ANIMAL GENETICS

Author: MUÑOZ MARTÍN GLORIA.
Year: 2004.
University: COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID [www.ucm.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS BIOLÓGICA.
Place of preparation: INIA(INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE INVESTIGACIÓN AGRARIA Y ALIMENTARIA).

Summary: The main objective raised in this work has been the study of genes four candidates, two of them related to reproductive and two other characters with characters productive. These genes are ESR1, ESR2, FASN and LEPR. In addition to the approximation of the candidate gene for which it has applied the methodology that is used most relevant at the moment, have also been carried out analysis for the detection of QTLsasociados with production traits to complement the study of genes FASNy LEPR.Elgen ESR1ha been ampliamenteestudiado from detection polimorfismode restriction Pvull, according Rotschildet al. (1996) has an effect of increasing the size of litter. This paper has genotipado this polymorphism in 326 females and has done a study of that association has not revealed significant results. Secondly has sequenced the entire cDNA of this gene and have been detected 5 SNPs that have genotipado in 292 females Tai zumu by PCR-RFLP and pirosecuenciación. We analysis independent of association with the litter size of SNPs located in exons 5 and 8. In the case of SNP8 the results are not significant, however for SNP5 there has been a significant additive effect on the total number of piglets born. The gene ESR2 has been located on the long arm of SSC1. There has been sequencing ADNcde this gene, and have identified two SNPs. For the SNP of exon 5 that a change in the amino acid sequence type M317V, has been carried out by PCR-RFLP genotipado of 326 sows from the line Tai zumu and 315 pigs of the Iberian breed, and their results have been used for an analysis of association of this polymorphism on the size of litter in both populations. The results are not significant in any case. For the gene FASN was performed characterization ADNcpara finding and polymorphisms were detected 10 SNPs. There has been only genotipado by PCR-RFLPdel SNP9 at the junction Iberian x Landrace and SNP21 in 319 individuals Youli. Secondly has made the location of this gene at the end of the short arm of SSC12, and thirdly there has been a study of detection of QTLs in SSC12. The results suggest the existence of 2 QTLs significant partially confirming previous results (Clop et al., 2003) and reveal results nuevos.Para gene LEPR has done sequencing part of the coding region of this gene have been identified and four SNPs that produce a change in the amino acid sequence of the protein. These polymorphisms have been genotipado by pirosecuenciación in populations F1y F2del crossing pilot Iberian x Meishan. Secondly, it has located the gene LEPR in position 119.8 cM through linkage map of SSC6 and has done an analysis for the detection of QTLs on chromosome character of the FAT and growth. The results have revealed the existence of at least 3 QTLs significant weight (My P), GDMYGD P. Thirdly, because the gene LEPR agrees with the position QTLs identified at position 119-127 cM, supporting the hypothesis positional candidate gene, has done an analysis Partnership SNP14 this gene. The results confirm previously described significant evidence regarding the association of gene LEPR with characters FAT (Ovilo et al., 2005), and provide new evidence involving the polymorphism of the gene LEPR in variability of the characters of growth. These results support the hypothesis of the functionality of polymorphism analysis.

Author: MOYANO BLÁZQUEZ EVA M..
Year: 2004.
University: COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID [www.ucm.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS BIOLÓGICAS.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE CC. BIOLÓGICAS.

Summary: To achieve this we ask a Doctoral Thesis GENERAL OBJECTIVE: IDENTIFICATION OF NEW GENES OF Plasmodium falciparum THAT CODIFICAN PROTEINS ANTIGÉNICAS WITH POTENTIAL VALUE DIAGNOSIS, PROTECTOR AND / OR THERAPEUTIC. To accomplish this goal built a genoteca expression from the stadiums I erythrocyte of cIon resistant Dd2. That genoteca was screened with a mixture of sera from patients with malaria. All of cDNA inserts were isolated. Donated and sequenced. Of the 35 cIones isolated, 33 were secuenciasque encodes banproteína santigénicas I characterized previously, 42% of the gifts presented similarity with RESA (surface antigen eritrocito infected with the stadium ring), 27% with CSP (protein surface circumesporozoíto ), 9% presented with homology; protein from the roptrias, presented another 9% homology with OFFICERS (antigen desuperficie of eritrocito infected with the parasite mature), and 6% had similarity with HSP (heat shock protein) and LSA (antigen surface stadium liver). The two clones who were not called homology were # 3.5 and # 3.11, these cIones were characterized. These cIones were expressed and puriticaron the recombinant proteins. Peptides were designed in the antigenic regions in order to evaluate the diagnostic properties of these peptides and the pruteínas recombinants by ELISA. These two proteins were localized cellular intracellularly through the indirect immunofluorescence and by electron microscopy Sweep y.Transmisión.

Author: Eirín López José Ma..
Year: 2004.
University: A CORUÑA [www.udc.es].
Place of defense: Facultad de Ciencias.
Place of preparation: Facultad de Ciencias.

Summary: INTRODUCTION The histones are a group of small basic proteins in eukaryotic cells, involved in the packaging of DNA forming fiber chromatin. There are five families who are classified as core histone (H2A, H2B, H3, H4) and linker histones (H1). Its origins go back to evolutionary seems prokaryotic organisms, and although it is obvious that the functional heterogeneity in eukaryotes should be driven by complex mechanisms, so far its evolution has been explained as a concerted process. Current knowledge is limited in terms of patterns of organization, expression and evolution of these genes in invertebrates, especially in the case of genes H1. To improve knowledge about the histones have proposed three major goals: To characterize the repeating unit of histones in the bivalve Mytilus galloprovincialis, studying DNA sequences of the five histone gene in four additional species (M. californianus, M. chilensis, M. and M. edulis trossulus), and analyze the mechanisms involved in the evolution of genes H1. RESULTS were designed using PCR primers to amplify the refión coding of each of the five species of the genus histone Mytilus, which resulted probes to search for genes of histones in a genoteca M. Galloprovincialis, characterized the unit as H4 higher than repetitive, less than H2B, H2A greater than, H3 greater than, H1 greater than, 5S greater than, 5S higher. The promoter regions showed the presence of regulatory elements typical (TATA boxes, and boxes positions PAC CAAT). In the case of H1 also identified elements H1 box-like and elements H4 box, while regions 3 'UTR showed terminal sequences tallo-bucle, followed by an element rich in purines and at least a sign of poly (A). The characterization of the unit on M. Galloprovincialis allowed to analyze these genes in four additional species (M. californianus, M. chilensis, M. edulis, and M. trossulus). The proteins H1 were polymorphic, with 191 amino acids in all species ssalvo M. Chilensis (190) and M. Californianus (189), being synonymous nucleotide variation. The regulators also were characterized, in addition to the two signals completion in regions 3 'UTR, revealing the functionality of the polyadenylation signal by RT-PCR and Northern blot. The number of copies per genome average for gene H2A/H2B and H3/H4 were approximately 212 and 201 copies each. The chromosomal location of these genes was analyzed by hibridaciones in M. FISH Galloprovincialis, noting genes H1 grouped into three loci, two of them near the telomeres. The histone core were located in two loci with genes H1, one of them in a position terminal and the other in interstitial position. The evolutionary analysis of gene H1 was conducted from all non-redundant sequences collected in the database NHGRI / NCBI. The functional differentiation was evident in the frupo of vertebrates, with a monophyletic origin for all proteins H1 dependent replication. En mamíferos, las proteínas H1 codificadas por genes ortólogos se agruparon en las filogenias según su tipo, y no en función de las especie a la que pertenecen, observando del mismo modo un origen monofilético para los subtipos específicos de diferenciación de vertebrados (H1º y H5 ), which surprisingly are included proteins H1 Mytilus. At nucletídico, genes H1 parálogos mouse are more similates their ortólogos human being synonymous singnificativamente biggest change to non-synonymous. The promoter regions of genes H1 independent repl 8 icación f03 showed commonalities between vertebrates and invertebrates, plus also noted similarities in terms of their refiones coding and respect their grouping by type rather than by species in filogenias. DISCUSSION The organization of histone gene described in this paper complete preliminary analysis in which we have identified genes H1 solitary and contrasted with those units without identified genes H1 on M. Edulis. The associations with histone gene ARNr 5S were also described in crustaceans, and it seems likely an invasion of units by the genes 5S but not evolutionary significance. The genes of histones may be dependent replication (DR) or independent replication (RI) depending on their patterns of expression. The results revealed the presence of at least a fraction of histone gene expressed in the form RI through trascritos poliadenilados on M. Galloprovincialis. The estimated number of copies was consistent with the proportions estequiométricas expected. For nearly 30 years, the evolution of the family of histone gene has been described by a prodceso of concerted evolution. In this case genes parálogos would be subject to a process of homogenization incompatible with the filogenias obtained for proteins and genes H1, with more similarity that intraspecific interspecific. Following this argument, the differences synonymous not synonymous and should be equivalent, however the results show greater variation synonymous. These observations, instead of indicating a concerted evolution, CONFORMITY birth-and-death in the presence of a strong negative or purifying selection. The homologías observed between genes H1 Mytilus RI and variations of vertebrates, indicating that genes H1 "orphan" characterized represent RI isoforms with a common origin. The evolutionary origin "orphan" of histone H1 RI needs to be revised to fit the model birth-and-death. In this case, the differentiation of isoforms of H1 would be determined by events or delección duplication and gene inactivation, finding proteins H1 subject to strong purifying selection, whereas genes H1 divergirían extensively so silent. The next step would involve a transposition into solitary positions in the genome, making these genes in "orphans". It seems that even as the gene families of histones, which specializes in synthesizing a lot of the same gene product at any particular time, we also have evolved through birth-and-death. This model is able to explain not only the generation and diversification of different isoforms DR of H1, but also the origin and evolution of the long-term alternatives H1 RI "orphan". However, to complete the knowledge of the evolution of genes H1 RI will require additional studies focused on clarifying the process of differentiation of the H5 subtype, characteristic for its exclusive presence in nucleated erythrocytes bird. The answer seems to be in histone their "neighbors" evolutionary, reptiles.

Author: CABELLO ROBLES ALEJANDRO.
Year: 2004.
University: CÓRDOBA [www.uco.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE VETERINARIA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE VETERINARIA.

Summary: We have studied a sample consisting of 614 individuals from the Iberian breed belonging to the kernel yields control of the Spanish Association of Cattle Breed Pork Select trunk of Iberian (AECERIBER). These animals belonged to 28 farms with different attachment prior to the main varieties: Golden Gaditano, Entrepelado, Lampiño, Mamellado, Manchado of Jabugo, Portuguese, Retinto and Torbiscal. In descriptive statistical study analyzed 16 variables morphological and 5 indexes zoométricos. The comparative study was established only among the group of females involving a total of 514 animales.Y in the multivariate analysis 507 animals using 5 variables. Descriptive statistics were calculated for all variables for the total population and variety. It also conducted a univariate analysis of variance with the corresponding test of homogeneity mean-post. He then took out a multivariate analysis: canonical discriminant analysis, calculating distances Mahalonobis, and diagrams cluster with the aim of establishing the morphological characterization of varieties of Iberian pork. From the results we conclude that there is a clear differentiation of all varieties that make up the Iberian pork, although the differences between the populations of Mamellado, Retinto and Entrepelado are less pronounced. The variety Portuguese confirmed as a variety independent perfectly differentiated from the rest because of the large isolation from the rest of animals for a long time. Finally, the results support the proposal of the population of Jabugo Manchado race as independent of the Iberian race.

Author: MARTÍN HERNANDEZ JAVIER.
Year: 2004.
University: AUTÓNOMA DE MADRID [www.uam.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS.
Place of preparation: UNIVERSIDAD DE AARTHUS DINAMARCA.

Author: Soldevila Trepat Marta.
Year: 2004.
University: POMPEU FABRA [www.upf.edu].
Place of defense: Dep. Ciencias Experimentales y de la Salud.
Place of preparation: Departamento de Ciencias Experimentales y de la Salud.

Summary: The detailed study of the gene of prionic protein is an important point to understand the diseases caused by prions, as they are, CJD, FFI, GSS in humans and BSE in cattle. The recent outbreak of variant CJD, vCJD, is vitally important to carefully study the gene PRNP. Our work has been to study this gene in different populations representative of the genetic variation in humans, especially for the polymorphism at codon 129, to try to understand the variability existing and potential sensitivities linked to these diseases. The analysis of all these stocks has also served to understand differences in disease susceptibility and, based on the population that there are differences in the frequencies of different alleles and haplotypes especially. The great effort of sequencing has also provided information on the type of selection is acting in this gene PRNP. We have been able to rule out completely prior assumptions they nominated that the selection balanceadora was the decisive force in this gene, and thus deny that cannibalism has been general and persistent in our species. The study level stream of patients with prion diseases has also been one of the highlights of our work. The detailed study of the gene in cases of sporadic CJD has ruled the genetic origin of this disease, which accounts for 80% of cases of prionopatías human and we do not yet know the cause. Another important point has been the study of the gene from an evolutionary point of view, including in the analysis and other primates such as the chimpanzee, to see what differences there are in these two species so close. We have studied in detail certain polymorphisms in human susceptibility increases (or protect) these diseases and we have seen that in this kind these positions are fixed (129 and 219) and that there are other positions that could be of interest in relation to the prion diseases (codon 148).

Author: PÉREZ DIZ ÁNGEL EDUARDO.
Year: 2004.
University: VIGO [www.uvigo.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE BIOLOGÍA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE BIOLOGÍA.

Summary: The mussel Mytilus gender marine organisms have been widely studied in recent decades. Studies of greatest interest are those made on areas híbridad of mussels in the confluence of pairs of species complex Mytilus, M.galloprovincialis, M. Edulis and M.trossulus. The interest of these studies is that they are keys to know the characteristics and maintenance of hybrid zones, and the processes of incipient speciation. Other genetic studies at intra have focused on assessing the existence of regional genetic structure, and the existence of barriers filogeográficas, which are areas of special significance in conservation planning and operation of the mussel. These aspects mentioned have been addressed in this Doctoral Thesis through analysis of microsatellite markers isolated Mytilus galloprovincialis. Globally, microsatellites show good interspecific phylogenetic signal. By applying algorithms Bayesianos on multilocus genotypes were obtained estimates high allocation of stocks to species. The estimations of first-generation migrants are in accordance with the constitution of genetic heritages gene of stocks, estimated by other methods. However, there is a greater flowed gene interespecífico, natural or artificial, that revealed previously on the Atlantic coast of Europe. On the other hand it has been found that there is a barrier to gene flow in the opposite Almería-Orán, characterized by sudden changes in gene frequencies of some loci, as has been observed with other genetic markers in previous studies. Locally, there has been a genetic homogeneity of the mussel in the Galician Rías. The slight divergence of gene frequencies in some populations, mainly from the Rias Altas, is discussed in terms of confinement oceanographic and transplant seed for cultivation. It is advisable to take into consideration the results obtained in future management plans and conservation of local mussel.

Author: MOSQUERA GÓMEZ ESTHER.
Year: 2004.
University: SANTIAGO DE COMPOSTELA [www.usc.es].
Place of defense: INSTITUTO DE ACUICULTURA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE BIOLOGÍA.

Summary: In this paper we have used techniques proteómicas essentially two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) to perform different genetic analysis of the species in mussels Mytilus gálloprovincialis Lmk. The applications of two-dimensional electrophoresis are multiple, especially in the studies and roteómica pressure: This paper has done an analysis proteomíca of expression in order to detect any differences in levels of protein expression between mussels, of and the intertidal mussel cultivation. We compared the expression of 92 polypeptides separated by 2-DE found differences. Statistically significant in 45 (48.9%) of them. These differences are discussed in connection with the molecular changes involved in the. Mussels adapt to different ecological conditions. From a qualitative point of view, 2-DE allows us to have a lot of molecular markers that allow us to study further a broad spectrum of loci and have been applied to the genetic study of natural populations of Mytilus galloprovincialis. These arcadores hardly have been applied to this type of study because the first studies detected high levels of genetic variability lower than those detected by studying other types of molecular markers, such alozimas. But most of these studies have focused on a few species so that the information available is redundant and biased as to obtain an adequate picture of the levels of gene variability ethics that such markers are able to detect. It requires obtaining additional estimates in other species. So, has been used 2-DE to measure the level of genetic variability of loci encoding protein abundance of marine mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis, obtaining the highest levels of heterozigosis half (0101 0018) detected so far in a espe-aie animal through 2-DE. These results show that there is a need for rethinking on the question of the levels of variability that 2-DE is able to detect. Finally, knowledge of the mechanisms by which populations differ genetically is central to evolutionary genetics. Marine organisms in the relative importance of different forces that cause such differentiation is largely unknown. The places where genetic changes occur abrupt are ideal for studying such processes and tend to be associated with the presence of biogeographical barriers. One of the most interesting biogeographical barriers is the front oceanographic Almería-Orán, where studies of different types of molecular markers in several species of molluscs. Fish and shellfish have detected the existence of a genetic change abrupt. We studied the genetic structure of natural populations of Mytilus galloprovincialis from 8 samples from the Atlantic and Mediterranean coasts of the Iberian Peninsula, by analyzing the genetic variation that exists in 38 loci polymorphic separated by 2-DE and their comparison with results previous obtained by other authors by studying alozimas. It noted the existence of a discontinuity gene associated with the ethics front oceanographic Almeria-Oran and consistent with the detected in previous studies by analyzing markers alozimas and mitochondrial DNA. The level of genetic differentiation was detected more than three times that detected by the analysis alozimas. We provide new information about the evolutionary forces responsible for this pattern of population genetic structure.

Author: ZORRAQUINO LOZANO MIGUEL ANGEL.
Year: 2004.
University: PÚBLICA DE NAVARRA [www.unavarra.es].
Place of defense: DEPARTAMENTO DE PRODUCCION AGRARIA.
Place of preparation: DEPARTAMENTO DE CIENCIAS DEL MEDIO NATURAL.

Summary: The presence of residues of antimicrobial substances in the milk in addition to pose a toxicity risk to public health is a major concern in the dairy industry, as they can seriously influence on the technological properties of the milk. In addition, the information available on the characteristics of thermostability of such waste, in particular as regards the heat treatments used in laboratories and in the dairy industry is very low. Thus arose the study of the effect of five heat treatments of milk (40Â ° C 10 minutes, 60Â ° C 30 minutes, 83Â ° C 10 minutes, 120Â ° C 20 minutes and 140Â ° C 10 seconds) on the presence of 29 antimicrobial substances belonging to the group of beta-lactams, aminoglycosides, macrolides, quinolones, tetracyclines and sulphonamides. Antibiotics have been tested using three different concentrations. Samples of milk with antibiotics after being thermally treated, have been analyzed using a "System Microbiological Multiplaca" (SMMP), using the microorganismo-sensor, culture medium, and subject to specific conditions (pH, temperature and time of incubation) optimized for the detection of each group of antibiotics under review. From the results of the work is concluded that the warming of milk samples to 40Â ° C for 10 minutes, does not cause thermal inactivation in most of the antibiotics tested. The treatment 83Â ° C for 10 minutes produces a loss of activity more than 20% in some cephalosporins, tetracyclines and sulfametazina. Pasteurization low (60Â ° C-30 min.) Causes a slight inactivation on beta lactam antibiotics, erythromycin, and spiramycin sulphonamides (6-25%), resulting in slightly higher tetracyclines (18-31%). The conventional sterilization (120Â ° C-20 min.) Inactivaciones originates high on the molecules more termolábiles as beta lactam antibiotics, aminoglycosides and tetracyclines, in all cases surpassing the 50% loss of antimicrobial activity, with the exception of lincomycin non barely inactivation (5%), while quinolones and sulphonamides presented inactivaciones moderate (17-42%). The thermal treatment of 140Â ° C-10 sec. (UHT treatment) produces mild loss of antimicrobial activity of beta-lactams in the molecules, quinolones, lincomycin and tylosin, while aminoglycosides, some macrolides (erythromycin and spiramycin), tetracyclines and sulphonamides have an inactivation intermediate (10-44%). From this, one can only summarize sterilization classical produces greater loss of antimicrobial activity present in milk compared with the other treatments, but failed to secure a complete inactivation. But it would be advisable to conduct further studies on the molecular changes due to thermal treatments and possible toxicological effects of its metabolites.

Author: MUÑOZ DE LA PASCUA LUIS.
Year: 2004.
University: SALAMANCA [www.usal.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE MEDICINA.
Place of preparation: LABORATORIO DE NEUROBIOLOGIA DE LA AUDICION. DEPARTAMENTO DE BIOLOGIA CELULAR Y PATOLOGIA.

Summary: Epilepsy is a chronic disease of the nervous system that affects between 0,5-1% of the world's population. His study depends on the use of non-human experimental models for obvious ethical considerations. In this work we have recovered genetic susceptibility convulsive audiógena present in a line of Syrian hamsters emerged at the University of Valladolid and was in danger of extinction, creating a new line called GASH / Ps (genetic audiogenic seizure hamster) with a propensity to suffer seizures audiógenas and can be a valuable resource in the study of this disease and also to test new drug or genetic therapies. In our results has been given a pattern of transmission autosomal recessive hereditary susceptibility to seizure audiógena, the relationship of such susceptibility with age and deterioration neuromorfológicas and neurochemical that can contribute to the manifestation of seizures. This line of hamsters GASH / Sal, has been established in the SEA at the University of Salamanca, with a new model that can play an important role in the investigation of the pathophysiology and the molecular basis of convulsive disorders. In addition, these new animals may be of interest as a possible model oncogénesis, since they are affected by a lymphoid malignancy with a prevalence rate of close to 25%.

Author: GRADILLA CASTELLANOS ANA CITLALI.
Year: 2004.
University: AUTÓNOMA DE MADRID [www.uam.es].
Place of defense: CENTRO DE BIOLOGÍA MOLECULAR "SEVERO OCHOA".
Place of preparation: INSTITUTO CAJAL.

Summary: The protein subfamily Ariadne, belongs to the family of proteins RBR (RING finger-In Between RING Fingers-RING Finger), which function as enzymes ligasa of ubiqutina E3 through interaction with enzymes E2. In Drosophila there are three, Adriadne-1a, 1b and 2. In this paper, we study the role of Ariadne-1a as enzyme E3 in the context of the organism; closing with a first approach to the functional relationships between this protein and the other members of the subfamily Ariadne. Previously, it was defined that the lack of function Ariadne-1a is lethal during pupation, we find that this phenomenon is repeated in the case of over-function, indicating that the estequiometría of this protein is paramount. In the pupa stage accommodate the metamorphosis and this process is regulated by means of signaling the Ecdisona. The Ecdisona regulates gene expression during development by binding to their nuclear receptors, primarily heterodímero formed by the receiver Ecdisona and nuclear receptor Ultraspiracles. Three isoforms of receiver Ecdisona, which through its differential expression confer specific temporal and spatial to hormone signaling. During the development of this theory, we found that Araiadne-1a is involved in the path of regulating the ecdisona isoform A receiver Ecdisona. Moreover, we note that the phenotype reduction endoplasmic reticulum described for mutants isolated ariadne-1a also occurs in zero mutations, confirming the functional importance of the structural reasons RING finger also analyze this phenotype in excess function and curiously there is an increase in the size of this orgánulo to increase the amount of product. Finally, we describe that poor aridane-1a reduces resistance to oxidative stress caused by heavy metals and cellular stress caused by starvation, and has an effect neuro-protector in neurodegenerative processes during aging, perhaps as a result of the functions of Ariadne-1a on the road to Ecdisona and in the endoplasmic reticulum. As for other members of this group of proteins, overexpression of Ariadne-1b also produces phenotypes related to the route of Ecdisona, so that these two proteins are possibly related functionally in regulating this path signaling.

Author: Cánovas García Fernando.
Year: 2005.
University: MURCIA [www.um.es].
Place of defense: Facultad de Veterinaria.
Place of preparation: Facultad de Veterinaria.

Summary: Work on the honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) based on morphometric and genetic markers suggest the existence of five evolutionary lineages. The Iberian peninsula is the contact zone between these two lineages and recognizes the presence of a particular subspecies: Apis mellifera iberiensis (Engel, 1999). He is credited with a hybrid origin between subspecies A. M. Intermissa belonging to the evolutionary lineage A, in northern Africa, and A. M. Mellifera, which belongs to the evolutionary lineage M, in the western Pacific sur-occidental Europe. According to the hypothesis put forward, this subspecies hybrid features in the composition of mitochondrial DNA, showing a gradient mixing direction sudoeste-noreste. The northwestern peninsular reveals a sharp transition between lineages that occurs in a few miles, unlike what happens in the Mediterranean area, where the transition is presented in several hundred kilometers. The results indicate that the geographical distribution of mitochondrial haplotypes is complex and reflects a route dispersal of African descent to the west peninsular. For his part, the pattern of distribution of European descent M appears to be related to the existence of one or more refuges in the Iberian peninsula during the last glacial period. The use of models used to predict species distributions, based on the preferences of the same environmental, show a great tolerance Environmental lineage Ay a relationship with frequent environments on the shores of the Atlantic, central and southern areas of the Peninsula Iberian and the area south of Levante. The lineage shows mitochondrial M preferences for colder environments, wet own zone and continental northernmost of the Iberian Peninsula. For this process was developed optimal climate information, obtained through different methods of interpolation from a network of weather stations. The analysis of microsatellites also shows differences between African and European populations of the species. This effect is probably caused by a reduction in the effective population size due to the waves of colonization and climatic changes during the Pleistocene. Microsatellites have a geographical structure on a large scale, from Africa to Europe. This structure is lost on the Peninsula, though recognizing a spatial pattern influenced by population flows possibly derived from human practices (of swarms sale or transhumance).

Author: MERCADÉ CARCELLER ANNA M..
Year: 2005.
University: AUTÓNOMA DE BARCELONA [www.uab.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAT DE VETERINÀRIA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAT DE VETERINÀRIA. UNIVERSITAT AUTÓNOMA DE BARCELONA.

Summary: The main objective of the projects IBMAP-2 (MCYT AGF99-0284-CO2) and the continuum (INIA CPE03-010-C3), which includes this work, is the refinement of the position of the major quantitative trait loci (QTL) previously discovered at the junction IBMAP related characters carcass quality of the meat and lipid metabolism. To accomplish this goal has increased the number of markers within the region of the QTLs and has also increased the number of meiosis information to add one generation F3 and retrocruce. In chromosomes 4, 8 and X has reduced the confidence interval of most QTLs described previously and also new QTLs were detected in the three chromosomes. Also, the statistical methodology applied has identified the presence of at least two characters studied for QTL on chromosomes 4 and X. In parallel, another objective of these projects was the analysis of positional candidate genes for QTL of chromosomes 4, 8 and X related to lipid metabolism. In this paper we have studied the genes FABP4, DGAT1, ACSL4, CDS1 and CDS2. Three of them, ACSL4, CDS1 and CDS2 have been isolated and sequenced for the first time in pigs. Polymorphisms were identified in all the genes by sequencing. However, most of polymorphisms are located in introns or non-coding regions. Only two have been identified polymorphisms in the gene CDS1 involving aminoacídico change. In addition, these genes has analyzed the distribution of allelic frequencies in different races. It has also been determined the chromosomal location of genes DGAT1, ACSL4, CDS1 and CDS2 through somatic cell hybrid panel irradiated IMpRH. It has analyzed the pattern of expression of genes ACSL4 and CDS1 and has been characterized prosecution alternative in the mRNA gene ACSL4. Finally, with polymorphisms of genes FABP4 and ACSL4 studies were conducted partnership to determine the effect of these genetic variants. Significant associations were found with the deposition of backfat and with the content of oleic acid to the FABP4 and ACSL4 respectively. However, we can not conclude that these polymorphisms are the causative mutation, one can only say that this is a locus next.

Author: CÉSPEDES VIGOYA WALKIRIA JANNETH.
Year: 2005.
University: AUTÓNOMA DE BARCELONA [www.uab.es].
Place of defense: UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA DE BARCELONA.
Place of preparation: UNVIERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA DE BARCELONA.

Summary: It has been featured on the species Drosophila subobscura the chromosomal polymorphism and body size in experimental populations, subjecting a population at various pilot schemes for detecting thermal genetic changes (Cromosómicos and morphological). The results show some consistent and rapid changes in the frequencies of the ordinations cormosómicas in response to different temperatures studied (13, 18 and 23 degrees centigrade), indicating that the temperature is a factor selectively effective. However, the analysis of such changes revealed a complex pattern of response to temperature, often not consistent with trends observed in the clinas latitudinal natural. Therefore, the temperature is an important selective people but does not explain if the same trends of clinas natural polymorphism and body size. They also conducted an experiment to analyze the robustness phenotypic versus genetic changes (inersiones9 and environmental (temperature); resalados indicate that the pipeline of development and stability (terms that describe the buffering capacity of the agencies to disturbance genetic and environmental) they are not controlled by the same underlying mechanisms.

Author: LÓPEZ GIRÁLDEZ FRANCESC.
Year: 2005.
University: AUTÓNOMA DE BARCELONA [www.uab.es].
Place of defense: DEPARTAMENT DE GENÉTICA I MICROBIOLOGÍA.
Place of preparation: INSTITUT DE RECERCA I TECNOLOGÍA AGROALIMENTÁRIES (IRTA) UNIVERSITAT POMPEU FABRA.

Summary: The overall objective of my doctoral thesis is the study of genetic variation in the DNA of repetitive carnivores to resolve questions of evolutionary these species and the potential applications of genetics in conservation. The thesis is divided into four parts: The first is the study of patterns of evolution of micro species of the family Mustelidae (order Carnívora) because it presents abundant imperfections and evolutionary patterns abnormal. The purpose of this section is to determine the alignment of these microsatellites model mutacional "step-wise", which is the most commonly assumed in population genetics, and to determine the origin of the variability that can not be detected through procedures standard genotipado. This work is under review by the Journal of Heredity. In the second part we have used the conservation of carnivores in the region flanqueante a microsatellite compound complex to analyze their origin and diversification. In addition, we used the region flanqueante this microsatellite to study the phylogenetic information it provides and compare it with the current controversy in filogenias carnivore. This work is accepted for publication in the journal Genetical Research. The third part has been to characterize the co-evolution of the SINEs (Short Interspersed Elements) i the microsastélites in carnivores. With this work we wanted to know in what proportion are responsible SINEs the formation of microsatellites. We are also interested in knowing whether, once the retroposón is inserted in the genome, their repetitive regions evolve in the same way that the patterns of evolution described by microsatellites and what kind of repetition generate repetitive regions of a SINE. This work has been submitted to the journal BMC Genomics. The fourth work conssite in the design of a genetic marker specific species for use with samples collected from a non-invasive. Thanks to the presence of a SINE we were unable to create a bookmark that allows us to differentiate 3 species mustélidos difficult to differentiate without capture and management priorities very different: the American mink, which is an invasive species upon which a program is being implemented eradication, and two protected species, the ferret and the European mink, one of the species most endangered carnivores in Europe. This paper is published in the journal Jorunal of Zoology.

Author: DOMÍNGUEZ MACÍAS JORGE NICOLÁS.
Year: 2005.
University: JAÉN [www.ujaen.es].
Place of defense: UNIVERSIDAD DE JAEN.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS EXPERIMENTALES.

Summary: The draft thesis made by the candidate to qualify for the degree of Doctor, item interim study of the patterns of expression of the sodium channel in the development of cardiac mus musculus. Analysis of the levels of expression of ion channels in the model transgenic -MHC-KvLQT-iso2-T7, "and that has produced, through the goals outlined in the draft, the report thesis whose title indicated in the header, is a work of excellent quality, providing data relevance to the understanding of the configuration electrophysiological heart during morphogenesis, as well as to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying the electrophysiological abnormalities associated with dilated cardiomyopathy. This can highlight the following aspects of this report: 1 .- Innovative character Topic: The general theme of a thesis falls within the scope of a Biology Development and the molecular basis underlying the cardiac electrophysiology. During embryonic development of the heart are produced significant modulations in the expression of various genes that may play an important role in the formation of the adult body. Electrophysiological Studies have shown that the correct synchronous contraction of different cardiac chambers, in the adult heart, it is configured during embryonic development. However, it is not known which genes are involved in shaping final electrophysiological heart adult. The analysis of the patterns of expression of the sodium channel, responsible for the depolarization phase of the cardiac action potential, has revealed that may be involved in shaping the different electrophysiological definitive cardiac chambers during cardiogénesis. The relevance of these results is supported by the fact that large portions of it, have been published in international journals with high impact (eg: Cardiovascular Research, which occupies the third position in the ranking of Cardiology at the ICS) . Likewise, it should be noted that these results were obtained in collaboration with Dr. Robert Thompson of the Medical University of South Carolina USA). Moreover, morphological analysis and expression patterns for ion channels in a transgenic model of a type of cardiac arrhythmia (Long QT Syndrome) have provided interesting data to elucidate the molecular basis underlying the electrophysiological abnormalities associated with dilated cardiomyopathy. 2 .- methodological approach to the thesis: The combination of techniques Immunohistochemical and molecular biology techniques that have been used in this work have yielded a high data reliability. Proof of this is that one of the publications resulting from this Doctoral Thesis has been included in an international database of gene expression in mice (Gene Expression Database (GXD)). Likewise, the use of transgenic animals that recapitulate disease similar to humans, we can extrapolate these results.

Author: CARMONA LÓPEZ FRANCISCO DAVID.
Year: 2006.
University: GRANADA [www.ugr.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS.

Summary: The processes of sex determination and differentiation in mammals have a high scientific interest in recent times. In mammals, sexual differentiation is a process that occurs in two stages. In the first one, primordios gonadales present in both sexes, are developed as testes or ovaries depending on the strength of individual chromosome. The path chosen will depend on the presence or absence of the Y chromosome in the embryo. This is located on chromosome gene SRY, which starts in the male gonadal differentiation testicular primordium of the crucial moment in the determination of sex. The absence of SRY in females allows, shortly thereafter, begin developing ovarian. In the second phase, the production of hormones by the gonads lead the development of secondary sexual characteristics of the individual, resulting phenotype masculine or feminine depending on whether or not it presents testicles.