METABOLISM ENERGY

Author: Pukanski Schatzmann Edelzira.
Year: 2005.
University: MURCIA.
Place of defense: Facultad de Biología.
Place of preparation: Universidad de Murcia.

Summary: The main objective has been the assessment of nutritional status of a group of female athletes in the region, and for this we have included the following specific objectives: 1) Know body composition, and somatotype physical characteristics of the athletes. 2) Estimate the intake of energy and nutrients and dietary habits and learn the physical characteristics of the athletes. 3) Study the metabolic status through the analysis of blood, the liver and the lipid profile. 49) Knowing health status, medieante valuing physical, nutritional and physiological. Nutritional assessment was conducted in women athletes in the region, covering a total of 88 athletes who praticaban three modalities sports: fútbol-sala, basketball, volleyball. For the development of this study, conducted in the years of 1999 and 2000, the athletes were subjected to different procedures of nutritional status: anthropometric measures, assessing the intake through three techniques dietary surveys: survey recordatório 24 hours of questionnaire frequency of food consumption, dietary continued registration of 7 days and where blood collection is valued various biochemical and hematological parameters. Among the findings of the study include: 1) The group of athletes introduced low power consumption, possibly because they do not want to gain weight, a problem for many people is prioritário yet to be athletes. 2) The intake of energy in the majority of athletes, is below the recomedaciones. 3) Overall, the diet of athletes is poor in fruits, meats and excessive sufficient in cereals, eggs, fish and vegetables. Missing fruits and meats abound in comparasión with recommendations for the general population, so the diet can be described as hipoglucídica and fatty food. 4) The athletes have a small deficit of muscle mass (mesomórfico component) and a slight excess fat (componete endomórfico), similar to other women athletes, who presented the same situation, but much more pronounced.

Author: GRANADO PELAYO JUAN CARLOS.
Year: 2005.
University: VALLADOLID.
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE EDUCACION.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE EDUCACION.

Summary: The study in the world of athletics is aimed at knowing the search for new opportunities for improved performance. There is a continuing review of researchers and trainers in the constant quest to improve the process of training athletes. Right now the competition is increasing rapidly with the emergence of countries until recently regarded as third world in this sport, but in these specialties are one of the largest global benchmarks in terms of their results. As coach of athletes bottom half I have always been concerned the impact the work force strength at the moment, having really practice much importance to the naked eye. But in the peer-reviewed literature, there are few studies that endorse this assumption because most of them have focused on verifying how the simultaneous training of force and resistance are compatible and improve performance in endurance. To be objective with the reality, the majority of studies related to the ability of the force have directed their interest in knowing the effects of the training of the same in the body of the human body. Gonzalez Badillo and Gorostiaga (1995, p.208) quoting Zatsiorsky (1992) state that "the changes in the methods of force are two kinds of knowledge: 1) The practical experience gained by the coaches who have had to over the years with elite athletes. 2) The resulting from the scientific studies conducted in a laboratory, although some of these subjects are sedentary or low-skilled sport. " And as it progresses in studies to improve these processes training also moving in the territory of the doubt. The more deepens more data are unknown, and the greater the chance to study investigators. There has been an ongoing conflict between traditional methods and new research that often desdecir these existing dogma, which had dominated the landscape until now and that costs a lot of them disappear from the scientific community. Back in the nineteenth century appear precursors of the first scientific approach to the training of the force. Several authors among which Ludwig Jhan developed programs strength training with multiple objectives, some of which remain in full force at present (Tous, 1999). In the early twentieth century there were some interesting studies for the season, but it was not until the middle of this century when they saw a genuine development of scientific studies on the force. Beginning in the 50's and 60, the training of the force took a boom especially for the scientists and researchers of the time. It concerned the direct relationship of the cross section of muscle and the production of muscular strength (Ikay and Fukunaga, 1968) or the same correlation and depended mainly on the type of muscle fiber (Edgerton et al., 1986). Ultimately, however, worried factors very interesting to hear the improvement of force. But today there are still gaps that need to go try to strengthen gradually in the process so long, which is the world's scientific knowledge. This study seeks to demonstrate that it can optimize the training of the force to athletes specialty substantive background and a half, from an approach that seeks less studied and check the work of the resistance force of the lower limbs produces an improvement in the levels of resistance, both in power and in aerobic capacity. It is also intended to see how an elevation of lactate threshold can be a cause of improved performance. Knowing that the VO2máx or varies or influencing the results of the athletes 8 high 1547 level, the idea is to verify if indeed the resistance force is crucial in improving the ability to maintain performance during a test, as the development of resistance depends largely on the functional specialization of skeletal muscles, namely the increased capacity of force and its oxidative capacity. In addition to the increase in these two capabilities, an important condition for development of the so-called local muscle endurance is represented by the redistribution of blood flow and by the improvement of local vascular reactions. The interest that can offer this study focuses on the analysis of a method of training the force resistance in isolation for no interference from other capacities, mainly from the resistance itself. We have controlled the different variables that could affect the outcome of the experiment, such as the workload (sets and repetitions), the number of weekly sessions, recovery between sets and between exercises, speed of execution, â | determine that the resistance training of force alone is effective in improving aerobic performance by increasing the threshold and aerobic anaeróbicos and an improvement in the clarification of lactate in sedentary as elite athletes. Therefore in this work we have proposed a number of objectives to accomplish in its development. As a general objective and more comprehensive training that we determine the strength of resistance in isolation is effective in improving aerobic performance by improving aerobic thresholds and anaeróbicos and an improvement in the clarification of lactate in sedentary as elite athletes . To reach this goal, we must first focus on other a little more concrete and specific as valued the aerobic and anaerobic endurance test through a tapestry rolling. Other objectives related to the force are directed towards measuring the elastic strength and elastic explosive reactive and proactive maximum strength of the lower limbs through indirect test. Continuing with the valuations, we see the influence of labor force resistance in the variation in skin folds and also perimeters of the lower limbs. Almost as conclusions and goals as somewhat expected at the end of the investigation period covering ten weeks, we see the influence of our resistance strength training on the potential increases in the values of the maximum strength and aerobic endurance. It is possible that at the end of the study, and if we get the expected results, a priori, we can draw conclusions that enhances strength training systems in order to improve performance in endurance. HIPOTESIS To get closer to the resolution of the above problems, there has been a thorough study of different variables related to biometric and functional. Furthermore, it has proven its performance in the two key moments of the investigation before and after the period of training. Once studied many of the investigations carried out on this subject over several years, it has corroborated that can be many variables that may affect the development of the various manifestations of force, in this case of force resistance. In research done here, we will focus only on the variables that we have been able to study and have been accessible to our resources and information. Thus, we propose the following scenario: H1- The resistance strength training extended interval is an effective system to improve performance in an endurance test for aerobic not trained subjects. H2- The resistance strength training for extended intervals can help improve the strength maximum dynamic, explosive strength and elastic force explosive reactive elastic in subjects not trained. H3- The resistance strength training for extended intervals improves the anaerobic threshold and peak oxygen consumption in subjects not trained. H4- The resistance strength training for extended intervals improves the dynamic recovery of lactate after a maximum aerobic test. H5- The resistance strength training for extended intervals lowers levels of fat without increasing the perimeters muscles in the limbs used for such training. H6- The speed of execution, the intensity of the burden and the recovery interval will affect all the variables described here.

Author: FERNANDEZ FERNANDEZ JAIME.
Year: 2006.
University: OVIEDO.
Place of defense: UNIVERSIDAD DE OVIEDO.
Place of preparation: UNIVERSIDAD DE OVIEDO.

Summary: Today, tennis is a world class competitive sport attracting millions of players and fans world wide. A constant programme of tournaments and events takes place throughout the year. Competitive tennis is played under the rules of the International Tennis Federation (ITF), and its competitions range from top professional events-for example, the Grand Slams and the Olympic Tennis Event-to the entry level ITF men's and women's circuits, including tournaments and team events for junior, seniors, and wheelchair players. The Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) and the Women's Tennis Association (WTA) tours which comprise more than 60 (WTA) to 80 (ATP) tournaments, in about 40 countries, are organised in different categories, which reflect prize money and ranking points. Thus there are many different opportunities for all levels of players to compete in any given week of the year. In addition, tennis is a common recreational sport, which is enjoyed by people of all standard A tennis match often lasts longer than an hour and in some cases more than five hours. During a match there is a combination of periods of maximal or near maximal work and longer periods of moderate and low intensity activity. Match intensity varies considerably depending on the players' level, style, and sex. It is also influenced by factors such as court surface and ball type. This has important implications for the training of tennis players, which should resemble match intensity and include specific training programmes with appropriate work to rest ratios. Unfortunately there are not scientific studies regarding the physical and physiological responses of tennis players under real tournament conditions. Therefore we reported the activity profile (i.e., strokes per rally; duration of rallies), and the physiological-perceptual (i.e., Heart rate, blood lactate concentrations, rate of perceived exertion) of male and female tennis players in different surfaces and under real tournament conditions.