toxicity bioassays. The female population is resistant between 14 and noted a 80% over polipeptidos vitelogenicos in hemolymph that females sensitive. The acute exposure to Cd resulted in a marked decrease in levels of polipeptidos vitelogenicos in females sensitive, while those levels are rnantuvieron within the norrnalidad in females exposed resistant. Something similar was observed after chronic exposure to Cd. These results indicated that the females are able to breed resistant to Cd concentrations harmful to sensitive populations, probably due to its ability to maintain concentrations vitelogeninas near the norrnalidad and conditions of exposure to Cd.

Author: SANGIAO ALVARELLOS SUSANA.
Year: 2004.
University: VIGO.
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS DEL MAR.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS DE VIGO.

Summary: This thesis consists of three distinct parts, the first of which were studied changes in energy metabolism in various tissues, both those directly involved in the osmorregulación (such as braquias and kidney, responsible for mecnismos ion exchange) , as those who in principle would not be bodies osmorreguladores (liver, and brain) in animals aclimatados at different salinities. For them, various experiments were conducted: 1. 2. We study the changes as described in the preceding paragraph evolve over time. This realizadon two sets different experimental. In the first of them underwent a golden acclimatization hiperosmmótica (55 ppt) during 14 days, monotorizado the cambos occurring in the parameters studied over time sampling day 0, 1, 3, 7 and 14, 3) and in the following experiment was exactly the same time course, but in this case the acclimatization was half hipoosmótico. In the second part of the thesis studied the hormonal control of the interaction osmorregulación metabolism energetíco. This llavaron out experiments with different hormones in golden trout as: 1. GH. We carried out experiments in a rainbow trout using implants slow release of GH at different doses (2 and 5 ug GH.g-1 weight) dudrante cindo days, studying the effects not only anivel osmorregulador but also metabolic level. 2. Prolactin. An experiment was carried out in golden implants through slow release of prolactin to a single dose (5 ug.g-1 body weight) for 7 days. At the same time again explored the effects of atratamiento chronic GH (5 ug.g-1peso body), but this time in gold, to evaluate possible differences in the specific action of the hormone. 3. It covered intracerebroventricularmente rainbow trout, with increasing doses of AVT (0.01-0.2 nmol.g-1 body weight) for 180 minutes, and studied their effects on brain energy metabolism and on the metabolism of different neurotransmitter systems in several regions brain. 4. It covered golden AVT intraperitoneally with different doses (0.5 and 1 ug.g-1 weight), time (1,2,3 and 6 days) and salinity (6.38 and 54 ppt) to see its actions in different settings osmorreguladores. In the third part of the thesis will study the effect of sexual maturation (via simulation) on the interaction metabolism energético-osmorregulación. For this study were two different experiments: 1. Of these animals treated with 17beta-esttradiol (10 ug.g-1 body weight for 5 days) daptación to environmental different salinities (5, 38 and 55 ppt) during 9 days, so that the two processes (gonadal maturation and osmotic adjustment) compete for energy resources of the animal so we can clarify which of the two is more important in terms of energy, as well as how much variation in metabolic response compared to the salinity is altered by gonadal maturation in each tissue studied. 2. In a manner similar to the previous step, to simulate gonadal maturation that occurs in males were treated golden testoterona (5 ug.g-1 body weight for 5 days), and aclimataron at different salinities (6.38 and 55 ppt ) for 9 days. We conducted a second experiment in which golden injected with different doses of testoterona (2 and 5 ug.g-1 weight), and samples were taken at day 1.3 and 7 after treatment. It assessed the effect of hormone inthe capacity hipoosmorreguladora and hiperosmorreguladora of this species.

Author: SANTOS TORRES JULIO.
Year: 2004.
University: SALAMANCA.
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE MEDICINA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE MEDICINA - LABORATORIO DE NEUROFISIOLOGIA.

Summary: The medial septum is interconnected with the hippocampus via cholinergic neurons, glutamatérgicas and gabaérgicas regulating the processes of learning and memory, and generating rhythms. In this paper records were conducted in vitro neurons in the rat medial septal area through fixation techniques of flow (current clamp) and setting voltage (voltage / patch clamp). It marked cells were identified types of receptors that mediate and modulate synaptic response through the use of specific agonists and antagonists. We studied the effect of peptide -amiloide (25-35), the main component of the senile plaques in Alzheimer's disease, on neurotransmission excitatory intraseptal, and the generation of action potentials. It also analyzed the short-term synaptic plasticity and injected biocitina for observing the morphology of the neuron recorded. It marked neurons download slow download regular discharge type burst and unloading quickly. There were excitatory post-synaptic potentials (PEPS) and modulated glutamate mediated by GABA and acetylcholine. During perfusion with -amiloide responses excitatorias were depressed in 70% of cases, this effect being irreversible in most cases, no detectable changes in the generation of action potentials. This depressive effect was not prevented or reversed by nicotine, while in many cases was prevented by atropine and pirenzepina suggesting the involvement of muscarinic cholinergic receptors. It is suggested that these studies may help reveal the processes which mediate the synaptic action of -amiloide and explain the cognitive impairment in the development of Alzheimer's disease before the onset of histopathological markers such as senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, as well as study neuroprotection against synaptic alterations primary action -amiloide before plaque formation.

Author: SÁNCHEZ MARTÍNEZ MARÍA.
Year: 2005.
University: VALENCIA.
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE MATEMÁTICAS.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS BIOLÓGICAS.

Summary: Having obtained a CEso-24 hours for the insecticide diazinon and herbicide molinate on the crustacean Daphnia magna with values of 1.86 ugfL and 3.77 mgfL respectively, were selected five sublethal concentrations of each of the compounds were tested along with a check-and-white a check with acetone to characterize the toxicity of both compounds for these dafnidos. After a multigenerational study of the toxicity of insecticide diazinon and herbicide molinate on Daphnia magna Straus, being exposed a generation parent (Fa) and the first and third litters of offspring (F1-1. and F1-3. Litters, respectively) the various treatments, there was a greater sensitivity to the descendants of both pesticides being tested for chronic toxicity of 21 long. The tests showed the effect of pesticides on both parameters longevity, reproduction, growth rate and body intrinsic natural increase daphnids exposed, being the most sensitive aspect physiological effect of the two pesticides reproduction. After a recovery period of 21 long amid exempt from pesticide, the descendants of both litters retrieved values on the majority of parameters evaluated, with individuals from the 3. Litter descendants of the most recovered. It was subsequently made a series of analytical determinations aimed, first, to determine the weight of parental (ugfdafnia). After O, 24, 48, 72, 96 and 120 hours of exposure to different treatments with diazinon and molinate, there was an increase in the weight of parental D. Magna to raise the age of indivídups, reducing the value for this parameter to gradually increase the concentration at which the bodies were exposed to both compounds. In the case of molinate daphnids exposed to the greatest effect was recorded for exposure time> -48 hours, while exposed to diazinon for the biggest reductions were recorded for times> - 72 hours. In a sIguiente phase of the study was to determine the effect on the level multigenerational protein content of D. Magna, with a greater effect of the two pesticides to the early days of exposure, the descendants of both litters (1. And 3.) On the parent. On the other hand, contrasting results from exposure to the two compounds, there was a greater reduction in the protein content of daphnids exposed to molinate, reasonable since this herbicide directly affects the algal source of food for daphnids, damaging more measure the nutritional status of D. Magna. Finally, we explored the effect of the insecticide diazinon and herbicide molinate on the activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) D. Magna through multigenerational toxicity tests. This enzyme activity was expressed in nmol of sustrathidrolizado f minutes x individual yen nmol substrate hydrolyzed f x ug minutes of protein. Considering the AChE activity by the individual, there was an increase in this parameter by raising the age of daphnids, registering an inhibition with increasing concentrations of diazinon and molinate to which they were exposed dáfnidos.Mientras that daphnids exposed to molinate there was an almost seamless effect to 10 throughout the period of exposure (120 hours), although it is true that parents were more sensitive to the herbicide that the descendants, to D. Magna exposed to diazinon appeared to be a shift in sensitivity insectida ties times longer (Buddha), passing through the intermediate (for F1-1a litter), the most up short (F1- 8 on the 3rd camad 687). The largest percentage of inhibition of AChE activity expressed by individual daphnids were exposed to diazinon since this compound is designed with nature insecticide. When the AChE activity was expressed in terms of protein content, there was a decrease in this parameter by raising the age of individuals, since increasing the protein content in this direction was larger than that of the AChE activity expressed by individual; while , for some time, with increasing concentration of diazinon and molinate, there was an increase in the activity of AChE protein expressed by ug since the reduction caused by the protein content was higher than both pesticides caused the effect on the enzyme activity expressed by the individual. In view of these results, it is suggested to express, in D. Magna, AChE activity by individuals rather than depending on the protein content.

Author: GÓMEZ REQUENI PEDRO.
Year: 2005.
University: VALENCIA.
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE MATEMÁTICAS UNIVERSITAT DE VALÈNCIA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS BIOLÓGICAS.

Summary: Foods made for the intensive cultivation of carnivorous fish contain genralmente, 40-50% protein, most of which is provided by fishmeal. However, while the annual production of fishmeal is stability around 6-7 milones tonnes, aquaculture is expanding at a rate of 11% per annum existinedo in this way, a serious procupación about the availability of this source food as a raw material in the formulation of diets for use in the industry. Since the vegetable ingredients are easily available concluded in recent years have received the most attention as possible substitutes for fish meal. In an experiment, juvenile golden (Sparus aurta) were fed diets made with fishmeal and ingredients plant 33-35% substitution to be added aminoácideos free to meet the requirements of aminiácidos essential and non-essential IAA ISU, Mon evaluated by side profile IAA skeletal muscle and whole body and, on the other hand, the ratio IAA / ISU, which was amended by addiction to the diets of different amounts of glutamic acid. The feed conversion and retention protein worsened with the decline in the ratio IAA / ISU. These rerusltados were consistent with the response of the shaft somatrópico observed an increase in levels ciruclantes of IGF-Iy a decrease in circulating levels of growth hormone GH fish in those fed the diet that imitated the profile of skeletal muscle and IAA caring quotient IAA / ISU close to 1.1. Retention hepatic lipid and activity of key enzymes lipogénicos (glucosa-6-fosfato dehydrogenase, G6PD, malic enzyme ME) disminuyeorn in fish fed diets containing soybean is the largest, suggesting that a component present in the protein extracts of this ingredient would provcando inactivation of this metabolic pathway. In the second experiment, and in bse the results obtained previously were designed diets based on fishmeal FM or vegetable ingredient, so replacing fish meal in a 50% PP50, 75% PP75 And 100% PP100. In all cases the cocient IAA / ISU in the diet was close to 1.1. Youth golden fed diet PP100 exhibited severe loss of biomass on the other experimental groups, probably due to less intake exhibited by these animals. These fish also exhibited a mnor retention and lipid com a marked effect hpocolesterolémico. When activity shaft somatotrópico also varied among experimental groups, with an increase in circulating levels of GH with mayhor input ingredients plant, which was accompanied by a fall in growth rates, levels of circulating IGF-Iy of the hepatic expression of GH receptor (GHR) and IGF-I. This situation catabolite showed a ainsensibilización liver to action anabólica of GH in the group PP100. In the medium term (6 months) there was a high fat deposition in the liver of the fish fed withthe diet PP100 well as a large number of vacuolas lipídicas in enterocytes, aparciendo the submucos intesitnal dilated and hipertrofiada with infiltration eossinofilica. The plasma levels of lysozyme were not altered by the treatment but the respiratory outbreak in leukocytes isolated 8 of riñó 91b No previous and activity mieloperoxidasen plasma increased significantly in gurpos PP75 and PP100. Activation of complemneto, on the other hand, increased significantly in the group PP50 and decreased in the groups PP75 and PP100. In conclusion genral, and along with the sensory quality tests conducted after a cycle mcompleto fattening 1 year, the replacement of fishmeal plant ingredients by up to 75% is possible in a sort typically a carnivore such as gold. The activity of the axis somatotrópico was also analyzed in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), in a experiendia similar to the previous one. For purpose is clonó and secuenció partially GHR trout using RT-PCR. Rates crecimeinto and retenciaón energy decreased by groups PP75 and PP100, with a progressive increase in circulating levels of GH. However, no changes were observed either in circulating levels of IGF-I or in the expression of hepatic GHR and IGF-I. It found two bands especifícas (47 and 33 kDa) protein binding to the IGF (IGFBPs) in the plasma of all fish analyzed, gradually increasing their concentration and their degree of glycosylation with the increase in the amount of porteína plant of the diet, which could reduce the availability of free IGF. Thus, in our experimental model, the decline in the growth of growth could be due, at least in part, to a lesser availability of the active form of the IGF (fración free) rather than a insensibilización liver GH or to a defect in the synthesis and release of IGF-I.

Author: Márquez Vega Cristina.
Year: 2005.
University: AUTÓNOMA DE BARCELONA.
Place of defense: Facultad de Ciencias.
Place of preparation: Facultad de Ciencias.

Summary: This paper focuses on the study of individual differences in the endocrine response to stress. While the majority of studies addressing this issue by using strains of rodents genetically selected, we are interested in the study of the susceptibility to stress using populations of adult rats genetically diverse (outbred) of the Sprague-Dawley strain, with the aim of preventing possible genetic bias. Preliminary data from our laboratory have shown that the speed of recovery of ACTH baseline and corticosterona after exposure to stress is a good marker for the intensity of stress (Garcia et al., 2000). Until now it had been assumed that the initial response to ACTH stimulation stressful was a good marker for the intensity of stress. However, as we have shown in this paper, can be the case that the plasma levels of ACTH not discriminate between severe stressful stimuli (Marquez et al., 2002), confirming the importance of the study of the dynamics of releasing hormones HPA axis after the end of exposure to the stressful situation. The data from this study supports that studied in the right conditions, the HPA axis can be a very good marker for the intensity of stress. Based on this approach, we described the dynamics of adaptation to a paradigm of chronic stress, while studying in detail the dynamics of hormone release over the days, as different variables that can provide information on the impact of chronic stress. We have observed that although individual differences in response to stress are becoming less pronounced over the protocol of chronic stress, the response to the first exposure to stressful stimulus predicts partly the final impact on the HPA axis at the central level (Marquez et al., 2004). The fact that the profile of an initial response to stressful situation can be an index of susceptibility to suffer from diseases associated with stress has led us to try to characterize in more detail the factors determining this response can be a first exposure to a stressful situation . As a prelude to the characterization of prognostic factors in the stress response, we studied the consistency and stability of the response to stress hormones HPA axis. We noticed that the release of ACTH and corticosterona is fairly consistent compared to stressful stimuli of different intensities baja-moderada (new environments), regardless of the specific characteristics of each environment, which sugiriere that the release of hormones HPA axis can be considered a single characteristic (trait) of each animal. However, when compared stressful situations that differ widely in terms of quality characteristics and intensity, this consistency is much lower. Since most of the data in the literature in terms of susceptibility to stress and individual differences have used stressful situations of moderate intensity, we decided to begin the study about what behavioral traits might be related to the response to stress using new environments. Thanks to the characterization behavioral strategy that has enabled us to explore whether the influence of trait anxiety of activity / exploration in new environments, we have described neither the anxiety nor perseverance in exploring new environments seem to affect the level of activation axis in these situations. However, the level of activity / exploration showing individuals in the initial period of exposure to a new environment is positively 8 relació 2d6 swimming with the reactivity of the HPA axis to stress situations.

Author: Vera Andújar Luisa María.
Year: 2005.
University: MURCIA.
Place of defense: Facultad de Biología.
Place of preparation: Facultad de Biología.

Summary: The circadian rhythms in animals are synchronized by external factors, being the cycle environmental luz-oscuridad the synchromesh most important biological rhythms in vertebrates. In fish, this cycle environment also affects the daily behavioral patterns, determining a way of life day or night. In teleósteos luminance information is transducida by the pineal organ, which is an organ that contains photosensitive cells fotorreceptoras (pinealocitos). These pinealocitos constitute the source of melatonin, a hormone secreted rhythmically, and that is implicated in the regulation of circadian rhythms and seasonal. Most animals show anticipatory activity to the food, which is characterized by an increase in locomotor activity several hours before the food is supplied. The presence of such pre-emptive activity suggests the existence of an oscillator synchronized by the food, in addition to the synchronized by light. The overall objective of this thesis is to deepen the knowledge of the timing of biological rhythms fish teleósteos by environmental factors, biotic and abiotic (ie light, temperature and feeding schedule). It also explores the role of melatonin as transductora of environmental signals (temperature and light) and their influence on the control of biological rhythms. This study was carried out using five species of fish: sargo weevil (Diplodus puntazzo), Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis), tench (Tinca tinca), sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) and carpín (Carassius auratus). In sargo weevil observed that when a cycle is kept under daily luz-oscuridad and breastfeeding on demand, shows a pattern of predominantly daytime locomotor activity, a pattern of feeding activity strictly daytime and night rates plasma melatonin. However, some individuals may change their pattern of spontaneous locomotor activity from day to night, without any change in the food business. In terms of constant light, this species shows a circadian rhythm of locomotor activity, indicating the existence of an endogenous control of biological rhythms in this species. The ambient temperature also appears to be transducida by the pineal body and sole Senegalese, the concentration of melatonin plasma displays an annual rate when it is kept under natural environmental cycles of light and temperature, photoperiod modulating the duration and temperature amplitude rhythm. Moreover, the concentration of melatonin plasma observed in sole maintained in a cycle differs from the natural environment found in sole exposed to natural photoperiod but constant temperature throughout the year. On the other hand, individuals maintained at constant temperature throughout the year, there are no set. In addition to the light intensity photoperiod also influences the biological rhythms in fish. In tench, the production of melatonin is very sensitive to light, and that when a pulse of light one-hour is implemented in the middle of the period of darkness, melatonin decreases plasma concentrations up close to those observed during the fotofase, even when the intensity of the light pulse is 0.3 lux. Moreover, the application of these pulses deleted altogether locomotor activity. A schedule of periodic food can also act as synchromesh the swings in fish. In carpín gold, a regular feeding schedule synchronized locomotor activity, the amylase activity of the digestive and production neuropéptido And, indicating the existence of pre-emptive activity to the food in this species, and sugiri 8 endo a 3cb adaptive response of the digestive physiology of the animal. However, the activity of protease alkaline digestive, the concentration of melatonin and gastrointestinal and plasma concentrations of plasma cortisol are not on track for a schedule of feeding cyclical in this species.

Author: DOPIDO CLOT ROSA DACIL.
Year: 2005.
University: LA LAGUNA.
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE FISICA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE BIOLOGIA.

Summary: Increasing global demand for fish is due to population growth, consumption is particularly important for human nutrition for their high quality protein and that is the main source of dietary fatty acid omega 3. This high demand has resulted in an overexploitation of fisheries stagnating international extractive fishing, which has created a strong momentum of aquaculture in recent years. Among the golden marine fish species is the most cultivated in Spain, being a kind eurihalina and euriterma and therefore a good model for studying the physiological mechanisms that allow many species to survive in an environment as hostile as a seaman. Here epithelia, which are in direct contact with the environment, such as the intestine and the branquia have functions osmoreguladoras localized to cell membranes, and in the case of the intestine, in the membrane of the enterocyte. The enzymes involved in these processes are modulated by both, the fatty acids that form part of the phospholipids of these membranes. That is why in this doctoral thesis has developed a method of isolating enterocytes of the intestinal tract of gold, including sections anterior, posterior and the blind pilóricos. The characterization of enterocytes isolates revealed a heterogeneity morfo-funcional along the intestinal tract of gold, finding the maximum activity of enzymes disaccharidases and transpeptidasas in the region later, while the highest activity of Na / K-ATPasa and Na-ATPasa was found in the blind pilóricos. This differs from what has been described so far to birds and mammals. He or she is also conducted a study of lipid enterocytes isolated from the underlying muscle and intestinal epithelial branquial, finding heterogeneity intraorgánica in the transverse axis of the intestine (higher proportion of n-3 HUFA in enterocytes, the greater proportion of monoenos in the underlying muscle) and a longitudinal heterogeneity in enterocytes (free fatty acids for ascending and descending para16: 0, 18:1 and essential fatty acids). Likewise there was a similarity in the composition of lipid branquial and gut epithelium, which indicates the involvement of the lipid profile in the roles osmorreguladoras both epithelia share. The answers to these lipid profiles in the absence of dietary n-3 and n-6 HUFA, either through the provision of a diet deficient in these fatty acids, either through a period of starvation, showed that in both epithelia strategy exists biochemistry to maintain essential fatty acids of the phospholipids that are part of their membranes, thus maintaining its structural integrity and functional it is vitally important to maintain the proper functioning of epithelia osmorreguladores a kind eurihalina and euriterma as golden. And while the fat and fatty acid profile of lipid total enterocyte are clearly influenced by diet, the fatty acid composition of the phospholipid membranes seems to be more related to adaptation to changing conditions of temperature and salinity at that these species are subjected.