MINERAL ELEMENTS IN FOOD

Author: SCHOPPEN STEFANIE.
Year: 2004.
University: COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID.
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE FARMACIA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE FARMACIA (UCM) Y INSTITUTO DEL FRÍO (CSIC).

Summary: It has studied the influence of the consumption of mineral water carbóniCa (gas), bicarbonatada, sodium, cloruradá and fluoridated on various parameters related to bone and mineral metabolism and cardiovascular risk, in a particularly vulnerable situation physiological, postmenopausal. It conducted two clinical trials of intervention. The first study consisted of two periods consecutivosde intervention of two months each, for the first time, women took a daily L mineral water control (with a low mineral content) and in the second took mineral water bicarbonatada sodium object study. It is not involved in the rest of the diet. We measured the weight, height and serum were determined: total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, apolipoprotein Al, apolipoprotein B molecules soluble demand, accession intercellular 1 (sICAM-l) and vascular accession 1 (sVCAM-I), glucose and biochemical markers of bone formation and resorption (PINP) (BETA-CTX). At the end of each period of 24 h urine collected to determine pH, volume, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium and chloride. The second study was a randomized crossover trial with three waters: the two water used in the earlier study, and another mineral water carbonic whose only difference with the water of the earlier study was carbonic containing less fluoride. These waters should. Standard drink with a meal rich in fat. Blood samples were taken at baseline and time certain times postprandiales. It identified: total cholesterol and triglycerides in serum and quilomicrones, c01ecistoquinina, glucose, insulin and aldosterone. In addition, it recogÍó-la urine of the 8 h that hard time prosprandial yen it was analyzed volume, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, c1ornro and pH. Conclusions: 1 .- The consumption of water carbonic, bicarbonatada, sodium, clorurada and fluoride consumed in quantities consistent with a normal feeding, has the following positive effects in healthy postmenopausal women who follow a traditional Mediterranean diet: reduces cardiovascular risk, Estimated by lipoprotein metabolism, and the postprandial lipemia prediction as "1éiblas of ATP-III; reduces glucose and fasting seems to improve glucose metabolism and insulin; promotes conservation renal calcium but without altering the metabolismoóseo. 2 .- The effects of this water bicarbonatada sodium on cardiovascular risk and management of renal electrolyte does not depend on the content of fluoride.

Author: MIQUEL GÓMEZ ESTHER.
Year: 2004.
University: VALENCIA.
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE FARMACIA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE FARMACIA ( UNIV. VALENCIA).

Summary: This thesis deals with the identification and characterization of caseinofosfopéptidos (CPPs) and its relationship with the bioavailability of calcium, iron and zinc. The CPPs released in digestion in vitro and in vivo casein per share of the different enzymes gastrointestinal form at pH intestinal soluble complexes with mineral elements and influence their bioavailability. Thanks to the phosphate groups of the CPPs resist partial degradation by enzymes proteolíticos. It examines the formation and identification of CPPs in casein, s2- and -caseína, formulas for infants start and continued growth and milk after a process of digestion in vitro gastrointestinal, plus a commercial preparation of hydrolyzed casein (CE90CPP). It shows resistance to the action of enzymes in the alimentary tract, the CPPs identified in the various digested samples, and thus the possibility of playing a role as a solubilizer of mineral elements in the intestinal lumen. The CPPs are isolated by combining different techniques such as liquid chromatography anion exchange and / or reversed phase, together with a selective precipitation. The peptides were secuencian by tandem mass spectrometry to identify CPPs in complex mixtures of peptides without isolating them in a pure state. Once characterized the CPPs for their amino acid sequences, molecular mass, degree of phosphorylation and presence or absence of a sequence of binding to mineral elements (SpSpSpEE), discusses their possible influence on the bioavailability of calcium, iron and zinc. The samples have been identified CPPs already mentioned in studies in vivo and in vitro bioavailability ore, along with other yet described. In an attempt to relate the presence of CPPs with the biodisponibildiad ore identifies the contents of calcium, iron and zinc and characterized the CPPs in the fractions obtained by liquid chromatography anion exchange. There is, in general, than those fractions containing more CPPs with the sequence of binding to mineral elements (SpSpSpEE) have in turn higher content of mineral elements. The importance of this observation is that the baby foods studied (milk formulas for infants and growth) get rich in calcium, iron and zinc in sufficient quantities to satisfy the requirements of these minerals during the first years of life. The identification of CPPs formed by gastrointestinal digestion in vitro baby foods and those among them that have the sequence SpSpSpEE contributes to progress in understanding the factors affecting the mineral bioavailability in this type of product and the selection of CPPs more suitable for use as supplements together with mineral elements.

Author: Lopez Silva María del Carmen.
Year: 2005.
University: A CORUÑA.
Place of defense: Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud.
Place of preparation: Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud.

Summary: Introduction: The Role of sodium, both in the pathogenesis of hypertension and its correlation with cardiovascular mortality, it is now much debated, in the absence of agreement in the scientific world about the impact of sodium in hypertension. It has been suggested that the sensitivity of blood pressure (BP) to the salt is linked with other cations and anions, in addition to the sodium chloride. Objectives: To study whether ingestion of mineral waters predominantly bicarbonatadas sodium with 3 different concentrations of minerals amending figures blood pressure and urinary biochemical parameters in patients with essential hypertension and Field Methods: Clinical Trial controlled, randomized, double-blind study in 132 adults with hypertension , average age 68.5 years, with moderate salt restriction eating 1.5 liters / day for 9 weeks of mineral water with three different concentrations of dry residue of 96.2, 183.2 and 1200 mg / l, respectively, studying PA and urinary excretion of minerals, not by changing any other dietary factor or pharmacological. PA was measured at baseline, at 4 and 9 weeks of intervention: BMI, and urinary excretion ore before and after the intervention. Results: None of the three mineral waters swallowed the PA increased systolic or diastolic or in patients, obtaining, slight decreases in the three groups at 4, and 9 weeks, group water control 8.6 / 7.8 mm Hg; weak mineralization 1.14 / 2.39 mm Hg; half mineralization. 2.71 / 0.96 mm Hg (p = 0080) regression analysis showed negative association between aumneto of PA and mineralization of water since water with a higher content and sodium bicarbonate (and also in calcium, potassium and magnesium) exerted a protective effect against the increase in PA at the end of the study (OR = 0.2 [CI 95% 0,1-0,6], p = 0008) with respect to the control group. These effects were independent of the PA and urinary excretion of minerals initials. With regard to the mineral and excretion of urine in the control group there were no net difference in the excretion of sodium, potassium or calcium between the start and end of the study. Similar results obtained in the group of weak mineralization. The average mineralization differences modest decline excretion of calcium, sodium and potassium. Conclusions: The consumption of water bicarbonatadas sodium with different concentrations of minerals increases the AP in grade I hypertensive adults in any of the concentrations used. The degree of mineralization of water and increasing the PA show an inverse relationship, as the largest concentrations of bicabornato sodium, calcium, potassium and magnesium, have a protective effect against the increase in PA at the end of the intervention period, with effect independent of the PA and the urinary excretion of minerals at baseline. The negative association between increased PA and mineralization of water would suggest that the intake of sodium salts is not chlorinated not only presents an effect smaller than the sodium chloride on the PA, but protects against his elevation.