ECONOMICS, 6

Author: REY MEJÍAS CONCEPCIÓN.
Year: 2006.
University: COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID.
Place of defense: UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID.
Place of preparation: INSTITUTO UNIVERSITARIO DE CIENCIAS AMBIENTALES (IUCA).

Summary: KEYWORDS environmental taxes, water taxes, contingent valuation. The determination of the appropriate elements to be covered in the price of water is a highly debated issue, although it is true that it should encourage sustainable water use due to problems that are already present in our society, but taking into account while equity that do not impede those who have less access to resources such appeal. The main objective of this dissertation is to study the possibilities of using taxes as a tool to stimulate consumption and responsible use of water from the public sector, relying on the use of tools of economic valuation of natural resources. The investigation focuses on the rates and charges that currently make up the current price of the appeal for goods and activities related to the full cycle of water, also aims to verify the response of the population of environmental taxes.

Author: POMBO ROMERO JULIO.
Year: 2006.
University: SANTIAGO DE COMPOSTELA.
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS ECONÓMICAS Y EMPRESARIALES.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS ECONÓMICAS Y EMPRESARIALES.

Summary: In this paper, it introduces a quantitative model of the market for drugs based on the observation of actual data of pharmaceutical services in Galicia and in concepts and formalizaciones taken from the Economics of the Complexity and Statistical Mechanics. Thus, it is possible to exceed an explanation purely phenomenological rate expressed in the traditional econometric models, and to provide a foundation for the qualitative quantitative parameters obtained. The application of the approach of the Economy of the complexity of a problem of public expenditure in this paper is a novelty, whose ultimate goal is the provision of a tool to facilitate the management of pharmaceutical services with the aim of increasing efficiency and sustainability of the current health system of universal access we enjoy in this country. The following text is divided into four chapters: in the first, is the paradigm of complexity, from its philosophical and epistemological until its realization in the field of economics, constitute the conceptual basis for the study of the pharmaceutical market here takes place. It discusses the development of concepts related to the science of complexity, its application to various fields of knowledge, and finally the implications of these ideas in the economy, including a review of the major papers published so far. The second chapter is to present the formal tools that will be used to develop our quantitative model. These are taken from the field of physical sciences, specifically with the developments that have taken place in the area of Statistical Mechanics to explain the macroscopic phenomena that arise in this area from the properties of its constituent elements. Specifically, the economic model is developed for the study of pharmaceutical expenditure is based on the characterization of the social interactions through the model proposed by the German physicist Ernst Ising to explain the phenomenon of ferromagnetism. The original model has been combined with recent findings in the field of characterization of complex networks, which we used to analyze the structure of the grid connections within the group. In the third chapter, is the description of the market for drugs in Galicia made on the basis of statistical analysis of more than 150 million prescriptions prescribed by 2,298 primary care physicians between January 2001 and June 2005, which is practically all of the study population. Among the main features observed in the market of drugs underscores the importance of a group of drugs, referred new principles assets (NPA) to explain the increases in spending. In general, these drugs are slight modifications on previous versions aimed at either penetrate market sectors where there is already a successful product (strategy called "me too"), or maintain patent rights for the manufacturing laboratory and thus circumvent competition from generics (strategy "me again"). However, as a rule, the NPA do not offer substantial therapeutic advantages over their predecessors even though its price is considerably higher. From the analysis of the recipes demonstrated the ability of the pharmaceutical industry to introduce a quick and steady the NPA, this factor being the source of up to 80% of the increase in spending, leaving in the background other causes often mentioned as the aging population and the influx of immigrants. In Chapter IV, is to propose a model that integrates into a single mathematical formalism relationships observed in the market for the drugs, so that the 8 formali 8f3 smo can be used as a framework for designing interventions to manage pharmaceutical services. As has been said, this is a model mecanoestadístico in which they assume relationships like "small world" among its key components, namely among physicians prescribing interacting networking similarly from those moments Magnetic system Ising. The model relates the consumption basket of drugs other aspects that have been found to influence the process of selection of a certain drug from the various alternatives equivalents, stressing their importance for the existence of incentives, the accessibility of drugs The tendency to imitate the most common medical practice and the structure of relations among physicians. For example, in order to make its functionality in managing real, the proposed model is applied to the study of a group of drugs, including statins, which has been the most important in Galicia from the point of view of spending during the study period, and an interpretation of the structure and dynamics of the market observed. In a final section of this chapter, checked against policies emanating from taking a traditional approach in the economic analysis of the pharmaceutical market based on supply-demand relations with the implications of adopting a "complex" proposed in this paper, formalized in a model mecanoestadístico with network structure of small world

Author: Gundín Castro María Inés.
Year: 2006.
University: SANTIAGO DE COMPOSTELA.
Place of defense: Facultad de Ciencias Economicas.
Place of preparation: Facultad de Ciencias Económicas.

Summary: The thesis consists of three chapters. The first contains a description of how current funding system for the autonomous communities of common well as a quantification of its findings to homogenous skills, a critical analysis of the same system, and a number of reform proposals. The second chapter examines whether the weighting system that attaches to the surface and regional dispersion of the population are reasonable based on the estimated impact of these variables on the costs of providing some of the major utilities. Finally, the third chapter contains a comparative analysis of systems of financing federal territorial three countries (Germany, Canada and Australia) that draws some lessons relevant to the Spanish case.

Author: Díaz Vázquez M. Rosario.
Year: 2006.
University: SANTIAGO DE COMPOSTELA.
Place of defense: Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Empresariales.
Place of preparation: Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Empresariales.

Summary: The main thrust of the research has been on those cases in which the relationship emisiones-PIB (in particular, CO2 and sulfur) has followed a path of inverted U, in order to ascertain whether or not to obey the assumptions underlying the assumptions of the environmental Kuznets curve (CKA), ie if the actions that led to the separation of the two variables are systematically linked to a growing economy and development. Furthermore, we asked whether such a separation can be sustained over time without the mediation of public policy. With these objectives, and after reproduce the usual econometric estimation model CKA, we have advanced in two lines opened recently in the research on this hypothesis: the study of the CKA country that relies on the analysis of historical experience and analysis decomposition of the growth rate of emissions. As a general conclusion can be pointed out, first, that, according to the two indicators used, it has not been detected or an income or a stage of economic development that can be identified as "critical" for the start of an Reduce the pressure on the environment, and secondly, that when decoupling has been maintained at the time was the decisive intervention of the public sector.

Author: ALCAIDE HERNÁNDEZ FRANCISCO.
Year: 2006.
University: AUTÓNOMA DE MADRID.
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS ECONÓMICAS.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS ECONÓMICAS.

Summary: Approach new strategic proposals (areas technological, strategic, organizational and rrhh, economic) to improve the profitability of the Company and Sports Clubs Cup. In the specific area of HR the proposal of a model where they pay rigorous linking pay to performance applicable to employees of such entities.

Author: RIVAS ALVAREZ ANA.
Year: 2006.
University: CASTILLA-LA MANCHA.
Place of defense: ETSI CAMINOS CANALES Y PUERTOS.
Place of preparation: ETSI CAMINOS CANALES Y PUERTOS.

Summary: The investigation is part of the knowledge of the effects generated by the new high-speed rail infrastructure, and in particular those that occur on mobility. The analysis is performed on very specific situations, which until now have been given little attention: the relationship of the short time distance between a center established attractor and a station located in a small city. The objective of this thesis is the characterization of the mobility of high speed from both the identification of patterns of mobility as the parameters which determine that these patterns occur in relations between short time distance. Studies so far made in the area of mobility associated with the high-speed railway, shows that there is little knowledge about the stations located in medium-sized cities and small compared to those which are the poles of relations more important and thus bring greater volumes of passengers. As a result, for the proper development of this thesis has necessitated a major field work consisting of surveys specific to the users of four relationships (two Spanish and two French), and data collection in eight cases belonging to the high-speed network in Europe.

Author: HUSILLOS CARQUES FRANCISCO JAVIER.
Year: 2006.
University: BURGOS.
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS ECONÓMICAS Y EMPRESARIALES.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS ECONÓMICAS Y EMPRESARIALES.

Summary: Three studies give substance to this thesis. From the results obtained in the first of these shows that environmental information disclosed by the firms analyzed in its annual accounts and issued in the media fluctuates in unison. The joint use of the tenets of the theory Legitimacy and the theoretical establishment Agenda allowed to infer from this evidence that there is a close relationship between concern for the environment of society (as / shaped by the media ) and business organizations (reflected in the space devoted by firms in their financial statements to describe their environmental performance). In analyzing more deeply on this issue was discovered that the signatures could be examined using environmental information disclosed in its financial statements not only to adapt to the prevailing values in the society but also to influence (sometimes so biased) in their perception . In the second of the empirical studies, following the tenets on this occasion of the Theory of Stakeholders discussed how the disclosure of environmental information from a sample of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Spain was affected by: capacity of different interest groups to influence the behavior of organizations, the attitude of strategic management, the environmental performance of firms, as well as its available resources. Using the methodology of structural equations found the predictive power of the model proposed by analyzing the dissemination of environmental information in the annual accounts of a sample of 135 Spanish SMEs. According to the results, the environmental performance of firms appears to be related to pressure from special interest groups on the organization (owners, employees and customers), the constant search by the managers of new ways to improve enterprise competitiveness and the relationship with interest groups, as well as the availability of resources of the organizations. However, despite the existence of a significant and positive relationship between the environmental performance of firms and content of the environmental information disclosed, the proposed model does not explain satisfactorily such disclosure. This result could be showing that we can not reach a reliable conclusion of the environmental performance of firms to analyze the information revealed in this regard in its annual accounts. The purpose of the last of the studies was to demonstrate, using a methodology of a qualitative nature, the various factors that could be influencing the emergence and development of the memoirs of sustainability in the context Spanish. On this occasion, to collect data from analysis were arranged 30 interviews with responsible for the preparation of sustainability reports of a sample of 20 signatures Spanish. After analyzing the interviews and their own sustainability reports were identified numerous factors that may be impacting both at birth and in the subsequent development of the reports. The factors appeared to emanate from different levels of analysis. They seemed to be born inside or outside of signatures. In this regard the external factors that seem to be exerting greater influence on the emergence and development of reports of sustainability in Spain are: the growing social concern for sustainable development and ethical behavior of signatures, the position adopted by companies environment organizations analyzed in relation to this phenomenon, des-interés of different social groups (eg consumers), the opinion of some exper 8 cough in m 5a5 ateria sustainable development, as well as the position adopted by the media on these issues. Internal factors identified were subdivided into organizational and individual. The organizational factors that may be exerting a major influence are the values that permeate the operation of the organizations, resources and capabilities at its disposal firms, as well as internal tensions arising from organizational changes associated with a more sustainable management. With reference to the individual factors appear to be the most prominent: the attitude of managers, their ethical and moral values, as well as their "faith" that sustainable development is really possible.

Author: DIAZ OLARIAGA OSCAR EDUARDO.
Year: 2006.
University: NACIONAL DE EDUCACIÓN A DISTANCIA.
Place of defense: CIENCIAS ECONÓMICAS Y EMPRESARIALES.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS ECONÓMICAS Y EMPRESARIALES.

Summary: Then, the aim of the doctoral thesis was the development (and proposed) of a "Model Planning Strategic Information Systems in the Enterprise", conceptually generated from the theory SISP (acronym in English Planning Information Systems Strategic) Lederer and Salmela (Lederer & Salmela, 1996), and empirically validated through a survey (in the corporate market Spanish). A secondary aim of the thesis was, framed within the primary objective above and origin of one of the main contributions (originals) of doctoral work, validate the model with the inclusion of contingency factors (According Mintzberg, 1979), as a their basic constructions. To address the objective proposal, first developed (or defined) "Conceptual Modeling." This model, which defined a group of buildings and their different functional interrelations, was generated using as a base primarily theory SISP of Lederer and Salmela, but also contemplated other major approaches semiempíricos latest. Secondly, and from conceptual model, it was a "Model Research." The research model provided the framework for the evaluation and validation of the conceptual model. Ete model investigaicón, consists of a number of buildings and their relationship, defined on the basis of the conceptual model, led the planning of a series of "scenarios" arising mainly from the group of relationships that bind (or intersect) different constructs model . And finally, in a third phase, a rigorous statistical analysis of the results of empirical research (the survey), finally led us to validate, correct and redefine the original model, which ended with a "Structural Model" definitive.

Author: ARAGÓN RIVERA EFRAIM.
Year: 2006.
University: NACIONAL DE EDUCACIÓN A DISTANCIA.
Place of defense: CIENCIAS ECONÓMICAS Y EMPRESARIALES.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS ECONÓMICAS Y EMPRESARIALES.

Summary: It deals with the study of the economic and social impact of public policies on education and health formulabas by the Colombian government through its National Development Plans for the governments of Cesar Variria Trujillo: The Peaceful Revolution (1990-1194), Ernesto Samper Pizano , The Salot Social (1994-1998) and Andres Pastrana Arango: Change to build peace (1998-2002). The public nature of education and health was seriously threatened because the neoliberal model implemented in Colombia, stimulating market forces to strengthen the process privatized. It established the relationship between public policy and economic social implants on Colombia in the twelve years and processes to reduce or increase in poverty, exclusion and marginalization, as well as the connection between the successive models of economic development and public policies in Colombia.

Author: Lasak Katarzyna Aleksandra.
Year: 2006.
University: AUTÓNOMA DE BARCELONA.
Place of defense: International Doctorate in Economic Analysis.
Place of preparation: IDEA UAB y Dept. de Economia Univ. Carlos III de Madrid.

Summary: This thesis develops a new methodology for the analysis of systems co-integrados fraccionalmente using maximum likelihood techniques following the previous work of Johansen (1988, 1991, 1995). The problem is relevant to determining whether there is a long-term relationship between a series of economic variables, and to describe the nature of that relationship. This study has been conducted previously from various approaches, but the approach Johansen based on regression techniques reduced rank is preferred in much of the empirical work because it provides a simple way to check the status of cointegration, make inference systems cointegrados complex contrast and suggests methods for modeling assumptions. The traditional analysis assumes a level pre-especificado memory observed in the series and in terms of balance, so it is natural to extend the analysis to the situation where those levels are unknown and consider a framework for fractional that anide the standard models . In the chapter "Likelihood based testing for fractional cointegration" is considered the problem to validate the existence of fractional cointegration within a structure VAR. The order of cointegration fractional estimated by maximum likelihood (under the alternative cointegration), and then proposes two cointegration contrast, the so-called maximum value contrasts himself and to trace, which are the basic tools inference analysis in cointegration under models roots unit. The cointegration parameter is not identified under the void in the new situaicón, so that these contrasts can be interreptar as "sup tests" and lead to distributions asintóticas not dependne of a predetermined value or estimated this parameter. It also considers situations where the memory of the observable is deconocida and where there may be trends determinístas and correlation of short-term delays introduced by the variables observed. From the point of the simulations have been tabbed the critical values of the different contrasts and has been investigated in the size and power finite samples. The power of nuveos contrasts low fractional alternatives is greater than the genetic contrasts Johansen, which presuppose that the relationship is débilmetne dependent equilibrium, while the distorisones of comparable size are small. The method is illustrated finally in the light of the example of cointegration between consumption and income considered in the article by Engle and granger (1987) and subsequent studies. The chapter "Maximum likelihood estimation of fractionally cointegrated systems" addresses the estiamción for maximum versosimilitud models for correction of the error fracionalmente cointegrados rank and level of cointegration ries are known. She explores the properties asintóticas of estimators of the degree of cointegration, cointegration vectors, vector speed adjustment and the matrix varianzas-covarianzas of errors. In a primerpaso are supposed to have an initial estimate, which consists of the degree of cointegration, which is the nonlinear parameter in the plausibility, and then relaxes that assumption in a simple model. It shows that all estimators are consistent and of the vectors cointegration are superconsistentes, even if the initial level of memory specified wrongly, confirming the validity of the estimators obtendios with "Johansen method" based on the assumption cointegration unit. The distribution of vector cointegration estimator is not standard, but similar to the case unit, ie conditionally normal, which contrasts obtained on the array are chi-square distribution. The estimator of the degree of cointegration asintóticamente is normal and independent vector cointegration, reflected in the contribution by the asymptotic variance estimation vector adjustment and the effect of having a degree of greater or lesser cointegration. It is also proposed and considered a model correlated with short-term and indi 8 ca as 96f made inference in this case. The simulations illustrate proportionate lso points earlier and used to compare the new method with that of Johansen. The chapter "Fractional cointegration rank estimation" investigates the problem of the range of contrast cointegration, ie the number of relaicones of cointegration, when it assumes under the null hypothesis that the system is already cointegrado. In this case the degree of cointegration parameter is already identified and can be estimated by maximum sees rosimilitud, so a naive implementation of the recruit like "sup" chapter "Likelihood bases testing for fractional cointegration" would not necessarily inference valid asintóticametne . In this case the critical values should depend on the true value of graod of cointegraicón and tables such as those in Lyhagen (1998) should be used. This chapter proposes a new contrast based on aliminación in the series studied the trends common estimated under the null hypothesis. The remaining variable should not be cointegradas, it is proposed to apply on them in a second estapa contrasts suggested in the chapter "Likelihood based testing for fractional cointegration", with different adjustments to reflect the effect of the projection. In a study of Monte Carlo compares these different approaches, together with that of Johansen as a reference. It is noted that contrasts naive, albeit with certain desajsutes in size in finite sample, have a very reasonable behavior in terms of power, while the two-stage procedure based on sample size serious problems for any of the models and simulated a very good level of power in general.

Author: Anghel Brindusa.
Year: 2006.
University: AUTÓNOMA DE BARCELONA.
Place of defense: Departament d'Economía i dHistòria Econòmica.
Place of preparation: Departament d'Economía i d'Història Econòmica.

Summary: Foreign direct investment (FDI) is a key element of the internationalization process. FDI infows in the world in 2006 reached US$ 1.2 trillion in 2006, up substantially from US$ 823 billion in 2001, and their size is constantly growing (United Nations Conference for Trade and Development statistics). FDI is strongly associated with the location strategies of multinational enterprises (MNEs). In fact, MNEs are .firms that undertake FDI. In this dissertation, we argue that a deeper understanding of the determinants of FDI and of the activities of MNEs deserves more attention, because it is a relevant issue associated with various policies of governments such as economic development strategies or industrial reconversion plans (Barrell and Pain, 1997; Borensztein et al., 1998; Navaretti and Venables, 2004). The aim of this dissertation is to carry out a thorough empirical analysis of the determinants of FDI, as a result of MNEs internationalization strategies. We believe that the det

Author: RIVAS RODRIGUEZ MARIA FERNANDA.
Year: 2006.
University: AUTÓNOMA DE BARCELONA.
Place of defense: DEPARTAMENT D'ECONOMIA I D'HISTORIA ECONOMICA.
Place of preparation: DEPARTAMENT D'ECONOMIA I D'HISTORIA ECONOMICA.

Summary: This thesis is divided into three chapters that refer to three different topics, all of them analyzed through laboratory experiments. Although the topics may seem completely different, they have in common that they refer to social subjects. Subjects are motivated by material incentives and other non-material motives, and these two motivations are very much interconnected. In the experiments presented in this thesis I study topics where the non-material incentives may play an important role: if people prefer to interact in an environment with a system of strong punishment or in one with soft punishment, if women are less or equally corrupt than men, and if workers are affected by the earnings received by their managers. Those are topics I found interesting since they help us to understand the interaction among members of a society. Although to have a more complete treatment of the topics it would be important to include the analysis of .field data, experiments give a quick and controlled approximation to them.

Author: ALONSO PAULÍ EDUARD.
Year: 2006.
University: AUTÓNOMA DE BARCELONA.
Place of defense: AUTONOMA DE BARCELONA.
Place of preparation: AUTONOMA DE BARCELONA.

Summary: This thesis studies the effect of Corporate Governance at solving agency problem between managers and shareholders. In a stylized way, managers decisions are key for company's success, but their preferences typically differ from shareholders. It is, then, necessary to understand the mechanisms aligning manager's interests with shareholders' ones. This work focuses first on the role played by one of this mechanisms: a Code of Best Practice. On this topic, we study the effect that the adoption of a Code of Best Practice has on manager's incentives and the optimal Code that a regulator concerned with shareholders' wealth should design. We extend the previous analysis to allow for a market of managers and shareholders, in order to understand the effects of Codes in competitive environments. Finally, we consider an extension of the concept of corporate governance by analyzing situations where employees influence manager's decisions, and we study how this affects manager-sharehol