EMPLOYMENT THEORY AND PATTERNS

Author: HUESCA REYNOSO LUIS.
Year: 2004.
University: AUTÓNOMA DE BARCELONA.
Place of defense: DEPARTAMENTO DE ECONOMÍA APLICADA.
Place of preparation: ESCUELA DE POSTGRADO.

Summary: The thesis provides empirical evidence that argues for the labor market in Mexico during 1990-2002, which obtained the informal sector wage above the formal awards. A worker autonomo informal reduces their wages if workers become formal. This was confirmed using the innovative technique of Bourguignon, 2001 by vezprimera the Mexican case. The dual vision changes its tone as it is proof of the existence of segmentation to differentiate statistically setting wages between both sectors.

Author: CASTRO LUGO DAVID.
Year: 2004.
University: AUTÓNOMA DE BARCELONA.
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS ECONÓMICAS Y ADMINISTRATIVAS.
Place of preparation: ESCUELA DE POSTGRADO.

Summary: The main objective of this thesis is to participate in the discussion on the functioning and development of the labor market in Mexico. The study focuses on aspects of wages, unemployment and disparity salarias from the standpoint of urban labor markets; used as a source of information to the National Survey of Urban Employment in the period 1992-2002. The paper develops discuss three topics: A - The relationship between the rate of urban unemployment and wages locally, through this methodology wage curve. B-wage inequality in Mexico, emphasizing the aspect urban / regional level. C-opening trade and the regional wage, which examines changes in the economic structure as a factor explaining the differences in average wages between cities, as well as the possible existence of economies of agglomeration and accessibility advantages as a source of higher wages . The analysis of the wage curve confirmed the existence of a negative impact of unemployment on the wages of local workers, however, the levels of elasticity obtained are lower than those recorded in other countries. Estimates of wage curve for different groups of workers confirmed the existence of different sensitivity wage compared to the rate of unemployment. The calculation inequality salaria indicates that this growth and introduced a period 1992-1997 and since that date has a descending behavior. The decomposition of the disparity encomponentes intra and entregrupo possible to identify a reduction of wage differences within groups and between groups increased. Exploring the effects composition and wages, determined that changes in the remuneration of the component factors are crucial in the evolution of the wage gap and affects far fewer changes in the composition of the groups. The disparities in the average wage of cities increased during the nineties, which was explained by the payment of factors in different cities rather than by the existence of differences in factor endowments between urban centers and, this behavior seems to show a geographic reference, widening the gap in average wages between cities in the north and south of the country. These regional differences appear to be associated with a specialization space of regional activities appear to be associated with a specialization space of productive activities, trade and services in the south and manufacturing in the north and the strengthening of factors related to economies of agglomeration and accessibility the United States market.

Author: DANTAS VAZ PAIS M. JOANA.
Year: 2004.
University: AUTÓNOMA DE BARCELONA.
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS ECONÓMICAS Y EMPRESARIALES.
Place of preparation: ESCUELA DE POSTGRADO.

Author: CUETO IGLESIAS M. BEGOÑA.
Year: 2004.
University: OVIEDO.
Place of defense: FAC. CIENCIAS ECONOMICAS Y EMPRESARIALES.
Place of preparation: FAC. CIENCIAS ECONOMICAS.

Summary: Active policies of the labor market has become an indispensable tool in the fight against unemployment in developed countries. Economic theory predicts a positive impact at both macro and micro levels. However, the assessments made in countries like the United States, Germany, France, Sweden and the United Kingdom have shown that the effects may be less beneficial than would be expected. The overall objective of this research is to conduct an evaluation of the effects of three types of micro-active policies: support for permanent contracts, support self-employment and vocational training. It handled indicators related to the employment situation of the participants - such as the rate of retention in subsidized employment or the rate of occupation and discusses their working conditions. The techniques used are analyzing duration and propensity score matching. The models allow time to study what are the variables that affect retention of participants in the subsidized employment (in the case of aid to the recruitment and self-employment). Regarding the propensity score matching, allows the calculation of the average effect participation in the occupational training program.

Author: Vazquez Mendez María del Mar.
Year: 2005.
University: POLITÉCNICA DE CARTAGENA.
Place of defense: F de Ciencias de la Empresa.
Place of preparation: Facultad de Ciencias de la Empresa.

Summary: There will always be a theoretical analysis of the determination of the working day and their relationship with the rest of variables that characterize the labor market. The focus is on working hours and flexibility. This defines the time through two variables: the time of onset and duration, and on this basis are built two models. The first is a general equilibrium model with shift work. It shows how the presence or absence of restrictions on capital determines the types of days to be made. The second is a model of so-called matching or "matching" where companies and workers differ as to their preferences on the schedule. As a result of balance is determined interval times in which it takes days and is considered an indicator of flexible schedules.

Author: MURILLO HUERTAS INÉS PEDRAESCRITA.
Year: 2005.
University: EXTREMADURA.
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS ECONÓMICAS Y EMPRESARIALES.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS ECONÓMICAS Y EMPRESARIALES.

Summary: The purpose of the Doctoral Thesis is to contribute to better understanding of the labor market in Spain, focusing on the study of two different aspects. First performing one of the main approaches that have considered the labor market in recent years, discusses the major difference between the unemployment rates from a regional perspective in Spain. Secondly, it raises an analysis based on the educational level of the workforce in Spain, following the theory of human capital. Specifically, it deals with the study of the profitability of private investment in education and the effects of the depreciation of the human capital on wages.

Author: Silva Becerra José Ignacio.
Year: 2006.
University: AUTÓNOMA DE BARCELONA.
Place of defense: Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona.
Place of preparation: Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona.

Summary: This thesis studies the role of Labor Turnover Costs (LTC), instantaneous capital adjustment, endogenous capital utilization, neutral productivity shocks and investment-specific shocks on the cyclical behavior of labor markets with the presence of matchingfrictions. In Chapter 1 of this thesis we present the Diamond-Mortensen-Pissarides matching model (henceforth DMP model) and review Shimer's (2005a) critique: this standard model is only capable of generating 10 percent of the actual unemployment fluctuations in response to empirically plausible productivity shocks. Then, we explore some of the extensions introduced into the model to improve its amplification mechanism. We tentatively conclude that there is no wholly satisfactory extension of the basic setup able to reproduce the key characteristics of the US data. In Chapter 2 we explore the role of labor turnover costs on the cyclical behavior of the US labor market. The existence of labor turnover costs associated with matching frictions may be considered a key element of the labor market. These costs can be divided in two components: (i) costs related to the hiring process of a new employee (advertising costs, processing of applications, interviews); and (ii) other costs generated once the match has taken place (e.g. training costs, firing costs, etc.), which we call post-match labor turnover costs (PMLTC). The standard DMP approach only considers the former; however, survey information presented in this chapter reveals that PMLTC are 4 times higher than hiring costs. We observe that the introduction of this source of heterogeneity helps to generate substantial movements in vacancies and unemployment along a downward sloping Beveridge curve in response to shocks of a reasonable magnitude. Additionally, we show that the volatility of the model can be increased without introducing unrealistic sensitivity of unemployment to unemployment benefits. Chapter 3 constitutes a example of the applicability of the extended DMP model with PMLTC to some relevant questions. In particular, and despite their sharp differences in employment protection legislation (EPL henceforth), the Spanish labor market has recently achieved the same volatility historically displayed by the US one. This chapter contributes to the understanding of this phenomena and extends the model presented in Chapter 2 by introducing firing costs in entry level or temporal jobs. This additional extension permits not only to compare the stylized facts characterizing the US and the Spanish labor markets, but also allows an evaluation of the effects of the 1984 Spanish labor market reform on the labor market volatility. In Chapter 4 we introduce a frictionless market for capital in a DMP model with endogenous capital utilization and a new source of shocks, which are investment-specific shocks. We consider an scenario where capital stock is immediately and fully adjusted in response to shocks so that it is modeled, in this simple case, as a jump variable. This approach is in contrast to most of the previous literature which allows a gradual adjustment of capital stock when search and matching frictions are present in the labor market (capital stock is treated as a state variable). We show that the volatility of the US labor market is increased by more than 50 percent with respect to the standard DMP model where labor is the only production factor.